Deck 12: A: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

Question 1

According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following would people score high in who tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest?

A)neuroticism
B)agreeableness
C)extraversion
D)conscientiousness

Answer 1

agreeableness

Question 2

Julio is extremely dependable and productive, and his friends think he is great at organizing events. How would Julio probably score based on the five-factor model of personality?

A)high in agreeableness
B)low in neuroticism
C)high in openness
D)high in conscientiousness

Answer 2

high in conscientiousness

Question 3

Nikolas is a nonconformist who is daring and likes to try new things. He is extremely imaginative and has a wide range of interests. How would Nikolas probably score, based on the five factor model of personality?

A)low in neuroticism
B)high in openness
C)high in extraversion
D)high in agreeableness

Answer 3

high in openness

Question 4

According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following do people who tend to be diligent, disciplined, well organized, and punctual also tend to score high in?

A)extraversion
B)agreeableness
C)neuroticism
D)conscientiousness

Question 5

What is the term for people who are outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, and assertive, according to the five-factor model of personality?

A)conscientious
B)open to experience
C)neurotic
D)extraverted

Question 6

Janelle is suspicious and uncooperative. Her friends think she is a boastful person who is seldom sympathetic. How would Janelle probably score, based on the five-factor model of personality?

A)low in agreeableness
B)high in neuroticism
C)low in openness
D)low in extraversion

Question 7

Which of the following traits is most likely to be associated with high levels of productivity in a job setting?

A)conscientiousness
B)agreeableness
C)extraversion
D)neuroticism

Question 8

What are the two major aspects of people that are studied by personality theorists?

A)commonalties and individual differences
B)situational shifts and interpersonal similarities
C)constancy and change
D)consistency and distinctiveness

Question 9

How is personality defined?

A)an individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits
B)an individual's way of perceiving the world, influenced by experience
C)an individual's unique set of characteristics
D)an individual's behavioural traits in a typical environment

Question 10

Marcos is very quiet and avoids large groups. Some people consider him unfriendly, and he seldom takes a stand or acts assertively. How would Marcos probably score based on the five-factor model of personality?

A)high in neuroticism
B)low in agreeableness
C)low in openness
D)low in extraversion

Question 11

What is a personality trait?

A)a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
B)a consistent pattern of behaviour that is entirely inflexible across situations
C)a flexible tendency to alter behaviour in a variety of situations
D)a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a particular situation

Question 12

You are describing your friend Abby to someone else. You say that Abby is honest, funny, loyal, and exuberant. What is saying that Abby is "exuberant" an identification of?

A)a personality trait
B)her basic personality
C)one of Cattell's fundamental traits
D)an adjective, but not necessarily a disposition

Question 13

What is Sigmund Freud's method for treating disorders called?

A)client-centred therapy
B)systematic desensitization
C)psychoanalysis
D)primal-scream therapy

Question 14

How many personality traits did Raymond Cattell suggest that humans have?

A)5
B)10
C)16
D)27

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the five-factor model of personality?

A)It overemphasizes the role of unconscious motivation in personality.
B)More than five traits are necessary to account for the variation seen in human personality.
C)It provides no insight into the causes or development of personality.
D)It is limited by the number of specific traits that are measured in the first place.

Question 16

What is the term for the statistical procedure used by researchers to identify closely related clusters of variables?

A)analysis of variance
B)factor analysis
C)deviation analysis
D)chi-square

Question 17

Carlie is extremely relaxed and secure, and she seldom seems to be self-conscious when she is around others. How would Carlie probably score based on the five-factor model of personality?

A)high in agreeableness
B)high in extraversion
C)low in neuroticism
D)high in openness

Question 18

Joan is an unfailingly polite person who always considers the feelings of others. Which of the following qualities of personality is this tendency to act in a similar manner across situations indicative of?

A)distinctiveness
B)consistency
C)social desirability
D)reflexivity

Question 19

From which individual's work did the variety of modern psychodynamic theories of personality all derive from?

A)Albert Bandura
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Karen Horney
D)Wilhelm Wundt

Question 20

In an emergency, we would all react differently from one another because we all have different personalities and experiences. What is this quality of personality called?

