Deck 5: B: Variations in Consciousness

Question 1

Which of the following is a device that records eye movements?

A)electroencephalograph or EEG
B)electrocardiograph or EKG
C)electrooculograph or EOG
D)electromyograph or EMG

Answer 1

electrooculograph or EOG

Question 2

Trevor is sleeping, and his brain waves are mainly theta waves. He doesn't stay in this stage for long, but what stage is he in?

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 4
D)REM

Answer 2

stage 1

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT influenced by circadian rhythms?

A)physical functions such as body temperature and urine production
B)emotional experiences such as feelings of happiness and sadness
C)sleep
D)cognitive performance on tasks requiring alertness and short-term memory

Answer 3

emotional experiences such as feelings of happiness and sadness

Question 4

Compared to employees who have set work schedules, which of the following represents the sleep of employees who work rotating shifts?

A)less, and poorer quality
B)more, but poorer quality
C)less, but higher quality
D)more, and higher quality

Question 5

Yee is a participant in a research study and will be hooked up to physiological devices while sleeping in a sleep lab for several nights. How many nights is it likely to take Yee to adapt to sleeping in the sleep lab?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)five

Question 6

You have a personal awareness of both internal and external stimuli, and your thoughts concerning those stimuli. What is this called?

A)unconsciousness
B)alertness
C)consciousness
D)attention

Question 7

What would be most likely to help someone adjust their biological clock, if it were taken in pill form?

A)androgen
B)adrenalin
C)melatonin
D)thyroxine

Question 8

Why do doctors and nurses try to "watch what they say" when performing surgery?

A)People under anesthesia occasionally awaken completely during surgery.
B)The concentration of other members of the surgical team is disrupted by unnecessary comments.
C)The patient's family members occasionally overhear comments.
D)People under anesthesia maintain some awareness and can occasionally hear comments.

Question 9

If a species has a circadian cycle of fluctuations in cortisol, how long is the cycle?

A)90 minutes
B)24 hours
C)one month
D)one season

Question 10

What is your dominant brain wave pattern at this moment, as you are concentrating on answering this exam question correctly?

A)delta waves
B)alpha waves
C)theta waves
D)beta waves

Question 11

What would be your dominant brain wave pattern if you were to lie down under a tree and relax, but not fall asleep?

A)delta waves
B)beta waves
C)theta waves
D)alpha waves

Question 12

Which of the following individuals might have the most difficulty with adjusting across the day-night cycle?

A)someone with a suprachiasmatic nucleus
B)someone with damage to the hippocampus
C)someone with a large visual cortex
D)someone with damage to both retinas

Question 13

If a person has damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which process would likely be altered?

A)muscle strength
B)vision
C)digestion
D)sleep cycles

Question 14

Danielle is walking to work, along a route that she knows very well. When she arrives at work she realizes that she didn't notice anything going on around her during most of her walk because she was thinking about various other things. What is the term for Danielle's experience during her walk?

A)mind wandering
B)stream of consciousness
C)subliminal perception
D)unconscious processing

Question 15

In order for the day-night cycle to reset the human biological clock, where do receptors in the retina direct light information?

A)suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus of the medulla
C)pineal gland of the medulla
D)pineal gland of the hypothalamus

Question 16

Tracy's brain waves are low frequency, and have high amplitude. What stage of sleep is Tracy in?

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)REM

Question 17

Celia just flew home from a trip and she crossed three time zones. How long should it take her to readjust her biological clock?

A)one day
B)three days
C)six days
D)one week

Question 18

Which of the following represents the pattern of sleeping and waking in relation to body temperature?

A)We fall asleep as temperature becomes stable and wake as it starts to fluctuate.
B)We fall asleep as temperature begins to rise and wake as it drops.
C)We fall asleep as temperature begins to drop and wake as it goes up.
D)We fall asleep as temperature starts to fluctuate and wake as it becomes stable.

Question 19

Which of the following is a concept proposed by William James to describe the continually changing aspect of consciousness?

A)flow of consciousness
B)stream of unconsciousness
C)circadian consciousness
D)stream of consciousness

Question 20

Based on the results of the Featured Study on the merits of unconscious thought, what should you do in between gathering information and making a decision?

A)Gather more information to support or refute the original information.
B)Engage in some other task as a distraction for a while.
C)Think very carefully about the information you've received.
D)Nothing. Make your decision as soon as possible after gathering information.

Question 21

Which of the following does NOT characterize REM sleep?

A)minimal bodily movement
B)beta waves
C)regular breathing and pulse rate
D)dreaming

Question 22

Which of the following tends to be true of siesta cultures?

A)They also practise co-sleeping.
B)They are industrialized.
C)They are nomadic.
D)They are located in tropical regions.

