Deck 8: Mood Disorders

Question 1

Ralph has lost twenty pounds since he was fired from his job.He either cannot get to sleep or wakes up early and is exhausted the next day.These facts illustrate which symptoms of depression?

A)cognitive
B)affective
C)behavioral
D)physiological

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is a physiological symptom of depression?

A)lowered productivity
B)poor hygiene
C)anhedonia
D)lack of interest in eating and weight loss

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Harold says, "I cry for hours and feel a profound sense of loss.I experience no joy, but I can still see a positive future for myself.I know I am competent; I just feel very sad all the time." If Harold is experiencing depression, he illustrates ____.

A)none of the cognitive signs but many of the affective ones
B)most of the cognitive and affective signs
C)most of the behavioral signs but none of the affective ones
D)none of the affective signs but many of the cognitive ones

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The affective symptoms of depression include ____.

A)slowed speech and action
B)thoughts of suicide
C)an inability to sleep
D)intense sadness and feelings of worthlessness

Question 5

____ are disturbances in emotions that cause subjective discomfort, hinder a person's ability to function, or both.

A)Personality disorders
B)Emotional disorders
C)Mood disorders
D)Anxiety disorders

Question 6

Lucy feels worthless and extremely sad.She has had crying spells that do not stem from any particular event.Life seems uninteresting and colorless.Lucy's symptoms illustrate the ____.

A)affective symptoms of depression
B)behavioral symptoms of depression
C)cognitive symptoms of mania
D)physiological symptoms of depression

Question 7

Jill has had one episode of major depression.What is the likelihood that she will have another during her lifetime?

A)1 percent
B)10 percent
C)50 percent
D)90 percent

Question 8

The cognitive symptoms of depression include ____.

A)feelings of sadness, dejection, worthlessness, apathy, and crying spells
B)social withdrawal, low energy, psychomotor retardation, and agitation
C)appetite and weight changes, constipation, and sleep disturbances
D)pessimism, guilt, and loss of interest and motivation

Question 9

Timothy has been unable to function at work for five months since the death of his mother.He feels he is worthless and his friends notice that his thought processes seem faulty and he seems to be doing everything in "slow motion." Timothy's reaction to his mother's death ____.

A)indicates a bipolar disorder
B)can be considered within the normal limits of bereavement in most cultures
C)indicates a severe depression
D)would be considered mania in some cultures but normal bereavement in others

Question 10

In a recent survey of college students (Furr et al.2001), over ____ percent said that they had experienced depression.

A)10
B)20
C)50
D)75

Question 11

Luis's mother died suddenly, and he has experienced great sadness.Which statement indicates that this is clinical depression rather than normal mourning?

A)He feels that he needs to mourn in order to adjust to his mother's death.
B)He has experienced severe and incapacitating depression for more than three months.
C)He cries when he thinks of his mother.
D)He has experienced a short, intense period of dejection and sadness.

Question 12

Which of the following is a behavioral symptom of depression?

A)increased activity level
B)difficulties in concentration and decision making
C)social withdrawal
D)loss of motivation

Question 13

Which of the following is a behavioral symptom of depression?

A)slowing down all body movements and speech
B)becoming more and more involved with other people's problems
C)having trouble getting to sleep but feeling full of energy
D)having thoughts of suicide

Question 14

The two primary aspects of mood disorders are ____, which is characterized by intense sadness, and ____, which is characterized by elevated mood and often results in hyperactivity.

A)mania; anxiety
B)mania; depression
C)depression; anxiety
D)depression; mania

Question 15

Valentine has had two episodes of depression.Compared with individuals who have no history of depression, she has a 70 percent chance to ____.

A)have another episode of depression
B)cycle into a manic episode
C)have an asthma attack
D)develop cancer

Question 16

Shelly is pessimistic about her future.Her disinterest in everything around her, together with her loss of energy and motivation, make it difficult for her to cope with even the most minor of daily events.These symptoms demonstrate which domain of depression?