A)constancy
B)distinctiveness
C)differentiation
D)consistency

Question 21

Malachi is an executive for a major corporation. He constantly needs to find ways to meet the corporation's goals and objectives while taking into consideration factors such as laws and financial resources. Which portion of Freud's theory of personality is Malachi acting most like in making these decisions?

A)superego
B)ego
C)id
D)preconscious

Question 22

When Braden was nine, he saw one of his classmates fall under the wheels of a school bus as it pulled away from the curb. Today, at the age of 34, he has no memory of the accident. The evening news carried a flashback of the accident that happened 25 years ago, and Braden still didn't remember being at the scene when the accident happened. Where is Braden's memory of the accident contained, according to Freud?

A)conscious
B)subconscious
C)unconscious
D)preconscious

Question 23

How do defence mechanisms combat feelings of anxiety and guilt?

A)by enhancing self-insight
B)through rational problem solving
C)through self-deception
D)by making unconscious urges conscious

Question 24

Tessa is trying to decide whether to go to the gym or stay home and eat ice cream. She has the nagging thought that people who shirk their responsibilities and indulge in temporary pleasures rather than working toward self-improvement are lazy and morally corrupt. Which Freudian personality structure does this "nagging thought" represent?

A)superego
B)ego
C)preconscious
D)id

Question 25

What term would Freud have used for finding ways to meet instinctual needs while taking into account the conditions of the external, social world?

A)id
B)reality principle
C)ego
D)pleasure principle

Question 26

Cari often has temper tantrums and pouts when she can't have her own way. She often behaves impulsively and becomes extremely impatient if she can't have the things that she wants immediately. Which of the following dominates Cari's personality, according to Freud's view of the personality?

A)her superego
B)her id
C)reaction formation
D)her ego

Question 27

According to Freud, what is "like a man on horseback who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse"?

A)ego
B)id
C)alter ego
D)superego

Question 28

Sarah is torn between the need to study for an exam and her desire to go out with her friends. She decides that she will go out later only if she completes her studying. Which Freudian component of Sarah's personality did this realistic decision reflect the functioning of?

A)id
B)unconscious
C)ego
D)superego

Question 29

Gordon hadn't thought about the band "Spider Wings" for several months. However, as soon as Donovon mentioned it, Gordon instantly thought about the great time he had at their last concert. According to Freud, where in Gordon's mind was the memory of the concert contained before Donovon mentioned the "Spider Wings"?

A)unconscious
B)subconscious
C)preconscious
D)conscious

Question 30

Freud ascribed great importance to sexual and aggressive impulses. Why did he focus on those impulses?

A)They tend to be routinely frustrated.
B)They tend to be reinforced by others.
C)They dominate our dreams.
D)They are essential to the survival of the species.

Question 31

Kato sets extremely high standards for both himself and others. He tends to be rigid and inflexible and rarely allows himself to enjoy life. Which structure would Freud say dominates Kato's personality?

A)his ego
B)his superego
C)his id
D)penis envy

Question 32

According to Freud, what do we experience if we feel that a forbidden impulse could get out of control and be expressed in our behaviour?

A)depression
B)impulse gratification
C)secondary gain
D)anxiety

Question 33

Which defence mechanism involves giving yourself a plausible excuse that hides the real reasons for your behaviour?

A)regression
B)reaction formation
C)projection
D)rationalization

Question 34

Having performed poorly on an exam, Helen attempts to protect her feelings of self-worth by telling herself that it does not matter because the course really is not that important to her. What defence mechanism is Helen using?

A)using identification
B)rationalizing
C)fantasizing
D)displacing

Question 35

Which of the following is a key concept in Freudian theory?

A)personal growth
B)reinforcement
C)self-actualization
D)conflict

Question 36

Which of the following statements would Sigmund Freud have been least likely to make?

A)Most of our behaviour is rationally directed.
B)Behaviour is the outcome of an interaction among several components of personality.
C)A great deal of our behaviour and thoughts are symbolic of hidden motives.
D)Most behaviour is rooted in the unconscious.

Question 37

Molly is currently thinking about all the things she has to do before she goes to her first class. She is mentally making lists of all these things so she will remember to do them on her way to school. Where are these thoughts contained in Molly's mind, according to Freud?

A)conscious
B)subconscious
C)preconscious
D)unconscious

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT stressed by psychoanalytic theory?

