Deck 13: Neurocognitive Disorders

Question 1

To assess neurocognitive functioning and evaluate the extent of brain damage, ____ is administered to objectively screen and measure consciousness following head injury or stroke.

A)the Glasgow Coma Scale
B)a mental status exam
C)an fMRI
D)an EEG

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The leading causes of traumatic brain injuries are ____.

A)falls and vehicle accidents
B)vehicle accidents and assault
C)assault and being struck by an object
D)war and crime

Answer 2

A

Question 3

____ and ____ are neuroimaging techniques that are used to produce images of metabolic activity in the brain.

A)EEG; cerebral blood flow measurements
B)MRI; CAT scans
C)SPECT imaging; PET scans
D)MRI; PET scans

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Sanjay was diagnosed with a neurocognitive disorder.Which of the following could be the specific diagnosis?

A)schizoaffective disorder
B)dementia caused by infection
C)mood disorder
D)psychosis

Question 5

Which of the following is considered a possible cause of neurocognitive disorders?

A)stress
B)anxiety
C)depression
D)traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Question 6

Professor Solomon tells her class, "Neurocognitive disorders are diagnosed through a process of elimination.Neurocognitive disorders may be due to a specific medical condition, a substance-induced condition, or may result from multiple etiologies.The category of neurocognitive disorders is arbitrary because other mental disorders may be associated with neurocognitive disorders and organic involvement.It is always difficult to measure, assess, and determine the causes of neurocognitive disorders." Which part of Professor Solomon's statement is accurate?

A)Neurocognitive disorders are diagnosed through a process of elimination.
B)Neurocognitive disorders may be due to a specific medical condition, a substance-induced condition, or may result from multiple etiologies.
C)The category of neurocognitive disorders is arbitrary because other mental disorders may be associated with neurocognitive disorders and organic involvement.
D)It is always difficult to measure, assess, and determine the causes of neurocognitive disorders.

Question 7

Late on Saturday night, Dennie is taken to the hospital after drinking twenty beers.His confusion, rambling, and incoherent speech stop as soon as the alcohol is out of his system.This incident illustrates ____.

A)an amnestic disorder
B)dementia
C)delirium
D)a neurocognitive disorder not otherwise specified

Question 8

____ describes memory impairment and declining cognitive functioning resulting from degenerative brain conditions.

A)Delirium
B)Amnestic disorder
C)Dementia
D)Neurocognitive disorders not otherwise specified

Question 9

Dr.Pushkin is seeing a new patient whom she suspects has a neurocognitive disorder.Dr.Pushkin wants to assess quickly the patient's overall cognitive functioning, including the patient's memory, attentional skills, and orientation to time and place.What instrument will Dr.Pushkin most likely use to conduct this assessment?

A)objective personality testing
B)neuropsychological testing
C)neuroimaging techniques
D)mental status exam

Question 10

In neurocognitive disorders, ____.

A)social and psychological factors play no role
B)brain dysfunctions cause problems with thinking processes, memory, consciousness, and perception
C)there may be symptoms of brain pathology, but no organic cause is assumed
D)psychological factors cause the brain to malfunction

Question 11

The three major categories of neurocognitive disorders listed in the DSM-5 are ____.

A)minor neurocognitive disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, and delirium
B)minor neurocognitive disorder, major neurocognitive disorder, and dementia
C)Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease
D)neurocognitive disorder, neurodegenerative disorder, and stroke

Question 12

Forgetting names of significant others and displaying difficulties with impulse control are examples of ____.

A)dementia
B)delirium
C)depression
D)anxiety

Question 13

Which elderly person is at highest risk for developing some type of dementia?

A)Paige, a 80 year old female
B)Paul, a 80 year old male
C)Patty, a 65 year old depressed female
D)Preston, a 65 year old depressed male

Question 14

Brenda is undergoing a test that combines X-rays and computer analysis to assess her brain damage.Which test is being used?

A)PET scan
B)CT scan
C)MRI
D)fMRI

Question 15

In order to receive a DSM-5 major neurocognitive disorder diagnosis, individuals must demonstrate significant decline in ____.

A)one or more cognitive domains and in the ability to meet the demands of daily life independently
B)reality testing and in coping with stressors
C)physical health and in psychological health
D)visual-perceptual ability and in social cognition

Question 16

Ali has difficulty speaking.He also experiences memory deficits as well as problems making plans and thinking abstractly.Ali suffers from behavioral disturbances that result from damage to the brain, which is technically referred to as ____.