A)cognitive
B)affective
C)behavioral
D)physiological

Question 17

A psychologist describes a patient as showing certain cognitive symptoms associated with depressive reactions.Which patient is being described?

A)Rachel, who is apathetic, anxious, and socially withdrawn
B)Megan, who has a negative view of herself, her present experiences, and her future expectations
C)Kate, who is crying, easily fatigued, and moves very slowly
D)Wendy, who has physiological impairments in her nervous system, gastrointestinal system, and immune system

Question 18

Khalil has been losing weight because he has no interest in eating and he complains of constipation.He has difficulty falling asleep and then wakes up several times during the night, often because of nightmares.Khalil is experiencing which symptoms of depression?

A)affective
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)physiological

Question 19

The director of a new mental health center is developing plans to provide treatment for the disorder that is the most common complaint for those who seek mental health care.That disorder is ____.

A)depression
B)manic depression
C)anxiety
D)hyperactivity

Question 20

Professor Wong tells her class that there are four psychological domains that are used to describe depression.These domains include affective, behavioral, cognitive, and ____.

A)dominance
B)physiological
C)psychoanalytic
D)hypomanic

Question 21

Unlike depression, in mania, ____.

A)the mood is elevated, expansive, or irritable
B)mood changes occur without any changes in behavior
C)the mood remains normal, while the cognitive and behavioral symptoms change
D)mood changes do not affect social or occupational functioning

Question 22

Brianna has always been pessimistic.For the past three years, on most days she feels tired, guilty, and unable to concentrate.However, her eating, sleeping, and daily functioning have not been impaired.This chronic depressed state best illustrates ____.

A)depression not otherwise specified
B)cyclothymia
C)major depression
D)dysthymic disorder

Question 23

Which individual best illustrates the symptoms of mania?

A)Jim, who has suddenly developed an aversion to sexual activity
B)Paul, who has boundless energy and becomes angered when frustrated
C)Alice, who is highly anxious about future events
D)Esther, whose energy level is so low that she has become withdrawn from other people

Question 24

Based on cross-cultural research, which woman has the lowest risk of developing depression?

A)Selena, a middle-aged white widow
B)Juana, a 20-year-old Hispanic college student
C)Monica, a 25-year-old Native American
D)Sharona, a 45-year-old white divorcee

Question 25

Nathan has a seven-year history of mild mood swings.When he is "high," he is coherent; when he is "low," he is never suicidal or unable to function.What is the best diagnosis for Nathan?

A)cyclothymic disorder
B)bipolar disorder, mixed
C)major depressive disorder, mixed
D)dysthymic disorder

Question 26

After Shauna gave birth, she sunk into a major depressive episode.She was unable to care for herself or her baby.Fortunately, she did not have the energy to follow through on her thoughts of killing her baby.These symptoms suggest that Shauna is likely to have experienced which depressive specifier?

A)melancholia
B)catatonia
C)postpartum onset
D)seasonal pattern

Question 27

Rochelle suffers from bipolar disorder and Elaine suffers from unipolar disorder.Which statement best describes the reasons that one of these women is more likely than the other to miss work due to her illness?

A)Because of her lack of energy and inability to focus, Rochelle will miss more work than Elaine.
B)Because her depressive episodes are more severe and more persistent than Elaine's, Rochelle will miss more work.
C)Because her depressive episodes are more severe and more persistent than Rochelle's, Elaine will miss more work.
D)Their severe and persistent episodes of depression will result in both Rochelle and Elaine missing about the same amount of work.

Question 28

Which series of events is least likely to happen?

A)major depressive episodes that do not alternate with any manic episodes
B)manic episodes that do not alternate with depressive episodes
C)major depression that alternates with manic episodes
D)major depressive episodes that alternate with hypomania

Question 29

Taylor is diagnosed with major depressive disorder.One thing we are sure of is that he ____.

