Deck 5: Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders

Question 1

What is the typical age of onset for social phobias?

A)childhood
B)early adolescence
C)middle adolescence
D)early adulthood

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which statement about the prevalence of panic attacks and panic disorder is accurate?

A)Panic attacks are relatively common; panic disorder is relatively rare.
B)Panic attacks are more common in women; panic disorder is more common in men.
C)The lifetime prevalence of panic attacks is 3.5 percent, whereas the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is 12 percent.
D)Panic attacks lead to agoraphobia; panic disorder does not.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Marilyn is undergoing a series of neuroimaging techniques to shed light on her anxiety disorder.The tests can determine ____.

A)which parts of her brain are or are not activated when Marilyn is exposed to fearful stimuli
B)specify which genes are involved in Marilyn's anxiety disorder
C)why her gender plays a role in the development of anxiety disorder
D)why medication and psychotherapy has an effect on her brain.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Alma has recurrent terrifying episodes that last twenty minutes.Her heart beats so fast that she thinks she is having a heart attack, she sweats profusely, and she feels a sense of doom.For more than a month she has feared having another episode.An appropriate diagnosis is ____.

A)panic disorder
B)posttraumatic stress disorder
C)agoraphobia
D)generalized anxiety disorder

Question 5

Anxiety symptoms turn into an anxiety disorder when they ____.

A)cause uneasiness
B)cause apprehension
C)no longer protect an individual from danger
D)interfere with everyday functioning

Question 6

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?

A)somatiform disorder
B)depression
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)substance use disorder

Question 7

John describes himself as feeling tense, nervous, and on edge.He is restless and has problems sleeping.He often experiences restlessness and muscle tension.He says that he seems to worry about everything, including finances, whether his family is eating a proper diet, his job performance, and whether people like him.What diagnosis would John most likely be given?

A)panic disorder
B)agoraphobia
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 8

One thing that is true about anxiety disorders is that they ____.

A)usually only occur before or during exposure to a feared stimulus
B)are fairly common
C)usually lead to development of panic disorder
D)are generally more intense in generalized anxiety disorder than in panic disorder

Question 9

The biological explanation for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)suggests that ____.

A)GAD involves a disruption of the prefrontal cortex's ability to modulate the response of the amygdala to threatening situations
B)genetic factors play a large role in the manifestation of GAD
C)GAD involves under activity of the anxiety circuit in the brain
D)the source of the anxiety is usually known to the person suffering from the disorder

Question 10

Which childhood experience is commonly related to later development of panic disorder?

A)physical abuse
B)overindulgent mothers
C)bedwetting
D)separation anxiety

Question 11

More than two-thirds of people with general anxiety disorder have co-occurring disorders such as ____.

A)depression
B)schizophrenia
C)Tourette's disorder
D)borderline personality disorder

Question 12

Holly describes herself this way: "I am always tense and worried.Sometimes I get so frightened, I feel like I'll die.I get terribly embarrassed by my behavior, but I can't control it.It is often so bad that it interferes with my work." Holly is probably suffering from what type of disorder?

A)anxiety disorder
B)avoidance disorder
C)malingering
D)somatoform disorder

Question 13

The public health director of a southwestern American city has just presided over the opening of a new clinic to provide services for people with panic disorder.She knows from the research that the clinic will probably serve ____.

A)mostly Mexican Americans, as they are at a much higher risk for it than other groups
B)a large portion of the community, since the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is roughly 12 percent
C)twice as many women as men
D)a population that is distinct because people with panic disorder tend not to present with other mental disorders

Question 14

There are three kinds of panic attacks.They are ____.

A)biogenic, psychogenic, and sociogenic
B)interpersonal, environmental change, and intrapsychic
C)situationally bound, situationally predisposed, and unexpected
D)associated with objects, associated with other persons, and associated with fear of death

Question 15

Professor Lutz is conducting twin studies of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).What is he most likely to find in terms of genetic influences for GAD?

A)He is most likely to find a strong genetic influence.
B)He is most likely to find a modest genetic influence.
C)He is most likely to find an insignificant genetic influence.
D)He is most likely to find no genetic influence.

Question 16

Dr.Nakamura thinks that his client might be suffering from generalized anxiety disorder.Which fact would rule out that diagnosis (make it impossible)?

A)The client worries over both minor and major problems and constantly feels "on edge."
B)The client has experienced anxiety symptoms for about one month.
C)The client reports that the anxiety has interfered with her life activities.
D)The client's symptoms include physiological responses such as muscle tension.