A)schizophrenia
B)an identity disorder
C)a mood disorder
D)a neurocognitive disorder

Question 17

Strokes damaging the left side of the brain typically affect ____, as well as physical movement on the right half of the body; whereas strokes occurring within the right hemisphere can ____ in addition to impairing motor movement on the left side of the body.

A)speech and language proficiency; impair judgment and short-term memory
B)impair judgment and short-term memory; speech and language proficiency
C)empathic abilities; increase impulsivity
D)impulsivity; decrease empathic abilities

Question 18

Tonya is suspected of having a brain tumor.She goes to the hospital, where a detailed image of her brain is produced using a magnetic field and radio frequency pulses.What kind of brain assessment occurred?

A)MRI
B)EEG
C)CAT scan
D)cerebral blood flow measurement

Question 19

Medical professionals utilize ____, which allow them to noninvasively visualize brain structures and monitor activity within the brain.

A)neuroimaging techniques
B)psychological tests
C)neuropsychological tests
D)mental status examination

Question 20

MRIs are superior to other neuroimaging techniques for which of the following reasons?

A)They can be used with patients who have metal in their heads.
B)They do not involve radiation exposure as with other imaging techniques.
C)They are cost-efficient.
D)They allow the patients to have mobility while the imaging is taking place.

Question 21

Hazel was not wearing her helmet when she had an accident on her bicycle.As she fell, her brain was punctured by a broken spoke from the wheel of her bike, causing a rupture of her brain and hemorrhaging.Hazel experiences which type of head injury?

A)concussion
B)cerebral laceration
C)contusion
D)anoxia

Question 22

Terrance attempts to but is unable to lick his lips or whistle.What neurocognitive symptom is Terrance demonstrating?

A)agnosia
B)aphasia
C)dementia
D)apraxia

Question 23

The core feature of Alzheimer's disease is ____.

A)memory impairment
B)hallucinations and delusions
C)disorientation of place and time
D)acute onset of symptoms

Question 24

A characteristic that distinguishes delirium from minor and major neurocognitive disorder is ____.

A)acute onset of symptoms
B)gradual onset of symptoms
C)decline in functioning
D)severity of symptoms

Question 25

Marcus is 83 and has a form of aphasia that makes it difficult for him to find the words he wants to say.He developed this condition very suddenly and has experienced a steady cognitive decline.Marcus was diagnosed with minor neurocognitive disorder.What aspect of his case is unusual?

A)It is unusual for minor neurocognitive disorder to show a steady cognitive decline.
B)It is unusual for minor neurocognitive disorder to occur in someone over 80.
C)It is unusual for minor neurocognitive disorder to involve speech aphasia.
D)It is unusual for minor neurocognitive disorder to have a sudden onset.

Question 26

The primary distinction between major and minor neurocognitive disorder is ____.

A)the severity of cognitive decline and related decline in independent functioning
B)the extent of the brain damage and neurochemical abnormalities
C)the use of compensatory strategies
D)there is no distinction, they are the same disorder

Question 27

Episodes of delirium are common with the ill and the elderly because ____.

A)they have less cerebral reserve and are likely to develop delirium with medical illness or surgical procedures
B)their immune systems are compromised and are likely to develop delirium with medical illness or surgical procedures
C)they are susceptible to infection-produced inflammation of tissues surrounding the brain and are likely to develop delirium with medical illness or surgical procedures
D)delirium is as common among the ill and elderly as it is in the general population

Question 28

The most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder is ____.

A)stroke
B)multi-infarct dementia
C)vascular dementia
D)Alzheimer's disease

Question 29

What is most important to survival and recovery from a traumatic brain injury?

A)immediate medical intervention
B)psychological testing
C)social support
D)optimism

Question 30

The prevalence of dementia for people age 65 or older is ____.

A)5% for men and 8% for women
B)11% for men and 19% for women
C)18% for men and 23% for women
D)32% for men and 44% for women

Question 31

Ian suddenly became incoherent at 3a.m.yesterday.He was agitated and unable to focus his attention and did not know where he was when taken to the hospital.After two days, the cocaine was out of his system and his cognitive functioning returned to normal.What form of neurocognitive disorder did he display?

A)none; he was experiencing withdrawal
B)minor neurocognitive disorder
C)delirium
D)traumatic brain injury

Question 32

Which of the following can cause a neurocognitive disorder?

A)ischemic stoke
B)depression
C)stress
D)aging

Question 33

Because of high blood pressure, lack of physical exercise, and heavy alcohol drinking, Donald is at risk for having ____.

