Deck 4: Health and Illness

Question 1

According to the conflict perspective,the health-care system in the U.S.is characterized by ________.

A)equal distribution of available medical services
B)competition between various interest groups for their fair share of resources
C)an ideal state in which each person receives exactly the services he or she needs
D)a state that is preferred and necessarily beneficial to all

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A diagnostic process is said to be reliable if ________.

A)it involves the use of low cost,high quality services
B)the same diagnosis is made of the same patient by different professionals
C)it uses all three perspectives on illnesses to derive results from a patient's analysis
D)a doctor is able to singly identify the cause for a patient's mental illness

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is true of chronic diseases?

A)They were the leading cause of deaths in preindustrial societies.
B)They are often caused by an organism or parasite that infects or invades the body and disrupts its functioning.
C)They can be treated effectively by continuous health care and require changes in people's lifestyle.
D)They have a fairly quick,and sometimes dramatic and incapacitating,onset.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the functionalist perspective,the health-care system becomes a social problem when ________.

A)few influential groups deem the system ineffective
B)people who require care receive more than what they need
C)it fails to return people to normal social functioning
D)it produces stigmatized and devalued behavior or self-concepts among either the providers or the consumers of health care

Question 5

The difference between poor women and affluent women is that poor women are ________.

A)more likely receive preventive services and adequate care for chronic diseases
B)more likely to receive higher quality of health care through Medicare and Medicaid programs
C)less likely to be treated in outpatient clinics than emergency rooms
D)less likely to have prenatal checkups that result in infants with low birth weights

Question 6

According to psychiatrist Thomas Szasz,mental disorders ________.

A)result from biochemical imbalances and genetic traits
B)reflect a person's efforts to conform to social expectations rather than the inner workings of a twisted psyche
C)express the fact that human life is a continual struggle to decide how to live and relate to others
D)reflect the inner workings of a twisted psyche

Question 7

________ is the treatment of people's illnesses after they become ill.

A)Preventive medicine
B)Epidemiology
C)Curative medicine
D)Dystrophy

Question 8

Which of the following measures has been taken by hospitals to cut back on their costs and increase their profits?

A)reducing the number of patients per hospital
B)reducing the number of nursing assistants and technicians
C)cutting back on services to patients and placing heavy workloads on nurses
D)hiring more registered nurses and placing more patients under their direct supervision

Question 9

Which of the following is a limitation of the medical model on mental illness?

A)It does not consider the possibility that mental disorders can result from biochemical imbalances or genetic traits.
B)It can lead to a disregard for the many factors in the social environment that contribute to mental problems themselves.
C)It considers the basic nature of mental disorders to be different from that of physical disorders.
D)It disregards the possibility of external factors or internal dysfunction causing mental illness and makes individuals more accountable for their choices.

Question 10

According to sociologist Talcott Parsons,the preferred or most functional human condition is ________.

A)being healthy
B)living in an extended family
C)being wealthy
D)having a small family size

Question 11

Which of the following views is expressed by people who consider mental illness as a form of deviance?

A)Mental disorders should not be viewed as illnesses at all but rather as problems of living.
B)People who are labeled as mentally ill are bound to be rebellious.
C)The twisted behavior of the mentally ill results from their efforts to conform to social expectations.
D)People who are mentally ill are most likely to try and hide their behavioral deviations from others.

Question 12

________ is a mode of payment in which a patient pays premiums into a fund,and the doctor or hospital is paid from this fund for each treatment provided to the patient.

A)Medical underwriting
B)Out-of-pocket payment
C)Preventive medicine
D)Third-party medicine

Question 13

The initial reactions of people in political and economic power to the spread and control of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)implied that ________

A)societal reaction to all diseases results from a complex intertwining of biology with political,social,and cultural considerations
B)people respond to all diseases with the same sense of urgency and importance irrespective of its nature and reasons for origin
C)the powerful elites in a society can influence people's attitude to certain diseases only to a small extent
D)the stigma and socio-cultural opinions attached to a disease become obsolete when people realize that the suffering those affected is enormous

Question 14

The country of Duligan is undergoing major changes in its health-care system.Many interest groups have begun to propagate the community treatment approach for the treatment of the mentally ill.As a result,the government was forced to open many community health centers.Consequently,many mentally ill people began to be treated in these community centers than in psychiatric wards of mental hospitals.This shift in the treatment of the mentally ill is known as ________.

A)primary deviance
B)mechanization
C)deinstitutionalization
D)preventive medicine

Question 15

Which of the following perspectives is particularly useful to understand the societal reaction to some diseases like acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)and mental illness?

A)the functional perspective
B)the conflict perspective
C)the interactionist perspective
D)the utilitarian perspective

Question 16

The medical model views mental illness as ________.