Question 17

Brain structure and genetic influences are the two main ____ factors affecting anxiety disorders.

A)psychosomatic
B)biological
C)cognitive
D)psychological

Question 18

In medical settings worldwide, what is the most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder?

A)generalized anxiety disorder
B)phobia
C)agoraphobia
D)panic disorder

Question 19

Which anticipatory human emotion produces bodily reactions that prepare us for fight or flight in the face of danger?

A)fear
B)anger
C)anxiety
D)hatred

Question 20

Laurel has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder.To meet the criteria for making this diagnosis, she must ____.

A)have a specific situation that she fears and avoids
B)fear leaving home
C)have symptoms lasting three months or more
D)have had four or more panic attacks in the past year

Question 21

Dr.Mahoney is a cognitive-behavioral therapist.When treating a client with panic disorder, she is most likely to focus on the client's ____.

A)thoughts before and during fearful episodes
B)family history of panic disorder
C)response to sodium lactate
D)early childhood experiences with sexuality

Question 22

Which anxiety disorder is equally common in both men and women?

A)phobias
B)panic disorder
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
D)agoraphobia

Question 23

Dr.Fried believes that it is easier for humans to learn fears for which we are physiologically predisposed, such as fear of heights or snakes.She accepts which view of the development of fear reactions?

A)overactivation of the amygdala
B)preparedness
C)psychodynamic
D)disgust

Question 24

Which area of the brain alerts the other brain structures when a threat is present?

A)the amygdala
B)the hippocampus
C)the prefrontal cortex
D)the hypothalamus

Question 25

Dr.Swensen says this about treating phobias: "Treatment should involve positive coping statements.It should also involve convincing clients to believe in the power of their medication, and relaxation skills.Psychodynamic approaches like this have higher success rates than treatments that rely on medication." What portion of Dr.Swensen's statement is accurate?

A)That treatment should involve positive coping statements
B)That clients should become convinced in the power of medication
C)That relaxation training is a psychodynamic approach
D)That behavioral approaches have higher success rates than medication

Question 26

According to the cognitive-behavioral perspective, panic attacks are due to a feedback loop involving ____.

A)bodily sensations and thoughts
B)id impulses and ego defenses
C)neurotransmitters and receptors
D)the amygdala and the hippocampus

Question 27

What role does inheritance play in the development of anxiety disorders?

A)Inheritance plays only a very weak role.
B)Inheritance plays a very strong role.
C)Inheritance plays only a modest role.
D)Although inheritance plays a role in developing anxiety disorders, it is much stronger in GAD than other anxiety disorders.

Question 28

There are three subcategories of phobias:

A)cognitive, behavioral, and somatic.
B)agoraphobic, panic, and social.
C)general, specific, and situational.
D)specific, social, and agoraphobic.

Question 29

A strong, persistent, and unwarranted fear of some specific object or situation is referred to as ____.

A)a phobia
B)generalized anxiety
C)agoraphobia
D)panic disorder

Question 30

Which of the following is a cultural factor that contributes to anxiety disorders?

A)early childhood experiences
B)genetic predispositions
C)cognitive distortions
D)exposure to discrimination and prejudice

Question 31

Which of the following disorders is most common in the United States?

A)posttraumatic stress disorder
B)phobias
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 32

What is the first step in treating anxiety disorders?

A)getting the client to relax
B)teaching the client some simple cognitive strategies
C)ruling out possible medical or physical causes
D)explaining various perspectives about the disorders to the client

Question 33

Research by Fox (2005)suggests that which child would be most likely to display behavioral inhibition (i.e., shyness)?

A)a child who has a long allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided low levels of social support
B)a child who has a long allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided excessive levels of social support
C)a child who has a short allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided low levels of social support
D)a child who has a short allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided excessive levels of social support

Question 34

Current research on the influence of genes on anxiety disorders suggests that ____.

A)the disorders are present in people who inherit the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR
B)the disorders are absent in people who inherit the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR
C)while genes may predispose a person to develop an anxiety disorder, expression of the disorder depends on interactions between the allele and environmental influences
D)little, if any, relationship has been found that links genes with the development of anxiety disorders

Question 35

Larry is so afraid of being alone in public places that he cannot bring himself to leave his house.The mere thought of leaving produces overwhelming panic.Larry probably suffers from ____.

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)social phobia
D)agoraphobia

Question 36

What is the only consistently validated treatment for GAD?

A)medication
B)psychoanalysis
C)cognitive behavioral therapy
D)behavioral therapy

Question 37

Which explanation for panic disorder would most likely be offered by a cognitive-behavioral theorist?