A)ischemic stroke
B)traumatic brain injury
C)Alzheimer's disease
D)frontotemporal lobar degeneration

Question 34

When a neurocognitive disorder is characterized by significant memory impairment and cognitive disturbances, or significant disturbances in planning and abstracting in thought processes, it is considered to be ____.

A)delirium
B)a major neurocognitive disorder
C)a minor neurocognitive disorder
D)a neurocognitive disorder, not otherwise specified

Question 35

Jed can see and hear normally.However, when he picks up a fork, he tries to use it as an electric shaver.This failure to recognize the use of an object is called ____.

A)agnosia
B)aphasia
C)apraxia
D)delirium

Question 36

"A physical wound or internal injury to the brain" is a definition of ____.

A)infarction
B)diaschisis
C)traumatic brain injury
D)cerebrovascular accident or stroke

Question 37

Rozee is 91years old.Her doctor suspects that she may have Parkinson's disease because ____.

A)she has hand and face tremors
B)she was recently in a vehicle accident and injured her head
C)she has become very impulsive
D)she is experiencing seizures

Question 38

Which statement about dementia is accurate?

A)Between 20 and 40 percent of people over age 65 have some form of dementia.
B)Dementia never involves hallucinations or delusions.
C)The prevalence of dementia decreases after age 65.
D)Dementia is associated with a wide range of disorders.

Question 39

Dr.Berkins told her gerontology students that there are three major etiological categories for neurocognitive disorders listed in DSM-5.These would include specific medical conditions, substance use, and ____.

A)multiple etiologies
B)general psychological conditions
C)developmental delays
D)learning disabilities

Question 40

Who has the lowest risk for developing dementia?

A)Arlene, an 85-year-old woman recovering from a hip fracture
B)Bonnie, a 70-year-old woman who recently had a stroke
C)Cora, a 35-year-old woman who injured her head in a cycling accident
D)Dora, a 35-year-old women who is being treated for heroin addiction

Question 41

Which of the following is a common outcome of severe brain trauma?

A)complete recovery without intellectual or emotional difficulties
B)complete intellectual recovery but continuing emotional problems
C)complete emotional recovery but cognitive difficulties
D)continuing cognitive difficulties and emotional disturbances

Question 42

The senior center in a large town is interested in the cognitive problems that its customers are likely to have.Research suggests that which of the following will most likely be an impairment resulting from the normal aging process?

A)increasing disorientation and confusion
B)impairment of cognitive skills occurring across all cognitive domains
C)slower to complete mental or physical activities
D)unaware and unconcerned about memory difficulties

Question 43

Neurocognitive vascular disorders can result from ____ and ____.

A)stroke; ongoing disruptions to the cardiovascular system
B)Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease
C)psychosis; affective disturbances
D)traumatic brain injury; hypertension

Question 44

Research conducted by O'Donnell and colleagues (2010)and Hankey (2011)has found that factors such as hypertension, smoking, abdominal obesity, limited physical activity, and stress account for ____ of the risk of stroke.

A)40 percent
B)60 percent
C)75 percent
D)90 percent

Question 45

Which statement about strokes is accurate?

A)Survivors never recover.
B)Survivors generally require short-term care.
C)They are a significant cause of disability.
D)Most strokes occur in individuals younger than 50 years of age.

Question 46

Dr.Metzner is the director of a large nursing home.He and his staff are likely which of the following among the stroke patients?

A)impaired motor movement
B)schizophrenia
C)adjustment disorder
D)post traumatic stress disorder

Question 47

A series of small strokes or a chronic decrease in blood flow lead to a degenerative condition known as ____.

A)a specific medical condition
B)vascular cognitive impairment
C)spatial-visual neglect
D)cerebral laceration

Question 48

Sophie was playing volleyball.As she was about to spike the ball over the net, another player on her team accidentally collided with her, and Sophie hit her head against one of the metal poles that held up the net.Sophie lost consciousness for a few seconds and, in a daze, she walked to the bench to sit down.Although she had a headache for a couple of weeks, she suffered no other effects from the blow.Sophie experienced what type of brain injury?

A)a contusion
B)a concussion
C)a laceration
D)a cerebrovascular accident

Question 49

Hilary was involved in a shooting that left her with traumatic brain injury.She spent several weeks in a coma.Afterward, she experienced headaches, disorientation, confusion, and irritability, as well as depression.She was then diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy.What, if any, aspect of Hilary's case is unusual?