Question 23

Peter is in a deep sleep and his brain wave pattern consists of low-frequency delta waves. Which stage of sleep is Peter experiencing?

A)REM
B)stage 3 or 4
C)stage 2
D)stage 1

Question 24

In the study described in your text on 24 hours of sleep deprivation in college students, what was the difference between objective and subjective measures of performance?

A)Sleep-deprived subjects performed more poorly on tasks, but overestimated the effect of sleep deprivation.
B)Sleep-deprived subjects performed poorly on tasks, but felt that they performed well.
C)Sleep-deprived subjects showed no change in actual performance, but felt that they had performed more poorly.
D)Objective and subjective measures of performance were identical.

Question 25

Compared to young adults, how do infants sleep?

A)for a shorter time, but with a greater proportion of REM sleep
B)for a shorter time and with minimal REM sleep
C)for a longer time, but less time in REM sleep
D)for a longer time, and with a greater proportion of REM sleep

Question 26

If you normally sleep eight hours each night, and last night you slept for only six hours, which stage of sleep would be most affected by the loss of total sleep time?

A)stage 2
B)slow-wave
C)NREM
D)REM

Question 27

Which of the following is typically true of the last dream period of the night?

A)It is the longest.
B)It is the scariest.
C)It is the shortest.
D)It is the best.

Question 28

Which stages of sleep does NREM consist of?

A)stages 1 and 2
B)stages 1, 2, and 3
C)stages 3 and 4
D)stages 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 29

What are sleep stages 3 and 4 referred to as?

A)slow-wave sleep
B)high-amplitude sleep
C)fast-wave sleep
D)low-amplitude sleep

Question 30

What do the midday napping practices of "siesta cultures" allow individuals to do?

A)avoid working during the hottest part of the day
B)have time to digest their large midday meal
C)sleep at the same time as their young infants
D)take a necessary break from their extremely physical labour

Question 31

What tends to occur to REM periods of sleep as the night goes on?

A)they lengthen
B)they shorten
C)they lighten
D)they deepen

Question 32

If you were awakened while you were experiencing rapid eye movements, what would you probably report?

A)that you were afraid
B)that you had a headache
C)that you had not really been asleep
D)that you had been dreaming

Question 33

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Luka was awakened whenever he entered REM sleep. What effect would this have on Luka's waking performance the next day?

A)It would have little effect.
B)He would hallucinate.
C)He would be exhausted all day.
D)He would be emotionally unstable.

Question 34

As adults age, what happens to the proportion of time spent in slow-wave sleep?

A)it remains stable
B)it increases
C)it ceases after puberty
D)it decreases

Question 35

During which stage of sleep does the brain wave pattern resemble that observed when the individual is awake and alert?

A)stage 1
B)stage 4
C)REM
D)NREM

Question 36

What is the paradox concerning REM sleep?

A)It is a deep sleep, but the person is easy to awaken.
B)It is a deep sleep, but the brain wave pattern resembles the pattern of an alert and awake individual.
C)The person is dreaming, but his muscles are practically paralyzed.
D)The person is dreaming, but the brain wave pattern resembles that of an awake and relaxed individual.

Question 37

When during the course of a night's sleep does the majority of slow-wave sleep occur?

A)in the middle
B)early
C)it is evenly distributed throughout the night
D)late

Question 38

How many sleep cycles typically occur during the course of a night's sleep?

A)one
B)two
C)four
D)six

Question 39

Why has it been suggested that scientific research on sleep deprivation presents something of a paradox?

A)Partial deprivation is more of a problem than complete deprivation.
B)On one hand, sleep deprivation is potentially fatal, yet we all seem to enjoy its short-term effects.
C)Sleep deprivation is not as detrimental as one might expect, but may still be a major problem due to its contributions to accidents.
D)Sleep deprivation is both caused and also corrected by melatonin secretion.

Question 40

Which brain structure results in continuous sleep when severely damaged and produces arousal and alertness when electrically stimulated?

A)ascending reticular activating system
B)thalamus
C)pons
D)hypothalamus

Question 41

Tammy uses a benzodiazepine sedative to help her get to sleep, on a regular basis. What is likely to occur over time?

A)She will spend more and more time in REM sleep.
B)She will develop an aversion to the drug.
C)The placebo effect will begin to interfere with the drug effect.
D)The original dose of sedative will become less effective.

Question 42

Which stage of sleep appears to be necessary for neurogenesis?

A)stage 1
B)slow-wave sleep
C)REM sleep
D)NREM sleep

Question 43

Which of the following is true of the relationship between culture and dreaming?