A)conscious thought patterns
B)internal conflicts
C)handling of sexual impulses
D)childhood experiences

Question 39

Complete the following analogy: Id is to pleasure principle as ____________.

A)superego is to repetition principle
B)superego is to desire
C)ego is to reality principle
D)ego is to executive principle

Question 40

What portion of the personality mediates between instinctual demands and the world of reality, according to Freud?

A)ego ideal
B)ego
C)id
D)superego

Question 41

Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages in psychosexual development?

A)anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency
B)anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic
C)oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital
D)oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 42

Rico worries about his tendency toward abusing animals, so he joins the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Which defence mechanism is he using?

A)regression
B)reaction formation
C)rationalization
D)projection

Question 43

Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically. What did Freud call this phenomenon?

A)reciprocal determinism
B)fixation
C)displacement
D)compensation

Question 44

Which defence mechanism involves pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there?

A)neurogenic amnesia
B)repression
C)avoidance
D)suppression

Question 45

Graham lost a lot of money on some bad investments in the stock market. Consequently he had to trade his expensive luxury car for a smaller, more economical car. He has been telling all his coworkers that he made the switch to do his part to stop pollution. Which defence mechanism is Graham using, according to Freud?

A)projection
B)rationalization
C)reaction formation
D)identification

Question 46

Hal is fearful of men who are friendly toward him, convinced that they are all homosexuals attempting to seduce him. Freud might suggest that Hal is himself a latent homosexual, fearful of admitting this even to himself. What defence mechanism is Hal using, in that case?

A)reaction formation
B)displacement
C)projection
D)regression

Question 47

Meagan is strongly attracted to one of the men whom she works with, but he is married. To deal with the anxiety that her feelings have generated, she has unconsciously convinced herself that her coworker is attracted to her. What defence mechanism is Meagan using, according to Freud?

A)reaction formation
B)projection
C)repression
D)identification

Question 48

Callie just gave birth to her sixth daughter. Unconsciously, she resents the baby's birth and wishes the infant would have died during delivery. However, when she cares for her infant she showers her with exaggerated care and affection. Which defence mechanism is Callie using, according to Freud?

A)reaction formation
B)rationalization
C)displacement
D)projection

Question 49

What did Freud mean when he used the term "sexual" in his psychosexual stages of development?

A)genital sexual impulses
B)romantic love
C)general sexual feelings
D)any pleasure-giving urge

Question 50

Scott has just been reprimanded by his supervisor. Later on, Scott begins to "stomp around" and throws a tantrum in front of his co-workers. Which defence mechanism is Scott using?

A)rationalization
B)regression
C)projection
D)a fixation

Question 51

Which of the following defence mechanisms defines going back to an earlier way of gratifying needs as an adult?

A)fixation
B)reaction formation
C)regression
D)repression

Question 52

Jose is one of the top baseball players in his league, but last week he struck out on an easy pitch. Afterward, he smashed the water cooler in the dugout with his bat. What defence mechanism is Jose using, according to Freud?

A)displacement
B)rationalization
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 53

Whenever Uma is denied anything by her husband, she pouts and gives him the silent treatment. Which defence mechanism reflects this immature way of dealing with reality?

A)regression
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)projection

Question 54

Bruce attempts to make himself feel important by driving a European sports car, belonging to an exclusive tennis club, and eating at the best restaurants. Which defence mechanism might Bruce be using?

A)displacement
B)identification
C)projection
D)rationalization

Question 55

A man who has numerous reasons to hate his mother instead lavishes her with unrealistic amounts of attention and love. Which defence mechanism is he using?

A)identification
B)displacement
C)regression
D)reaction formation

Question 56

What is the defence mechanism in which you attribute your own thoughts or motives to others?

A)reaction formation
B)projection
C)regression
D)rationalization

Question 57

Which defence mechanism involves bolstering one's self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group?

A)identification
B)displacement
C)regression
D)compensation

Question 58

Skye is five years old, and two weeks ago her mother had a baby boy. Since her brother was brought home, Skye has insisted on drinking all her juice from baby bottles, and she has started wetting her bed. What defence mechanism does this reflect, according to Freud?

A)repression
B)reaction formation
C)regression
D)projection

Question 59

Why does a person become fixated at a particular psychosexual stage, according to Freud?

