Deck 5: Self and Personality: How Does Culture Affect How We Understand Ourselves

Question 1

Research on the perception of phonemes by infants reveals that

A) very young infants cannot distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language whereas older infants can.
B) from birth, infants slowly accumulate a growing number of phonemes that they can recognize, until they have learned all the phonemes in their language.
C) the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.
D) 1-year-old infants can distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language whereas 6-year-olds cannot.
E) infants from one language group cannot understand the phonemes used by an unfamiliar language group.

Answer 1

the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.

Question 2

Manchi and Eason were both born in Hong Kong.Manchi moved to Canada at age 18, and Eason moved to Canada at age 40.Based on research on cultural adjustment, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada?

A) For both Eason and Manchi, the longer they stay in Canada, the more they will identify with being Canadian.
B) For both Eason and Manchi, the longer they stay in Canada, the more they will identify with being from Hong Kong.
C) For Manchi, the amount of time she lives in Canada will have little or no effect on her identification with being Canadian.For Eason, the longer he stays in Canada, the less he will identify with being Canadian.
D) For both Eason and Manchi, there will be no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian.
E) The longer she stays in Canada, the more Manchi will identify with being Canadian.For Eason, there will be no relationship between the length of stay in Canada and identification with being Canadian.

Answer 2

For Manchi, the amount of time she lives in Canada will have little or no effect on her identification with being Canadian.For Eason, the longer he stays in Canada, the less he will identify with being Canadian.

Question 3

Two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter, a 3-year-old son, and a 2-year-old daughter.They decide that the 2-year-old will sleep alone and the 15-year-old and 3-year-old will sleep in the same room.The parents will sleep separately from the children.According to this arrangement, which of the following principles was violated?

A) respect for hierarchy
B) female chastity anxiety
C) incest avoidance
D) the sacred couple
E) protection of the vulnerable

Answer 3

protection of the vulnerable

Question 4

In India, which principles are most important for determining sleeping arrangements? The list should go from most important to least important.

A) incest avoidance, protection of the vulnerable, female chastity anxiety, respect for hierarchy
B) respect for hierarchy, incest avoidance, female chastity anxiety, protection of the vulnerable
C) protection of the vulnerable, incest avoidance, female chastity anxiety, respect for hierarchy
D) female chastity anxiety, respect for hierarchy, protection of the vulnerable, incest avoidance
E) incest avoidance, respect for hierarchy, protection of the vulnerable, female chastity anxiety

Question 5

Alex and Tess are parents who place great emphasis on the value of the sacred couple.They have a postpubescent son, a prepubescent daughter, and a toddler son.What sleeping arrangement are they most likely going to have?

A) Each person-the mother, the father, and three children-sleeps in his or her own room.
B) They sleep with the toddler son in one room and the other son and daughter sleep in another room.
C) They sleep in the same room, separate from their children.
D) The parents sleep in the same room as the daughter and the two sons sleep in the same room.
E) The mother and daughter share one room and the father and sons share another room.

Question 6

Shweder and colleagues (1995) found that Indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their children than are American parents.Given their studies, which of these is the most compelling explanation for their results?

A) American houses have more rooms than Indian houses.
B) Americans are more fearful of smothering their babies by rolling on top of them.
C) Americans are more concerned about avoiding incest.
D) Americans place more value on providing parents with exclusive sleeping space.
E) Indian parents place more value on the moral good of interpersonal harmony.

Question 7

What can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition?

A) Children do not start to acquire any language before the age of 1 year.
B) People can learn to speak languages equally well, regardless of the age of acquisition.
C) Some aspects of language, such as accents, do not show any evidence for sensitive windows for acquisition.
D) People who are raised bilingually have two distinct language centers in their brain that do not overlap.
E) Learning a sign language is subject to a sensitive window constraint similar to that when learning a spoken language.

Question 8

The Patels, an Indian family, are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house they are building for themselves, their 16-year-old daughter, Pria, and their 15-year-old son, Raj.According to Shweder's research, which of the following moral principles is likely to be the MOST important for this family?