A)will never have another episode of depression after this one
B)is likely to have hallucinations
C)does not alternate between depression and mania
D)swings from extremely low energy to very high energy

Question 30

For the past several weeks, Ian's thinking races from one idea to the next, and he cannot stay focused on any one idea.He feels pressure to keep on talking, feels a decreased need for sleep, and has been arrested for harassing pedestrians on the street.Of the following, what diagnosis would Ian most likely be given?

A)bipolar disorder
B)unipolar depression
C)cyclothymic disorder
D)dysthymic disorder

Question 31

Romeo is grandiose in his thinking, incoherent in his speech, and so hyperactive he has hardly sat down in the past week.DeJuan is overactive and elated, starting projects but not completing them.However, he shows neither delusions nor incoherence in his speech.According to the DSM-IV-TR , ____

A)Romeo illustrates the hypomanic state, and DeJuan the manic state
B)Romeo and DeJuan both illustrate the manic state
C)Romeo and DeJuan both illustrate the hypomanic state
D)Romeo illustrates the manic state, and DeJuan the hypomanic state

Question 32

For an event to qualify as a manic episode, the DSM-IV-TR says that ____.

A)the state must last for at least one week
B)there must also be a depressive episode
C)there must be an elevated mood that does not impair functioning
D)the state must last for two months

Question 33

To decide whether a person should be diagnosed as bipolar I or bipolar II, a diagnostician must ask, ____.

A)"Have any of your close relatives ever had this problem?"
B)"How long have you felt depressed?"
C)"Have you ever had a previous manic episode?"
D)"How often do you feel depressed?"

Question 34

In the DSM-IV-TR, mood disorders are divided into which two major subcategories:?

A)unipolar depression and bipolar disorder
B)bipolar I and bipolar II
C)mild and severe
D)major depression and dysthymic disorder

Question 35

Artie speaks so rapidly that people have a hard time keeping up with what he says.He also changes topics mid-sentence and, although much of what he says is understandable, his accelerated, disjointed speech and idiosyncratic phrases make it difficult to follow his train of thought.Artie is exhibiting which category of bipolar symptoms?

A)affective
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)physiological

Question 36

Bipolar disorder is to ____ disorder as major depression is to ____ disorder.

A)dysthymic; cyclothymic
B)cyclothymic; anxiety
C)cyclothymic; dysthymic
D)psychotic; neurotic

Question 37

Ronnie has recurrent major depressive episodes that alternate with hypomania.According to the DSM-IV-TR, Ronnie should be diagnosed with ____.

A)bipolar I
B)bipolar II
C)cyclothymia
D)major depressive disorder not otherwise specified

Question 38

Which of the following terms is correctly paired with its definition?

A)Hypomania is when a person is beginning to feel depressed.
B)Mania is when a person is "high" but totally coherent.
C)Hypomania may involve poor judgment but not delusions.
D)Mania is a less severe form of the disorder than hypomania.

Question 39

Winnie exhibits the essential feature of bipolar disorder, which is ____.

A)depressed mood
B)chronic fatigue
C)changing moods from happy to serious
D)one or more manic or hypomanic episodes

Question 40

Gertrude has read an article in her local newspaper about "depressed cities" and "happy cities." She sees that the city where she lives is number one on the "depressed cities" list, and decides to move near her daughter, who lives in the number one "happy city." Gertrude will move from ____ to ____.

A)Seattle, WA; Honolulu, HI
B)Detroit, MI; Miami Beach, FL
C)Tampa, FL; Honolulu, HI
D)Philadelphia, PA; Laredo, CA

Question 41

A treatment involving the creation of routines in day-to-day life that has been effective in reducing relapse in bipolar disorder is ____.

A)social rhythm therapy
B)psychoeducation
C)family-focused therapy
D)cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 42

Mrs.Smyth is diagnosed with depression because she has lost weight, expresses excessive guilt, and is unresponsive to pleasurable things.Further, she is mute and stands in one position for hours at a time.Which symptom features should also be noted with the diagnosis of depression?