A)"A malfunction in the receptors monitoring oxygen in the blood causes the patient to feel that he or she is suffocating when, in fact, he or she isn't."
B)"Abnormalities of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain cause a person to feel mounting anxiety that leads to a panic attack."
C)"When ego defenses have weakened because of overuse, forbidden sexual impulses threaten to break into consciousness, causing an attack."
D)"When small changes in the body are misinterpreted as dreadful events, these beliefs start a positive-feedback loop that brings on an attack."

Question 38

Tiffany is typical of many children who suffer from phobias.Karen is typical of adults with phobias.How aware would each of them be that their fears are excessive?

A)Both would realize that their fears are excessive.
B)Neither would realize that their fears are excessive.
C)Tiffany, but not Karen, would realize that they are excessive.
D)Karen, but not Tiffany, would realize that they are excessive.

Question 39

Most people who suffer from phobias ____.

A)were overindulged by their parents as children
B)are less likely than other people to suffer from other psychological disorders
C)also are likely to have anxiety, mood, or substance disorders
D)also suffer from dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Question 40

According to the model developed by Wells (2005), the roots of GAD lie in ____.

A)beliefs regarding the function of the actual worrying itself
B)beliefs that worry can provide effective ways to cope with aversive situations
C)beliefs that worry can provide solutions to a client's challenges
D)ineffective methods for dealing with difficult situations

Question 41

Patrick is a musical conductor, but he is terrified of giving performances and speaking to the audience between pieces.He is perfectly comfortable during rehearsal sessions but sometimes has to cancel concerts because of his fears.According to the DSM-IV-TR, Patrick probably has ____.

A)agoraphobia due to earlier panic attacks
B)social phobia of the generalized type
C)social phobia of the limited interactional type
D)social phobia of the performance type

Question 42

Shane is ready to break up with Kayla.He is extremely frustrated with her and does not know what to do.One of his favorite activities is to eat out and try new restaurants.Kayla, however, hates eating in restaurants.She has told Shane that she loses her appetite at the mere thought of having to eat out.When he pushed her for an explanation, Kayla explained that she is afraid that she might spill something on herself or do something equally foolish and other people would see it.Even though she knows how frustrated Shane is with her, Kayla cannot bring herself to eat in a restaurant.What diagnosis would be the most appropriate for Kayla's fears?

A)agoraphobia
B)social phobia
C)specific phobia
D)xenophobia

Question 43

The case of Little Albert is used by behaviorists to explain ____.

A)phobias
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 44

Between ages 13 to 15, the most common phobia is fear of ____.

A)closed spaces
B)spiders
C)snakes
D)speaking in class

Question 45

Tina is afraid of dogs.She has never had a bad experience with dogs, but her father was injured by a dog when he was a young boy.Tina's father goes to great lengths to avoid contact with dogs.What behavioral theory best explains Tina's fear of dogs?

A)classical conditioning
B)avoidance response
C)operant conditioning
D)observational learning

Question 46

Julie suffers from agoraphobia.Her therapist urges her to take longer and longer walks outside the home with the therapist.What kind of therapy is Julie receiving?

A)cognitive restructuring
B)exposure therapy
C)systematic desensitization
D)substitution therapy

Question 47

Dr.Vannucci says, "Some individuals have high social anxiety and interpret others' actions more negatively than other individuals; they overestimate the chances of unpleasant things happening generally.This is the background for developing a phobia." Dr.Vannucci probably supports which perspective on phobias?

A)classical conditioning
B)cognitive-behavioral
C)operant conditioning
D)biological

Question 48

In a research study, cancer patients, prior to undergoing chemotherapy, were given a drink in a container with a bright orange lid.After pairing the drink with chemotherapy, the patients experienced distress and nausea when presented with the container.This study supports what theory of phobias?

A)observational learning
B)psychodynamic
C)classical conditioning
D)cognitive-behavioral

Question 49

What is a major drawback when using benzodiazepines to treat phobias?

A)Symptoms often recur when the patient stops taking the medication.
B)Drugs don't work for a large percentage of patients with anxiety disorders.
C)It is difficult to find the exact medication to treat each patient effectively.
D)Most medications are too expensive to be taken on a regular basis.

Question 50

Who is at highest risk for developing social phobia?

A)Marni, whose parents exhibited no emotional warmth.
B)Maryanne, whose mother was overprotective.
C)Marcie, who was rejected by her parents.
D)Mariel, whose parents used shame as a method of control.

Question 51

A behavioral therapist would explain the agoraphobic's fear of leaving the house as ____.