A) protection of the vulnerable
B) the sacred couple
C) female chastity anxiety
D) respect for hierarchy
E) incest avoidance

Question 9

According to research by Shweder and others, the most important consideration in deciding on sleeping arrangements in both Indian and American families is

A) incest avoidance.
B) female chastity anxiety.
C) respect for hierarchy.
D) protection of the vulnerable.
E) the sacred couple.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true about parent-child interactions across cultures?

A) Children in every culture lead their interactions with their mothers, and their mothers play a supporting role.
B) Children in every culture see themselves as relational beings and respond to their mothers.
C) Urban European mothers generally have less face-to-face contact with their infants than rural European mothers.
D) Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants than rural European mothers.
E) Mothers from all cultures spend at least half their time in contact with their infants.

Question 11

The Parkers are an American family planning their household sleeping arrangements.The Singhs, an Indian family, are also planning their household sleeping arrangements.According to research by Shweder, which of following values would be much more important to the Parkers than the Singhs?

A) incest avoidance
B) female chastity anxiety
C) protection of the vulnerable
D) the sacred couple
E) respect for hierarchy

Question 12

Korean differs from English in that English has an /f/ phoneme and a /p/ phoneme, whereas Korean lacks the /f/ phoneme.To many Koreans, these two phonemes sound the same.Applying what is discussed in the textbook about language acquisition to Ji-su, who is Korean, which of the following would you most likely expect to occur?

A) If Ji-su learns English as an infant, Korean and English will both be represented in separate, nonoverlapping areas in her brain.
B) Ji-su will be able to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ in her first year.
C) Ji-su can learn to master English grammar but will not be able to perceive /f/ and /p/ differently, regardless of the age of acquisition.
D) Ji-su will have Korean and English both represented in the same area in the brain, regardless of the age of acquisition.
E) Ji-su can learn to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ well, regardless of the age of acquisition.

Question 13

Which of the following is an accessibility universal?

A) noun biases
B) the terrible twos
C) protection of the vulnerable
D) adolescent rebellion
E) incest avoidance

Question 14

Heine and colleagues (2011) studied immigrants in Vancouver, Canada, who came from Hong Kong.They found that identification with Canadian culture depended on how long immigrants had lived in Canada,

A) but only if they came in their mid-20s.
B) but only if they came as children.
C) but only if they also showed strong identification with Chinese culture.
D) but only if they also showed weak identification with Chinese culture.
E) regardless of when the immigrants came or how much they identified with Chinese culture.

Question 15

American and Chinese children were recruited for a study.All children were either 13 years old or 5 years old.They were first told that a child was happy every day for the past week; then they were asked to predict the likelihood that the child would be happy tomorrow.To analyze the data, researchers matched 13-year-old American children's responses to those of the 13-year-old Chinese children.The same was done with the 5-year-old children's responses.Which of the following would be most likely to occur with this analysis?

A) Everyone would be equally likely to predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow.
B) Everyone would be equally likely to predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow.
C) Chinese children would predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow and American children would predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow.
D) The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children would have a consistent magnitude throughout the age groups.
E) The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children would be much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds.

Question 16

Which of the following best characterizes the situation of a 13-year-old East Asian boy?

A) He will have a lack of family cohesion because of weak parental control.
B) He will sleep in the same room as his closest-age sibling (regardless of sibling gender).
C) He will not have the ability to distinguish all human phonemes.
D) He will still be sleeping in the same bedroom as his mother.
E) He will be lavishly praised for his success in school.

Question 17

Child A is raised in a language in which Pa and Ba sound the same.Which of the following is true?

A) As an infant and an adult, Child A will have trouble distinguishing the sounds Ba and Pa.
B) As an adult, Child A will have trouble distinguishing the sounds Ba and Pa.
C) As an infant, Child A will have trouble distinguishing the sounds Ba and Pa.
D) As an infant, Child A will have trouble distinguishing the sounds Ba and Pa and also have trouble with Fa and Pa.
E) The ability to distinguish Pa and Ba will be present throughout this child's life because Pa and Ba are "universal phonemes."