A)rapid cycling and behavioral apathy
B)melancholia and catatonia
C)postpartum pattern and catatonia
D)melancholia and postpartum pattern

Question 43

Negative thoughts, low self-esteem, and errors in thinking are all concepts central to which theory of depression?

A)biological
B)cognitive
C)operant
D)psychodynamic

Question 44

A comparison of bipolar disorders with depressive disorders will show that ____.

A)bipolar disorders are more common than depressive disorders
B)both bipolar disorders and depressive disorders often coexist with other mental disorders
C)women are more likely than men to suffer from both major depression and bipolar disorders
D)relatives of individuals with both disorders are at equally high risk to develop both bipolar and depressive disorders

Question 45

Professor Solomon is investigating the relationship between unipolar and bipolar disorders.Based on research that has already been conducted, she will most likely find that ____.

A)There is little or no relationship between the two.
B)There is some indirect relationship, but no direct relationship, between them.
C)The two disorders are related or under the influence of common factors.
D)The techniques and strategies currently used are not sufficiently sensitive to provide useful information about a relationship between the two disorders.

Question 46

Dr.Lublin attributes depression to errors in thinking that result in pessimism, negative views of self, and feelings of hopelessness.Dr.Lublin is which kind of therapist?

A)cognitive
B)humanistic
C)behavioral
D)psychodynamic

Question 47

Dr.DeVille thinks that depression occurs when people receive insufficient social reinforcement.We can guess that Dr.DeVille supports which perspective on depression?

A)biological
B)behavioral
C)psychodynamic
D)sociocultural

Question 48

Which of the following is the most comprehensive behavioral explanation of depression?

A)Lewinsohn's model
B)Seligman's model
C)Beck's model
D)Freud's model

Question 49

Which of the following are key concepts in the behavioral explanation of depression?

A)incomplete mourning and unexpressed anger
B)irrational thinking and poor logic
C)few reinforcers and poor social skills
D)lack of imagination and self-absorption

Question 50

Dr.Thomasson is a psychoanalyst, and Dr.McGuire is a behaviorist.Both see separation and loss as important issues in depression, but they see them differently.One of those differences concerns the fact that ____.

A)Dr.McGuire sees loss in terms of a reduced chance for reinforcement.
B)Dr.Thomasson emphasizes how sympathy for the person experiencing the loss rewards helplessness.
C)Dr.Thomasson sees loss as changing the hormonal balance within the depressive's body.
D)Dr.McGuire highlights the symbolic nature of loss.

Question 51

John has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.Consistent with the dysregulation model of neurotransmission, we would expect that if John achieves important goals in his life, he will ____.

A)become extremely depressed
B)show elevated manic symptoms
C)start planning his next goal
D)relax before beginning his next adventure

Question 52

Moods disorders differ from temporary emotional reactions to life events because they ____.

A)have an impact in only one aspect of a person's life
B)do not persist over an extended period of time
C)only occur for specific reasons
D)are markedly out-of-proportion to life circumstances

Question 53

Greta's psychiatrist advises her to buy bright lights, which are to be turned on in the early morning hours of winter days to reduce her problem with depression.We can guess that Greta's problem is ____.

A)dysthymia due to medical condition
B)seasonal affective disorder
C)postpartum onset.
D)rapid-cycling bipolar disorder

Question 54

Which of the following statements best mirrors Lewinsohn's view of depression?

A)"The depressed person has a low self-concept that is made worse by poor family supports, but more important are the person's neurotransmitter imbalances."
B)"Low rates of positive reinforcements are crucial, but prior level of stress and the person's loss of self-confidence lead to an increased vulnerability to depression."
C)"Classically conditioned depression is combined with modeling of other depressed individuals until depression becomes almost contagious."
D)"In addition to the stressors the person suffers, we must look at the unconscious conflicts that bubble to the surface."

Question 55

Which of the following statements comparing depressive and bipolar disorders is accurate?