A)People across cultures vary in the proportion of sleep time they spend dreaming.
B)Cultures are very similar in the significance they place on dreaming.
C)People across cultures vary in the total amount of sleep time they spend dreaming.
D)Cultures vary in the significance they place on dreaming.

Question 44

Which of the following is typical of nightmares, but not of night terrors?

A)It is relatively easy to fall asleep afterward.
B)They are very frightening but not vivid.
C)They occur during REM sleep.
D)They occur early in the night.

Question 45

Last night, five-year-old Ross let out a piercing cry and abruptly awakened in a state of panic. What did Ross most likely experience?

A)sleep apnea
B)a nightmare
C)a night terror
D)narcolepsy

Question 46

Over the course of several nights, Hans is selectively deprived of REM sleep and Yulia is deprived of slow-wave sleep. Which of the following BEST describes their patterns of sleeping when first allowed uninterrupted sleep?

A)Hans will show increased REM sleep and Yulia will show no change in REM or slow-wave sleep.
B)Hans will show increased REM sleep and Yulia will show increased REM sleep.
C)Hans will show increased REM sleep and Yulia will show increased slow-wave sleep.
D)Hans will show decreased REM sleep and Yulia will show decreased slow-wave sleep.

Question 47

Charlie experiences vivid dreams during REM sleep and he often acts them out in his sleep. For example, he once woke up to find that he had ripped apart his pillow after dreaming about digging for buried treasure with his bare hands. Which of the following disorders fits this example?

A)somnambulism
B)sleep apnea
C)REM sleep behaviour disorder
D)night terrors

Question 48

According to research concerning the content of dreams, what are most dreams about?

A)frightening events
B)relatively normal activities
C)strangers
D)surreal perceptions or activities

Question 49

Fatima is in the middle of a dream, and she realizes that she is dreaming. As a result, she is able to control some aspects of the dream. What is this phenomenon called?

A)somnambulism
B)focal dreaming
C)N-REM dreaming
D)lucid dreaming

Question 50

When is sleepwalking most likely to occur?

A)when a person has emotional or psychological problems
B)during REM sleep
C)during slow-wave sleep
D)after a person has been asleep for several hours

Question 51

Which of the following reflects demographics associated with insomnia?

A)Younger individuals and women are more likely to have insomnia.
B)Older individuals and women are more likely to have insomnia.
C)Older individuals and men are more likely to have insomnia.
D)Older individuals are more likely to have insomnia, but there is no sex difference.

Question 52

Walter went to a sleep lab for observation. He fell asleep within 15 minutes of lying down and had a normal pattern of sleep cycles throughout the night. The next morning he claimed that, as usual, he had great difficulty falling asleep. Which term applies to Walter's situation?

A)narcolepsy
B)sleep apnea
C)insomnia
D)pseudo-insomnia

Question 53

Martin wakes up hundreds of times each night gasping for air. What does he likely suffer from?

A)respiratory deficiency
B)insomnia
C)narcolepsy
D)sleep apnea

Question 54

Which of the following best reflects the term "insomnia"?

A)chronic problems in getting adequate sleep
B)chronic difficulties in remaining asleep
C)chronic difficulties in falling asleep
D)occasional problems in getting adequate sleep

Question 55

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Avneet was awakened whenever he entered REM sleep. When first allowed an uninterrupted night's sleep, what would Avneet do?

A)sleep for a longer amount of time than normal
B)spend less time in REM sleep than normal
C)sleep for a shorter amount of time than normal
D)spend more time in REM sleep than normal

Question 56

Which of the following treatments has been demonstrated to be just as effective as medication for treating insomnia?

A)behavioural therapy
B)psychoanalytic therapy
C)light therapy
D)aromatherapy

Question 57

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Hau was awakened whenever he entered REM sleep. As the number of nights in the study increased, what would happen to Hau?

A)He would enter REM sleep less frequently.
B)He would enter REM sleep more and more frequently.
C)He would increase the total number of hours he slept each night.
D)He would reduce the total number of hours he slept each night.

Question 58

During which stage of sleep do nightmares usually occur?

A)REM
B)stage 1
C)stage 4
D)NREM

Question 59

After being deprived of REM sleep for several days, when first allowed uninterrupted sleep. people tend to spend additional time in REM sleep. What is this increase called?

A)rebound effect
B)dream-rebound effect
C)dream effect
D)catch-up effect

Question 60

Rachel has bouts of sudden uncontrollable sleepiness during the day. She has fallen asleep while driving, and in the middle of conversations. Which sleep problem does Rachel experience?

A)narcolepsy
B)pseudo-insomnia
C)somnambulism
D)sleep apnea

Question 61

What are narcotics?

A)drugs derived from the hemp plant
B)drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioural activity
C)drugs that cause distortions in sensory and perceptual experience
D)drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain

Question 62

What did Sigmund Freud theorize about dreams?