Question 18

The Blurgs, an alien family from Neptune, want to build a new house.This family consists of a father, a mother, a 20-year-old son, a 10-year-old son, and a baby daughter.When deciding on sleeping arrangements, the people of Neptune greatly value respect for hierarchy, as defined by Shweder and colleagues in their study examining cultural differences in sleeping arrangements between Americans and Indians.Which of the following most accurately reflects this value?

A) The parents sleep in their own room while the children all sleep in the same room.
B) The oldest person in the family gets a room to him- or herself.
C) The younger brother decides to sleep in the same room as the older brother.
D) Everyone sleeps in his or her own room.
E) The older brother sleeps in his own room.

Question 19

Leticia knows Spanish as her native language and learned English as a very young child.Amy knows English as her native language and learned Spanish as an adult.Which of the following will be true?

A) The same location of Leticia's brain will be activated when she processes English or Spanish.
B) The same location of Amy's brain will be activated when she processes English or Spanish.
C) When Amy speaks Spanish, the parts of her brain responsible for language and vision will be activated.
D) When Leticia speaks Spanish, the parts of her brain responsible for language and vision will be activated.
E) The motor neurons of each speaker will be activated when they speak-but only when they speak in their native language.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about young children's development?

A) In all cultures, children learn to crawl in the same way.
B) In all cultures, children learn to crawl at about the same age.
C) The age at which children learn to recognize themselves in the mirror is constant across cultures.
D) Babies have more face-to-face contact with their parents in Western cultures than in non-Western cultures.
E) Babies have more physical contact with their parents in Western cultures than in non-Western cultures.

Question 21

Horst grew up in urban Germany, Kosuke grew up in urban Japan, and Joko grew up in rural Indonesia.All else being equal, we would expect ________ to have experienced the most difficulty in adolescence, ________ to have experienced the second most difficulty in adolescence, and ________ to have experienced the least difficulty in adolescence.

A) Horst; Kosuke; Joko
B) Kosuke; Horst; Joko
C) Joko; Horst; Kosuke
D) Horst; Joko; Kosuke
E) The three boys will experience an equal degree of difficulty.

Question 22

Ibrahim has had 4 more years of schooling than his identical twin brother.Which of the following will be true of Ibrahim?

A) Ibrahim is no more likely to score higher on the "culture-fair" Raven's Matrices IQ test, as compared to his twin.
B) Ibrahim's working memory is likely to be better than that of his twin.
C) Ibrahim is less likely to be a "visual thinker" than his twin.
D) Ibrahim is likely to have a worse memory than his twin.
E) Ibrahim's brain is likely to weigh more than his twin's.

Question 23

The four parenting styles described by Western psychologists are combinations of which of the following dimensions?

A) warmth and parental control
B) warmth and gender role adherence
C) gender role adherence and cultural norm adherence
D) parental control and gender role adherence
E) warmth and coldness

Question 24

Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting with her daughter.What is Wan-Ying MOST likely to do?

A) encourage her child to be as independent as possible
B) ask her to break stereotypes and engage in more masculine play
C) try to ensure that her child steers away from socially undesirable behaviors
D) allow her child to choose not to do her homework
E) insist that the child do her schoolwork completely by herself

Question 25

Xi is a girl growing up in China.Joan is a girl growing up in the United States.Which of the following is true?

A) Strongly controlling parenting styles will make Xi less happy, but not Joan.
B) Joan will be more likely than Xi to see herself from an outsider's perspective.
C) Joan will be more likely than Xi to show female chastity anxiety.
D) Xi will make fewer errors than Joan when learning to count.
E) Xi will be more likely than Joan to show secure attachment.

Question 26

Adolescent rebellion

A) is observed in the vast majority of the world's cultures.
B) is more pronounced in societies with greater numbers of role distinctions and opportunities.
C) is especially pronounced in collectivistic societies.
D) is universal, although adolescent violence is not.
E) may be seen in different societies, but it serves a different purpose in every culture.