A)a result of a person's efforts to conform to societal expectations of mentally-ill people
B)a problem associated with being alive
C)a problem having the same basic nature as physical illness
D)an incurable illness that can have severe consequences

Question 17

Damien's family has a history of deaths due to heart diseases.In order to avoid heart problems,Damien adopts a healthy lifestyle by following a balanced diet and exercise regime.Therefore,Damien is using ________ to avoid heart problems.

A)preventive medicine
B)curative medicine
C)crisis medicine
D)palliative medicine

Question 18

Julia is weak and tired as she has a fever.Her manager allows her to take leave till she recovers.Her husband,Mike,takes over the responsibility for household chores.He allows her to rest and relieves her from doing any work.What privilege is given to Julia due to her illness?

A)sick role
B)master status
C)inclusion
D)social insurance

Question 19

________ diseases progress over a long period of time and often exist long before they are detected.

A)Chronic
B)Acute
C)Epidemic
D)Endemic

Question 20

The violation of social norms in which the violator is not caught or is excused rather than labeled as a deviant is known as ________.

A)secondary deviance
B)primary deviance
C)causality
D)scapegoating

Question 21

Why is managed care considered to be a threat to the independence and autonomy of medical practitioners?

Question 22

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)differ from other health-care providers in that HMOs ________.

A)employ greater utilization of preventive health care
B)have higher hospitalization rates and perform more unnecessary surgeries
C)are less capable of controlling costs of health-care decisions of doctors and patients
D)are more expensive and provide more specialized care to patients

Question 23

How do the traditional sex-roles contribute to higher mortality among men?

Question 24

Which of the following is a difference between Medicare and Medicaid programs?

A)Medicare is funded by the government whereas Medicaid is a private health insurance program.
B)Medicare is restricted to people of a certain age whereas Medicaid is not dependent on age.
C)Medicare is available only to low-income people whereas Medicaid is available to all people.
D)Medicare follows third-party medicine whereas Medicaid is based on out-of-pocket payments.

Question 25

One of the goals of the Affordable Care Act is to ________.

A)eliminate privatization of health-care services
B)provide health insurance exclusively for people who were not covered under any other insurance programs
C)ensure that all citizens have health insurance so that universal access to the health system would be achieved
D)increase the role played by corporations in deciding the cost and quality of health care provided to insured people

Question 26

Why are savings through automation not as easy to achieve in the health field as in other industries?

Question 27

What is the significance of the revised definition of death?

Question 28

________ is a joint federal-state program to provide medical care for low-income people of any age.

A)Medicare
B)Head start
C)Social insurance
D)Medicaid

Question 29

Expensive medical services in the country of Namiru are reserved for people who meet certain criteria.Such services are offered only to those who,in turn,provide a greater number of services to maximum other people if they live.Namiru's health-care policy is based on the ________.

A)utilitarian principle
B)merit principle
C)egalitarian principle
D)compensatory justice principle

Question 30

The ________ represents a coincidence of interests between physicians and other health-care providers and the industries producing health-care goods and services,with both parties profiting from the increased use of these commodities while the health-care consumer pays enormous costs for inadequate care.

A)military-industrial complex
B)functionalist perspective
C)medical-industrial complex
D)health maintenance organization

Question 31

What are the problems resulting from the free market and profit-making nature of the U.S.health-care system?

Question 32

Which of the following is one of the achievements of the Medicare and Medicaid programs?

A)They have made health-care services very cheap and provide low cost,high quality health-care services to all eligible people.
B)They have eliminated the possibility and occurrence of fraud by physicians and medical laboratories.
C)They have made health care available to all citizens regardless of their financial circumstances.
D)They have been able to pay higher salaries to physicians for their services.

Question 33

When is a self-fulfilling prophecy most likely to occur?

Question 34

How did Reagan's administration policy contribute to the delay in attacking acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

Question 35

What are the problems resulting from the formation of a medical-industrial complex?

Question 36

Why was the public option proposal included in the Affordable Care Act dropped?

Question 37

Proprietary hospitals differ from the earlier form of hospitals in the United States in that proprietary hospitals ________.

A)are most likely to be run by religious or charitable organizations
B)are more profit oriented and their decisions are based largely on profit margins
C)are more accountable to their patients and the communities they serve
D)give more power to the people in their community to decide their policies and decisions

Question 38

What are some of the negative effects of industrialization on human health?

Question 39

The corporate takeover of hospitals in the United States began with the ________.

A)shift toward community treatment for the mentally ill
B)introduction of third-party medicine
C)privatization of health-care institutions
D)emergence of Medicare and Medicaid

Question 40

Bioethics can be used to ________.

A)decide if a person surviving on a life-support system can be allowed to sustain with its help
B)learn about the various developments in the medical field
C)develop health-care systems that focus on preventive medicine
D)decide if a person is eligible for any medical assistance provided by the government