A)There is stronger evidence of genetic influence for depressive disorders than for bipolar disorders.
B)The age of onset is typically earlier for depressive disorders than for bipolar disorders.
C)There is stronger evidence of genetic influence for bipolar disorders than for depressive disorders.
D)Individuals with depressive disorders are more likely than those with bipolar disorders to attempt suicide.

Question 56

Which of the following is a type of study that supports the contribution of genetic factors to bipolar disorder?

A)laboratory study
B)twin study
C)animal study
D)sociocultural study

Question 57

What information do symptom features provide?

A)information about typical time of onset and how long symptoms are expected to last
B)a description of physiological symptoms that accompany the psychological ones
C)a list of characteristics that may be associated with a disorder
D)etiological data

Question 58

Concordance rates for bipolar disorders have been found to be ____ percent for monozygotic (MZ)twins.

A)100
B)72
C)48
D)14

Question 59

Which statement best illustrates Beck's explanation of depression?

A)"Depression is primarily a problem in thinking; negative schemas make one feel depressed."
B)"When opportunities for reinforcement are reduced, people do less and are therefore more likely to become depressed."
C)"Depressives use internal and global causal attributions for negative events rather than external and specific attributions."
D)"Depressives see the world with little distortion; they accurately appreciate the brutality of life."

Question 60

Which situation best illustrates Beck's concept of overgeneralization in depressives?

A)When it rains on the day of the picnic, the host feels he should have scheduled it for another day.
B)Despite feeling great anger at his mother, a boy yells at himself.
C)When a girl is complimented on her hair, she assumes that the person who complimented her was just showing pity for her.
D)A man burns the toast one morning at breakfast and concludes that he is a worthless father and husband.

Question 61

Suppose you bet $10,000 to find a person who had a mood disorder but whom you were not allowed to meet, interview, or know personally.For which person would you have a better than even chance of winning your bet?

A)the identical twin of a person with unipolar depression
B)a person raised in an adoptive home with depressed parents
C)the fraternal twin of a person with unipolar depression
D)the identical twin of a person with bipolar disorder

Question 62

In therapy, a psychologist tries to convince a depressed woman that her actions do affect the environment and that even though uncontrollable events happened in the past, they need not happen again.This therapist is making use of principles from ____.

A)psychodynamic theory
B)learned helplessness theory
C)the biogenic theory of depression
D)the cognitive triad

Question 63

Which of the following will have similar effects on depressed moods for both Chinese and American adolescents?

A)poor relationships with parents
B)poor academic achievement
C)parent's illness
D)harsh discipline in childhood

Question 64

Which quote best illustrates what Seligman means by learned helplessness?

A)"Nothing I do will ever improve my situation."
B)"Everyone can dance well except me."
C)"I can't remember anything good ever happening to me."
D)"Many of the stresses in my life I brought on myself."

Question 65

Dr.Meredith works with clients from different cultural backgrounds who suffer from depression.Which of her clients is most likely to interpret his symptoms as being "heartbroken"?

A)Suliman, who is from Saudi Arabia
B)Yeh, who is Chinese
C)Pepe, who is Mexican
D)Ahote, who is Hopi

Question 66

A physician notices that twice as many female patients complain of depression as male patients.The physician's first thought is that the cause is hormonal or genetic differences in the sexes.Research has ____.

A)shown that only males who have a genetic vulnerability develop depression.
B)been done extensively on this and results confirm that there is a hormonal basis for depression
C)proven that this is never the case
D)suggested that environmental and social-cultural factors interact with biological factors, such as genetic or hormonal differences between the sexes, to influence gender differences in depression

Question 67

Many studies have found that social support is especially important as a buffer against depression when people are exposed to stress.Recent research by Knowlton and Latkin (2007)showed that what specific kind of social support is particularly beneficial?