A)a direct conditioning experience
B)an exaggerated fear stemming from a single panic attack
C)an unconscious way of preventing the acting out of sexual desires
D)a subtype of obsessive compulsive disorder

Question 52

A pediatrician is interested in phobias that typically begin in childhood.One phobia that he might study is ____.

A)agoraphobia
B)animal phobia
C)social phobia
D)claustrophobia

Question 53

The fact that some people fear using public restrooms and eating in public places diminishes the capacity for which explanation to account for all phobias?

A)substitution
B)preparedness
C)classical conditioning
D)modeling

Question 54

Research indicates a genetic, psychological, social, and sociocultural components in the development of phobias.This statement suggests that ____.

A)the manifestations of phobias are complicated and thus poorly understood
B)there can be multiple pathways involved in the development of phobias
C)phobias develop from predispositions
D)defective genes are transmitted to offspring resulting in phobias

Question 55

Which of the following phobias would be the easiest to eliminate?

A)fear of flying
B)fear of public speaking
C)fear of meeting new people
D)prepared fears

Question 56

Recent research on agoraphobia suggests that ____.

A)a genetic marker on chromosome 5 is the likely cause
B)repressed memories are the key causal factors
C)cognitions may play a major causal role
D)the disorder is inherited from the mother

Question 57

Tamisha is so afraid of heights that she cannot enter buildings with more than two floors.Her cognitive-behavioral therapist would probably diagnose her with ____ and explain the problem in terms of ____.

A)generalized anxiety disorder; faulty reasoning
B)agoraphobia; genetic predisposition
C)social phobia; repression and denial
D)specific phobia; cognitive distortions

Question 58

Momoko is Japanese.Because she suffers from Taijin Kyofusho, we would expect her to fear ____.

A)snakes
B)offending other people
C)social situations
D)public places

Question 59

Dr.Baldwin is explaining a cognitive model for the development of panic disorder.She describes a connection between cognitions and somatic symptoms that begin with physical changes that create catastrophic thoughts, which result in fear and more physiological changes.She is describing the beginning steps of the ____.

A)classical conditioning loop
B)circular pattern of anxieties
C)positive feedback loop
D)negative feedback loop

Question 60

Gina has been diagnosed with agoraphobia.If we ask her how the symptoms of the disorder started, we can expect she will say that ____.

A)she had previous problems with obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)they were preceded by panic attacks
C)she had never had any problems with anxiety before
D)they came on suddenly without any apparent reason

Question 61

Cheryl spends four hours every day in the shower, scrubbing her skin raw with a loofa brush, fearing that she is contaminated with urine or feces.She sees a cognitive-behavioral therapist for treatment.The cognitive-behavioral therapist is most likely to write which of the following notes about Cheryl's case?

A)"Guarding against own unacceptable urges; uses reaction formation as a general defense."
B)"Engages in superstitious behavior; probably associating handwashing with some previous situation where it led to reinforcement."
C)"Neurotransmitters not functioning properly; needs medication."
D)"Consciously uses distracting thoughts to reduce anxiety over cleanliness."

Question 62

For days after visiting Disneyland, the words and tune for "It's a Small World" kept invading Jessica's thoughts.She could not get them out of her head.Jessica's experience would be similar to the ____.

A)obsessions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)fear seen in generalized anxiety disorder
C)compulsions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)avoidance seen in social phobias

Question 63

A psychologist who supports a cognitive-behavioral approach would be likely to say which of the following when explaining the cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A)"Excessive use of defense mechanisms helps the person redirect his or her unacceptable impulses into more acceptable behaviors."
B)"Thoughts and actions that reduce anxiety are done repetitively."
C)"Some individuals' personalities need high levels of autonomic nervous system arousal, and repetitive thoughts and behaviors satisfy that need."
D)"Certain thoughts and actions are the result of abnormal activity in particular brain centers."

Question 64

Ahmad has a specific phobia about elevators.His therapist teaches him how to relax and then has him relax when he is in a building with elevators.Then he practices being relaxed when pushing an elevator button and finally when taking an elevator ride.What kind of therapy did Ahmad experience?

A)systematic desensitization
B)modeling
C)cognitive graduated exposure
D)flooding

Question 65

V.J.suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder.According to the biological perspective, he is likely to show ____.

A)preparedness in the objects he uses for compulsive behavior
B)abnormally low levels of metabolism in the locus ceruleus
C)an excess of the neurotransmitter serotonin
D)increased metabolic activity in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere

Question 66

Drugs that most successfully treat obsessive-compulsive disorder raise the level of which neurotransmitter in the brain?