A)They reflect reality.
B)They provide a practical approach to problem solving.
C)They provide a window to the conscious mind.
D)They reflect wish fulfillment.

Question 63

Marco has a tendency to focus on what he is doing, often to the point where he doesn't notice anything else around him. Which aspect of hypnotizability does this reflect?

A)dissociation
B)suggestibility
C)absorption
D)induction

Question 64

In a study that examines the effects of meditation, a meditation group is compared to a control group that did not meditate. Which of the following would necessarily limit the ability to interpret the results of such a study?

A)experimenter bias
B)lack of physiological dependent measures
C)sampling bias
D)the likelihood of placebo effects

Question 65

Which theory of dreaming suggests that the cortex constructs dreams in order to make sense out of neural impulses from subcortical areas of the brain?

A)activation-synthesis
B)construction
C)problem solving
D)conservation of energy

Question 66

If a college student who is struggling to keep from flunking out of school dreams of winning the "student of the year award," with which theory of dreaming would this dream be most consistent?

A)fantasy
B)problem solving
C)activation-synthesis
D)wish fulfillment

Question 67

What does Hilgard's dissociation theory suggest about hypnosis?

A)It is found only in isolated individuals.
B)It is a form of role-playing.
C)It is identical to meditation.
D)It is an altered state of consciousness.

Question 68

What term refers to chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioural functioning?

A)stimulants
B)psychoactive drugs
C)narcotics or opiates
D)hallucinogens

Question 69

Which theory of hypnosis suggests that hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness?

A)wish fulfillment
B)dissociation
C)role-playing
D)activation-synthesis

Question 70

Which theory of hypnosis is supported by the observation that age-regressed hypnotized individuals recall long-ago events in a vivid but incorrect manner?

A)role-playing
B)wish fulfillment
C)dissociation
D)activation-synthesis

Question 71

Both the discovery of insulin and refinements in the design of the sewing machine were inspired, in part, by dreams. Which theory of dreaming is supported by examples like this?

A)problem solving
B)activation-synthesis
C)conservation of energy
D)wish fulfillment

Question 72

The dissociation theory of hypnosis states that, while hypnotized, a person's consciousness is divided between two streams of consciousness. One stream is in communication with the external world. What is the other stream called?

A)the overt observer
B)the visible monitor
C)the hidden observer
D)the role-playing partner

Question 73

Nancy is in a state that includes reduced heart rate, reduced consumption of oxygen, and an EEG pattern that includes alpha and theta waves. Which of the following states is Nancy likely to be in?

A)hypnosis
B)meditation
C)slow-wave sleep
D)alcohol intoxication

Question 74

Which of the following is true regarding the likelihood of hypnotic susceptibility in a population?

A)It is common among women but not among men.
B)It is bimodally distributed, with most of the population falling at one of the extreme ends of the scale.
C)It is uniformly distributed across the population.
D)It is normally distributed across the population, with roughly 10 percent of individuals at each of the extreme ends of the scale.

Question 75

Which of the following has been supported by evidence from a recent Canadian survey on drug use?

A)The rate of cannabis use has doubled in the past decade.
B)More than half of Canadians report using cannabis at some point in their lives.
C)Only 2 percent of those who drink alcohol are considered to be "high-risk" drinkers.
D)Roughly 80 percent of Canadians report that they are "current drinkers."

Question 76

Some people have done bizarre or embarrassing things in public while hypnotized. What term is used to describe the increase in willingness to do such behaviours?

A)disinhibition
B)delusion
C)deindividuation
D)dissociation

Question 77

Melanie has a tendency to do what she is told, without questioning anything. Which aspect of hypnotizability does this reflect?

A)induction
B)absorption
C)dissociation
D)suggestibility

Question 78

Which of the following is an accurate definition of hypnosis?

A)a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility
B)a series of techniques for concentration that produce a state similar to meditation
C)a state of relaxation that produces a sleep-like trance
D)a process of focused attention that allows an individual to recover memories

Question 79

Danielle is walking to work, along a route that she knows very well. When she arrives at work she realizes that she didn't notice anything going on around her during most of her walk because she was thinking about various other things. Which theory of hypnosis suggests that hypnosis is like an extreme version of this experience?

A)Spanos' role-playing theory
B)Barber's social cognitive theory
C)Hilgard's dissociation theory
D)Kirsh's imaginative suggestibility theory

Question 80

Meditation refers to a group of practices. What are those practices designed to do?

A)increase relaxation and subjective experiences of wellbeing
B)produce a heightened state of suggestibility
C)stimulate two separate yet simultaneous streams of consciousness
D)heighten awareness and bring mental processes under voluntary control