A)psychological support, such as help with problem solving
B)emotional support, such as having a "shoulder to cry on"
C)social support that meets specific needs, such as financial assistance
D)all types of social support are equally beneficial

Question 68

Lewinsohn, Joinder, and Rohde (2001)compared Beck's and Seligman's theories.Their results ____.

A)found both theories help us understand depression
B)support Beck's theory over Seligman's, noting that high levels of negative cognitions coupled with stress predict subsequent depression
C)support Seligman's theory over Beck's, noting that internal, stable, global attributions predict depression
D)suggest that the diathesis-stress model is better than either Beck's or Seligman's for predicting both depressive and non-depressive disorders

Question 69

According to Hammen and colleagues (1992), some people who respond to stress with depression ____.

A)contribute to their own stress
B)have social supports who make them dependent
C)see themselves as so independent that they refuse to accept help from others
D)have too much norepinephrine in the frontal lobes

Question 70

Which of the following is a sociocultural factor found to be significantly associated with depression?

A)religion
B)education
C)socioeconomic status
D)gene expression

Question 71

Research addressing the relationship between stress and depression suggests that ____.

A)several minor stressors are more likely than one severe stressor to cause depression.
B)acute stress is more likely than chronic stress to cause depression.
C)exposure to dangerous events is more likely than loss and humiliation to cause depression.
D)there is a bidirectional relationship between stress and depression so that stress can cause depression and depression can cause stress.

Question 72

Individuals from which culture are especially likely to present bodily complaints when they are depressed?

A)Chinese
B)Irish American
C)American Indian
D)Italian American

Question 73

Imagine that there is an equal level of stress in Gerald's and Mary's lives.Ruling out biological differences, we might expect Mary to be more prone to depression if she ____.

A)is employed outside the home and has no children
B)maintains a nontraditional sex role
C)sees herself as controlling her life situations
D)tends to ruminate and amplify her depressive moods

Question 74

All of the following people were unsuccessful in getting a job after undergoing three interviews.Which person's thinking illustrates the depressive attributional style?

A)Esther: "I may be terrible at job interviews, but the rest of my skills are exceptionally strong."
B)Theresa: "I am always incompetent-in job interviews and everything else."
C)Anthony: "I didn't get a job because of a bad streak of luck, and luck is always ripe for changing."
D)Paul: "I didn't try my hardest; if I work at it, I can get a job."

Question 75

The basic assumption of Seligman's explanation for depression is that ____.

A)both cognitions and feelings of helplessness are learned and that depression results from learned helplessness
B)cognitions and but not feelings of helplessness are learned and that depression results from learned helplessness
C)feelings but not cognitions of helplessness are learned and that depression results from learned helplessness
D)high levels of negative cognitions coupled with stress results in depression

Question 76

Evidence for heritability of bipolar disorders suggests that ____.

A)no significant evidence regarding heritability and bipolar disorders has been discovered
B)a gene for bipolar disorder exists on chromosome 11
C)there is a complex genetic basis of bipolar disorders involving interactions among multiple genes
D)the concordance rate for bipolar disorder is higher for dizygotic twins than for monozygotic twins

Question 77

Which controversial treatment is considered by many clinicians to be the most rapid and effective for treating unipolar depression?

A)ECT
B)CBT
C)MAOIs
D)RET

Question 78

Depressed behavior is related to ____.

A)low levels of cortisol
B)high levels of cortisol
C)high levels of estradiol
D)low levels of estradiol

Question 79

A person who believes that his or her behavior has little effect on the environment and who becomes passive and depressed illustrates which perspective on depression?

A)Beck's low self-esteem
B)Seligman's learned helplessness
C)Lewinsohn's operant
D)Freud's psychodynamic

Question 80

The gender difference in depression may be more apparent than real.One factor that could explain why women seem to be more prone to depression is that ____.

A)women are socialized to be gentle and sensitive to others
B)women may have higher concentrations of particular hormones than men
C)depression in men may be hidden by other factors such as substance abuse or other addictive behaviors
D)women's gender roles put them under so much stress that they feel greater helplessness than men