A)acetylcholine
B)dopamine
C)serotonin
D)norepinephrine

Question 67

As Sheldon learns about obsessive-compulsive disorder he is likely to learn that ____.

A)it is an extremely rare disorder
B)it may be under diagnosed
C)it is one of the most common anxiety disorders
D)it is most common among middle-aged married people.

Question 68

Angel is worried that her intrusive, unacceptable thoughts are signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder.Research would tell her that ____.

A)unless the thoughts are bizarre, she does not have the disorder
B)she probably has the disorder because it is defined by intrusive thoughts
C)she cannot have the disorder unless she engages in compulsive behaviors
D)such thoughts are common and unless they cause her discomfort or are uncontrollable

Question 69

Dr.Duran is a cognitive-behavioral therapist.When treating patients with anxiety disorders, he is most likely to focus on ____.

A)the interaction between their genetic predisposition and the support they received from their families
B)the medical aspects of their disorder.
C)how their thoughts influence their experiences of anxiety
D)the relationship they have with their parents currently and in the past.

Question 70

Which of the following is a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A)attempts are made to suppress the thoughts or behaviors
B)thoughts or behaviors are identified by the individual as reasonable and justifiable
C)preoccupation with imagined defects in appearance
D)recurrent picking resulting in lesions

Question 71

Cognitive-behaviorists would say that obsessive-compulsives repeat behaviors in order to ____.

A)reduce anxiety
B)eliminate threats in the environment
C)establish certainty
D)stop adverse events from happening

Question 72

Barbara was told by her psychiatrist that she is being treated with the "medication of choice" for her generalized anxiety disorder.She is not sure what drug she is taking, but she knows it works.It is a good bet that the drug is ____.

A)an antipsychotic
B)a benzodiazepine
C)a tricyclic or SSRI antidepressant
D)lithium carbonate

Question 73

Melissa's therapist encourages her to interpret her emotional and physical tension as "normal anxiety" and to redirect her attention from herself to others in social situations.The therapist is using which behavioral treatment?

A)exposure therapy
B)systematic desensitization
C)modeling
D)cognitive restructuring

Question 74

Which of the following statements is a cognitive characteristic of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A)"I have to be absolutely certain that I turned off the computer."
B)"Thinking about throwing little Timmy under the bus isn't as bad as actually doing it."
C)"If I just find a way to relax, then everything will be okay."
D)"My thoughts are always rational."

Question 75

Jack has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder.He has persistent thoughts that are upsetting and engages in ritualistic actions to reduce anxiety.He feels that he has control over his thoughts and actions but chooses not to stop them.What aspect of Jack's case is unusual?

A)It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to feel they have control over their thoughts and actions.
B)It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to have upsetting thoughts.
C)It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to engage in ritualistic actions.
D)It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to be male.

Question 76

Wanda is obsessed with the thought of strangling her daughter.Even though she has never done this, she believes her thoughts are as bad as if she actually carried out the act (which she says she does not want to do).This demonstrates which cognitive characteristic of OCD?

A)morality bias
B)probability bias
C)disconfirmatory bias
D)lack of confidence bias

Question 77

GAD is most likely to occur among which group?

A)married white males
B)Asian females with higher socioeconomic status
C)African American females living in poverty
D)white males working in jobs they hate

Question 78

Sue screams for her husband every time she sees a spider or a spider web.Even if the spider is dead, she starts to shake and becomes terrified.Several times she has called her husband at work and demanded that he come home to deal with the spider.Finally she sees a therapist.Over several sessions, she views videos of people picking up spiders, then watches her therapist pick up a plastic spider in the office, then a real spider.Finally, Sue is able to pick up a spider herself and put it outside.The therapy described is ____.

A)flooding
B)modeling
C)systematic desensitization
D)exposure

Question 79

Sam has persistent and distressing thoughts of germs; he cannot eat without washing his hands three times before and three times after every meal.Although his hands are raw from the washings, he is overwhelmed with anxiety if he doesn't wash this way.Sam's problems illustrate ____.

A)posttraumatic stress disorder
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder
C)agoraphobia
D)generalized anxiety disorder

Question 80

Before Hannah can leave the house she must turn all four gas burners on her stove on and off 24 times, each in sequence.She performs this ritual because she does not trust her memory and fears she can't be sure the burners are actually off unless she does this.Hannah is demonstrating which cognitive characteristic of OCD?

A)probability bias
B)disconfirmatory bias
C)morality bias
D)confirmatory bias