A)It is unusual for people with a single traumatic brain injury to have a chronic traumatic encephalopathy diagnosis.
B)It is unusual for people with traumatic brain injury to be in a coma for weeks.
C)It is unusual for people with traumatic brain injury to feel depressed.
D)It is unusual for people with traumatic brain injury to experience headaches, disorientation, confusion, and irritability.

Question 50

Andre, age 16, has an open-head brain injury that has done extensive damage to his brain and a(n)____ is performed to prevent pressure on other parts of his brain.

A)craniectomy
B)atherosclerosis
C)compensatory strategy
D)frontal cortex lobotomy

Question 51

A clogging of the arteries resulting from a build-up of plaque composed of fat, cholesterol, and other substances is called ____.

A)atherosclerosis
B)aphasia
C)hypertension
D)agnosia

Question 52

Age-related decreases in cognitive function ____.

A)occur in 35 to 45 percent of those over age 65
B)usually begin in a person's early 40s and 50s
C)can be prevented and reduced in some individuals by engaging in mentally stimulating exercises
D)rarely can be stopped because they are genetically programmed

Question 53

Wilma is 76 years old and has noticed that her memory is not as sharp as it was earlier in her life.This memory loss might be due to which of the following?

A)epilepsy
B)Alzheimer's disease
C)playing computer games
D)exposure to cognitively challenging tasks

Question 54

What is the strongest risk factor for dementia?

A)lifestyle
B)drug use
C)age
D)genetics

Question 55

Mr.Pappadopolis has a neurocognitive disorder that has caused an interesting symptom: He no longer acknowledges the left side of his body.For example, he does not shave the left side of his face or button his left shirt cuff.This is a sign that he ____.

A)has Parkinson's disease
B)suffered a stroke
C)is recovering from a traumatic brain injury
D)has aphasia and agnosia

Question 56

Priscilla was in an auto accident that caused her head to crash against the windshield.Her brain was pressed against the skull and bruised by the impact.She lost consciousness for three days, but none of the brain tissue was torn.Priscilla experienced a ____.

A)cerebral laceration
B)cerebrovascular accident
C)stroke
D)contusion

Question 57

Harold was involved in a fight and received several kicks to the head.A CAT scan revealed bruising of his cortex.Harold's symptoms suggest ____.

A)that he suffered a contusion
B)apraxia and agnosia
C)that he suffered a stroke
D)that a cerebral laceration occurred

Question 58

Vascular cognitive impairment, atherosclerosis, and spatial-visual neglect are all terms associated with ____.

A)Alzheimer's disease
B)cerebral tumors
C)strokes
D)meningitis and encephalitis

Question 59

Age-related declines in cognitive functioning may not be noticed for which of the following reasons?

A)The ability to recognize changes is one of the cognitive abilities that suffers, so the declines tend to go unnoticed.
B)People generally adapt to and compensate for age-related changes.
C)The lack of commitment to and participation in rehabilitation services.
D)The knowledge of possible cognitive decline can be more harmful than helpful.

Question 60

Logan has suffered a series of small strokes that caused deterioration of some of his intellectual and physical abilities, while leaving other abilities intact.Logan has which syndrome?

A)Alzheimer's disease
B)vascular dementia
C)atherosclerosis
D)presenile dementia

Question 61

Which statement about the cause of epilepsy is accurate?

A)Epilepsy is caused by a combination of genetic vulnerability and poor parenting.
B)It is now clear that epilepsy is caused by a genetic defect in chromosome 21.
C)Personality factors are the most important vulnerability factor for the disorder.
D)Epilepsy can have no apparent etiology or it can arise from causes such as brain tumors, head trauma, or substance abuse.

Question 62

Two sexually transmitted diseases that can cause significant neurocognitive impairment are ____.

A)AIDS and syphilis
B)syphilis and meningitis
C)AIDS and encephalitis
D)Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease

Question 63

A physician says, "Most people know that AIDS leaves people open to deadly infections, but few are aware that dementia may be the first sign of HIV infection or AIDS.In serious cases, a diagnosis of AIDS delirium complex (ADC)is made.Prevalence of ADC among persons with HIV infection is between 30 to 40 percent in Western countries.Recently, medications have proven to improve symptoms of ADC once they develop." What about the physician's comments is correct?

A)Dementia may be the first sign of HIV infection or AIDS.
B)In serious cases, a diagnosis of AIDS delirium complex (ADC)is made.
C)Medications have proven to improve symptoms of ADc.
D)Prevalence of ADC among persons with HIV infection is between 30 to 40 percent in Western countries.