A)a genetic predisposition for fixation
B)permissiveness on the part of the person's parents
C)abnormalities in brain chemistry that develop prenatally
D)either excessive gratification or excessive frustration of needs

Question 60

Todd was physically abused up until the age of eight. He is now 40 years old and he has absolutely no memories of the early abuse that he experienced. What defence mechanism is Todd using, according to Freud?

A)regression
B)repression
C)projection
D)reaction formation

Question 61

Which theorist advanced the concept that the unconscious has two layers, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious?

A)Alfred Adler
B)Carl Jung
C)Erik Erikson
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 62

What is the Freudian period that begins with puberty?

A)phallic stage
B)genital stage
C)latency stage
D)anal stage

Question 63

Freud's concept of the unconscious is most like which of Jung's concepts?

A)archetypes
B)collective unconscious
C)preconscious
D)personal unconscious

Question 64

Which stage of Freud's psychosexual development is in place for a four- to five-year-old child?

A)genital
B)phallic
C)latency
D)oral

Question 65

Ashley is nine years old, and it seems that every day she brings home a different friend from school. As she expands her social contacts beyond her immediate family, which of Freud's stages is Ashley showing typical behaviour from?

A)genital
B)phallic
C)preconscious
D)latency

Question 66

When anthropologists compare ancient artefacts from South America, Europe, and Australia they often find similarities among the images that are depicted. What would Jung suggest leads to these apparent similarities?

A)the preconscious
B)the collective unconscious
C)manifest consciousness
D)reciprocal determinism

Question 67

Fixation at what psychosexual stage would explain a compulsive smoker's behaviour?

A)anal stage
B)latency stage
C)genital stage
D)oral stage

Question 68

Which of Jung's personality types exemplifies a person who is occupied with his own thoughts and feelings, aloof, and contemplative?

A)introspective
B)reflective
C)introverted
D)extraverted

Question 69

Abdul is 14 years old and has just begun puberty. Which stage is Abdul entering according to Freud's stages of psychosexual development?

A)phallic
B)superego
C)latency
D)genital

Question 70

Vanessa bites her nails so badly that they bleed, but she can't seem to stop herself from doing this. At what stage is Vanessa fixated, according to Freud?

A)anal
B)phallic
C)oral
D)latency

Question 71

Which Freudian concept suggests that a male child desires his mother and fears his father?

A)latency complex
B)Oedipal complex
C)Electra complex
D)genital complex

Question 72

What do children go through during Freud's latency stage?

A)They attempt to cope with the desires they have for their same-sex parent.
B)They turn their biological urges loose.
C)They begin to focus their sexual energy on their opposite-sex peers.
D)They begin to expand their social contacts beyond the immediate family.

Question 73

What is the name Carl Jung used to identify the level of the unconscious that stores latent memory traces inherited from our ancestral past?

A)primeval unconscious
B)preconscious
C)personal unconscious
D)collective unconscious

Question 74

Five-year-old Samuel often tells his older sister: "I can't wait to grow up, so I can marry mommy." Which Freudian stage is Samuel most likely in?

A)oral
B)anal
C)latency
D)phallic

Question 75

Roberto tends to focus on people and things around him and is outgoing, talkative, and friendly. What personality type would Jung use to describe Roberto?

A)iconoclast
B)animus-type personality
C)archetypal personality
D)extravert

Question 76

Lucas is a 25-year-old male who is extremely anxious about any type of sexual activity. How might this anxiety have developed, according to Freud's view of personality development?

A)an unresolved crisis during the latency stage of psychosexual development
B)excessive punishment during his toilet training as a toddler
C)improper weaning from the bottle when he was an infant
D)fixation at the genital stage of psychosexual development

Question 77

Which complex is associated with a girl's fearing her mother and desiring her father?

A)genital complex
B)Oedipal complex
C)phallic complex
D)Meiner's complex

Question 78

Freud's emphasis on which of the following were both Carl Jung and Alfred Adler especially critical of?

A)defence mechanisms
B)sexuality
C)the unconscious
D)the influence of childhood experiences

Question 79

During which stage did Freud say that we identify with the proper gender?

A)genital
B)anal
C)phallic
D)oral

Question 80

What is the term for emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning, in Jung's theory?

A)mandalas
B)central memories
C)archetypes
D)prototypes