Question 27

Adolescent rebellion is found more often in cultures

A) with low literacy rates.
B) that have avoidant attachment styles as the norm.
C) that encourage adolescents to sublimate forbidden desires.
D) that are more individualistic.
E) that have become less religious over time.

Question 28

The terrible twos is a developmental stage that

A) should actually be called the "terrible two through fives."
B) exists in the United States and Asia.
C) is a nonuniversal.
D) derives from the defense mechanism of reaction formation.
E) is universally worse in boys than in girls.

Question 29

If Tina, a 2-year-old child from Toronto, shows noun bias, this would imply that

A) she is abnormally delayed in her use of nouns.
B) more of the words she uses will be nouns, rather than verbs.
C) she will raise her voice more when she uses nouns rather than verbs.
D) she has a bias against using nouns, rather than verbs.
E) she will be more likely to use nouns rather than adjectives-but only when she dislikes something.

Question 30

Shuang is a Chinese mother.Compared to Shuang, Alex, who is an American mother, is more likely to

A) openly praise her child.
B) use neglectful parenting.
C) have strong control over her child.
D) want her female child to conform to stereotypes about girls.
E) have anxious-avoidant attachment with her child.

Question 31

As a teenager, Lee was allowed to stay out as late as he wanted, eat whatever he wanted, and play on his computer as much as he pleased.His parents never seemed to pay attention to him or really care about how he was doing.What parenting style is this indicative of?

A) authoritative parenting
B) permissive parenting
C) neglectful parenting
D) authoritarian parenting
E) jiào xun

Question 32

Yumi is in school in an East Asian country.If she were to spend a year in the United States, she would find that

A) she would do more homework in the United States.
B) her U.S.classmates' parents would use a more authoritarian parenting style.
C) her U.S.math classes would involve less lecturing from the teacher.
D) her U.S.classrooms would be more focused on teaching moral behavior.
E) her U.S.classmates would have a less avoidant relationship with their mothers.

Question 33

Doug was raised in Chicago, Illinois.Hans was raised in Hamburg, Germany.If they both have the attachment style that is most common in their respective cultures.Doug will show ________ attachment and Hans will show ________ attachment.

A) secure; secure
B) secure; avoidant
C) avoidant; secure
D) avoidant; avoidant
E) secure; anxious-ambivalent

Question 34

The terrible twos are believed by Western psychologists to be important because acting out in this stage

A) lets children get misbehavior out of their system.
B) helps children establish their independence.
C) builds children's vocabulary.
D) develops children's physical abilities.
E) increases parents' love for their children.

Question 35

Tomo is a baby in Japan.Ron is a baby in Canada.Ron is more likely to learn which of the following words faster than Tomo? (The words listed here are in English, but assume that Tomo will learn the equivalent Japanese word.)

A) "ow"
B) "car"
C) "run"
D) "wet"
E) "and"

Question 36

Xiao, a university student in China, and Jess, a university student in the United States, are each listening to an audiotape in their individual rooms.The audiotape is of a mother talking to her 4-year-old child.At one point, the audio on both tapes is covered by static.Xiao and Jess are asked to guess what was said by the mother.Based on research about cultural differences in language, which of the following is the likeliest to happen?

A) They will both guess that the inaudible part refers to a noun.
B) Xiao will guess that the inaudible part refers to a verb and Jess will guess that the inaudible part refers to a noun.
C) Xiao will guess that the inaudible part refers to a noun and Jess will guess that the inaudible part refers to a verb.
D) They both will guess that the inaudible part refers to a verb.
E) There is no reason to expect that their guesses will be either the same or different.

Question 37

When comparing East Asian mothers with American mothers, which of the following statements is true?

A) Mothers in East Asia tend to be more satisfied with their child's math performance than mothers in the United States.
B) East Asian teachers spend less time lecturing in the classroom than teachers in the United States.
C) East Asian schools have shorter school years than those in the United States.
D) Math performance of children in East Asia and the United States is similar until about the time they enter high school.
E) East Asian mothers are more likely to focus their children's attention on their academic failures than mothers in the United States.