Question 64

Symptoms of cerebral tumor depend on the size and location of the tumor; however, the most common effects of tumors are ____.

A)disturbances of mood
B)disturbances of consciousness
C)dementia
D)disturbances in thinking

Question 65

The fourth leading cause of dementia caused by degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain and characterized by progressive decline in language and behavior is ____.

A)frontotemporal lobar degeneration
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)encephalitis

Question 66

Which of the following organic brain disorders are incurable and always fatal?

A)Alzheimer's disease and meningitis
B)Huntington's disease and stroke
C)stroke and meningitis
D)Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease

Question 67

Paulo is a young teenager whose eyelids occasionally flutter while he loses consciousness for two to three seconds.He is usually unaware that he has had a kind of seizure.Paulo's cognitive problems best illustrate ____.

A)a stroke
B)a cerebral tumor
C)the early stages of Alzheimer's
D)epilepsy

Question 68

Which statement about epilepsy is accurate?

A)It is the most common form of neurological disorder.
B)It cannot be diagnosed until young adulthood.
C)It cannot be acquired through drug use or surgery.
D)It is among the rarest forms of neurological disorder.

Question 69

A handout on Alzheimer's disease says, "Alzheimer's is the third leading cause of dementia in older persons.It only affects the elderly, it causes marked deterioration in mental functioning without emotional disturbances, and it has no cure." Which portion of this statement is accurate?

A)It is accurate to say that Alzheimer's only affects the elderly.
B)It is accurate to say that Alzheimer's has no cure.
C)It is accurate to say that Alzheimer's is the third leading cause of dementia in older persons.
D)It is accurate to say that Alzheimer's causes marked deterioration in mental functioning without emotional disturbances.

Question 70

Epilepsy refers to a ____.

A)cause of a cognitive disorder
B)cognitive disorder that is genetically transmitted
C)cognitive disorder caused by infection
D)chronic neurological condition characterized by seizures

Question 71

Dr.Wayne says, "We know that the patient's cognitive disorder was caused by an infectious agent.That automatically rules out ____."

A)syphilis
B)encephalitis
C)AIDS dementia
D)Huntington's disease

Question 72

Why might having AIDS produce dementia?

A)Most people with AIDS have a history of Alzheimer's disease.
B)Most people with AIDS are over age 65.
C)The AIDS virus narrows the capillary walls and produces infarctions.
D)The AIDS virus infects the brain and affects mental processes.

Question 73

It is a rare, genetically transmitted disorder that involves twitching movements, dementia, and death.Its symptoms begin to appear in childhood to late in life, onset most typically occurs during midlife.What is it?

A)Huntington's disease
B)Alzheimer's disease
C)Parkinson's disease
D)Meningitis

Question 74

Neurofibrillary tangles, memory loss, and senile plaques are all related to ____.

A)Huntington's chorea
B)epilepsy
C)traumatic brain injury
D)Alzheimer's disease

Question 75

Skip underwent a surgical procedure in which electrodes were implanted in his brain to reduce his tremors and other motor disturbances.Which disorder was being treated?

A)Huntington's disease
B)Cerebral vascular disorder
C)Parkinson's disease
D)Alzheimer's disease

Question 76

Young Billie has shown seizures followed by fever and constant sleep over three days.When he awakens, he is delirious and drowsy.He is probably suffering from the infection of the brain called ____.

A)Huntington's disease.
B)encephalitis
C)meningitis
D)Parkinson's disease

Question 77

Which of the following has been identified as a factor that can help reduce the risk and help slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease?

A)genetic endowment with the APOE-e4 gene
B)use of anti-inflammatory drugs
C)a healthy cardiovascular system
D)higher education

Question 78

At age 64, Mrs.Willis began a long mental decline.She first showed memory loss and irritability, then delusions, social withdrawal, dementia, and finally death at age 68.An autopsy showed neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in her brain.Mrs.Willis died of ____.

A)Alzheimer's disease
B)aphasia
C)epilepsy
D)ischemic stroke

Question 79

Sybil became somewhat dazed as she experienced the mildest form of head injury when she hit her head against an open cabinet door.She experienced a ____.

A)cerebral laceration
B)contusion
C)concussion
D)stroke

Question 80

The cause of Alzheimer's disease is ____.

A)believed to be a product of hereditary and environmental factors
B)excessive drinking that leads to encephalopathy
C)the natural aging process
D)excessive blood flow in the brain