Question 38

Yuexi, a Chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child.Based on the textbook, which of the following would most likely occur as a result?

A) The child will feel a lack of family cohesion.
B) The child will be less happy than if Yuexi had used less parental control.
C) The child will perceive less parental warmth than if Yuexi had used less parental control.
D) The child will achieve less academically than if Yuexi had used less parental control.
E) The child will feel less parental acceptance than if Yuexi had used less parental control.

Question 39

According to the textbook, which of the following is true about culture and parenting styles?

A) Baumrind's typology has been shown to accurately capture parenting styles around the world.
B) Parents in most non-Western contexts use permissive parenting styles.
C) Parents in most non-Western contexts use neglectful parenting styles.
D) Authoritative parenting styles lead to the best outcomes for children all over the world.
E) Strong parental control is more associated with positive outcomes in East Asia than in the West.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true?

A) Authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting involve similar levels of parental warmth.
B) Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.
C) Authoritative parenting makes the child less happy than authoritarian parenting.
D) Both lead the child to be psychologically maladjusted.
E) Both help the child to be psychologically well adjusted.

Question 41

Which of the following is true?

A) Asian languages make it easier to learn the base 10 system, as compared to English.
B) Asian languages often use the same word for "math" and "thinking."
C) Asian languages often use the same word for "math" and "smart."
D) In Chinese, the character for the word "division" is the mirror-image of the word for multiplication.
E) In Chinese, the character for the word "subtraction" looks like "negative addition."

Question 42

The Randhawa family is an Indian family who just bought a new house with three bedrooms.There are two parents (a mother and a father), a 3-year-old daughter, a 17-year-old (postpubescent) daughter, and a 20-year-old (postpubescent) son.Based only on the values of female chastity anxiety and respect for hierarchy, design a floorplan for their arrangement of bedrooms that satisfies both values.Explain how the bedroom arrangement satisfies these values.Be sure to note who sleeps in each bedroom.

Question 43

Explain how language might increase Asian children's math skills, compared to their American counterparts.

Question 44

Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that

A) East Asian children perform better than American children on arithmetic but not trigonometry.
B) the cultural differences in math achievement are pronounced in elementary school but largely disappear by the time of high school graduation.
C) East Asian children are more likely to be paid by their parents for good math grades, as compared to American children.
D) Americans spend more hours on math homework per week than do East Asians.
E) Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians.

Question 45

According to research, which of the following could at least partially explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools?

A) East Asian children start learning math before kindergarten.
B) East Asian students, on average, have a larger left brain hemisphere than American children.
C) East Asian students, on average, have a larger right brain hemisphere than American children.
D) East Asian teachers tend to use more concrete examples when teaching math than American teachers.
E) East Asian children's television programs have more math content than American children's television programs.

Question 46

Kosuke is a 3-year-old Japanese boy who scores a 3 out of 7 on a measure of interdependence.Jeremy is a 3-year-old American boy who also scores a 3 out of 7 on a measure of interdependence.In general, the Japanese are more interdependent than Americans.Draw a graph to predict how each child's score on the measure of interdependence is expected to change (or not change) as he or she gets older (up to age 18).

Question 47

You overhear a mother talking about her adolescent son being rebellious, but she does not seem bothered by his rebelliousness.Instead, she says that it is a universal phenomenon that adolescents are rebellious.Do you agree or disagree? Please justify your response with empirical evidence.

Question 48

Compare and contrast authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting, making sure to include associated parental attributes.

Question 49

Ilya, Vassily, and Anna are siblings who immigrated with their parents to Canada from Russia.At the time of immigration, Ilya was 4, Vassily was 18, and Anna was 20.Based on the research by Cheung, Chudek, and Heine regarding sensitive periods, draw a graph predicting how each sibling's identification with Canadian culture will change as he or she spends more years in Canada.

Question 50

Explain how IQ tests have been linked to prejudice and racism.