Deck 6: A: Learning

Question 1

Conditioning is a specific type of learning. What does it involve?

A)changing your response to stimuli as you age
B)controlled laboratory experiments, rather than real-world applications
C)learning associations between events that occur in the environment
D)repeated presentations of noxious stimuli

Answer 1

learning associations between events that occur in the environment

Question 2

Carson used to really enjoy lime sherbet, and when he was in Mexico he tried frozen lime margaritas. After his fourth margarita Carson became extremely ill. Now he finds that even the sight of lime sherbet in a bowl can make him feel queasy. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

A)the queasiness that Carson feels when he sees lime sherbet
B)the sight of lime sherbet
C)the lime margaritas that Carson consumed
D)the illness that followed the fourth margarita

Answer 2

the illness that followed the fourth margarita

Question 3

Which of the following is a conclusion we can draw as a result of decades of research on animal models of learning?

A)Research on animals examines animal behaviour and physiology, but not learning.
B)Learning in animals is instinctive, and includes no cognitive intervention.
C)Many principles of learning discovered in animal research apply quite well to humans.
D)Animal learning can be applied to humans, but only in terms of reflexive behaviour.

Answer 3

Many principles of learning discovered in animal research apply quite well to humans.

Question 4

Which of the following could be accounted for by classical conditioning?

A)learning fear of the dark
B)learning to sing a song
C)learning to tie shoe laces
D)learning to print letters

Question 5

Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend. When the band started playing "Fever" her boyfriend gave her a long, passionate kiss. Now, when Holly hears "Fever," she becomes a little flushed. What is the conditioned stimulus, in this example?

A)the flushing she experiences when she hears the song
B)the enjoyment she experienced after the kiss from her boyfriend
C)the song "Fever"
D)the long, passionate kiss

Question 6

What is the major difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?

A)the order in which they are presented
B)during conditioning, the response to one increases while the response to the other decreases
C)one reliably elicits the response of interest prior to conditioning while the other does not
D)the strength of the response that each stimulus elicits

Question 7

What is learning, according to your text?

A)any change in behaviour or knowledge
B)changes in human behaviour as a result of knowledge, or direct instruction
C)a relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience
D)an intentional change in voluntary behaviour or knowledge

Question 8

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A)an unlearned reaction that occurs without previous conditioning
B)a stimulus that elicits an reflexive response and can do so regardless of any additional learning
C)a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response
D)a learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioning

Question 9

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. What is the meat powder in Pavlov's terms?

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)unconditioned response

Question 10

Floyd had been working at Qualton Enterprises for two years when his boss asked to see him in her office. The boss told Floyd he was being laid off as a result of company downsizing. Floyd could feel his heart pounding as he listened to the news. Floyd has a new job, but every time his new boss asks to talk to him in private, Floyd feels a little faint. What term is used to describe the event of Floyd's new boss asking for a private talk, in this example?

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)unconditioned response

Question 11

One Saturday, Lacey was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Lacey she had just won a $1,000 gift certificate. She felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what she could do with $1,000. Now Lacey finds that whenever she hears a telephone ring, she feels a surge of excitement. What is the rush of excitement that Lacey felt when she heard she had won, in this example?

A)conditioned response
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned response
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

A neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. What is this process called?

A)instrumental conditioning
B)Skinnerian conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 13

Nadja used to really enjoy potato salad, and at a family reunion she ate a large helping. Unfortunately, the potato salad had gone bad, and Nadja became quite ill after eating it. Now she finds that even the sight of potatoes in the grocery store can make her feel sick to her stomach. What is the sick feeling Nadja experiences when she sees potatoes in the grocery store, in this example?

A)conditioned response
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned response

Question 14

Veronica had been working at Zenex Industries for eight months when her boss called her to his office. The boss told Veronica she was being laid off. Veronica could feel her heart pounding as she listened to the news. Veronica got a new job, but every time her new boss asks to talk to her in private, Veronica feels a little faint. What is the unconditioned response in this example?

A)her new boss asking for a private meeting
B)her pounding heart when she heard she was being laid off
C)the faintness she feels when her new boss wants to talk to her in private
D)the bad news from her boss at Zenex Industries

Question 15

Which of the following responses by dogs in Pavlov's laboratory triggered Pavlov's interest in conditioning?

A)failure to salivate when food was placed in their mouths
B)salivation right after they had swallowed food
C)salivation only when food was placed in their mouths
D)salivation right before food was placed in their mouths

Question 16

What was the unconditioned response in Pavlov's original experiment on classical conditioning?

A)the presentation of meat powder following a tone
B)the sound of a tone
C)salivation elicited by meat powder
D)salivation elicited by a tone

Question 17

Darrel was dancing with his new girlfriend. When the band played "Love Song", his girlfriend gave him a long passionate kiss. Now Darrel finds that every time he hears "Love Song" on the radio, he becomes mildly excited. What is the kiss, in this example?

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 18

What is the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response in classical conditioning?

A)conditioned stimulus
B)conditioned reinforcer
C)unconditioned reinforcer
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 19

One Saturday, Adhar was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Adhar he had just won a $500 gift certificate. He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500. Now Adhar finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a little surge of excitement. What is the conditioned response in this example?

A)the ringing of a telephone
B)the news that he had just won a $500 gift certificate
C)the surge of excitement that Adhar feels whenever he hears a telephone ring
D)the rush of excitement he felt when he won the certificate

Question 20

In classical conditioning, what is the stimulus that is originally neutral but comes to elicit a response as a result of learning?

A)conditioned stimulus
B)conditioned response
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned response

Question 21

Terrence uses opiate drugs daily. He normally takes his pills in the morning, right after he has a shower. If Terrance has developed tolerance to these pills, what is likely to happen after his shower if Terrance does NOT take the pills?

A)The shower will elicit unconditioned compensatory responses, which will result in an experience of pain.
B)The shower will elicit unconditioned stimuli, which will counteract any withdrawal symptoms that he experiences.
C)The shower will elicit conditioned responses, which will be experienced as a placebo effect.
D)The shower will elicit conditioned compensatory responses, which will be experienced as withdrawal.

Question 22

As described in your text, Domjan and his colleagues studied the adaptive significance of sexual conditioning. On which of the following topics might research like this shed light?

A)how erectile dysfunction may develop in humans
B)how sexual fetishes develop in humans
C)why some species fail to reproduce and become extinct
D)evolutionary causes of infertility in humans

Question 23

After a painful experience, Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. What is the pain of dental drilling in this example?

A)unconditioned response
B)conditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 24

A woman reports feeling happy when she smells fresh hay and manure because of the association of these smells with wonderful visits to her grandparents' farm. How did the positive emotional response that this woman experiences develop?

A)operant conditioning
B)observational learning
C)classical conditioning
D)instrumental conditioning

Question 25

What is the initial stage of learning a response called?

A)acquisition
B)contiguity
C)conditioning
D)extinction

Question 26

What is the irrational fear and anxiety that a person experiences in a phobia, from a classical conditioning perspective?

A)conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned response
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 27

Ming is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger. Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine. Which learning process can best account for Ming's fear of spiders?

A)operant conditioning
B)delayed reinforcement
C)classical conditioning
D)observational learning

Question 28

Advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings, in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings. Which learning principles are advertisers using?

A)observational learning
B)operant conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)instrumental conditioning

Question 29

A woman reported feeling very happy whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. What is her happiness, in this example?

A)unconditioned response
B)conditioned response
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus

Question 30

Which of the following is necessary for classical conditioning to occur, according to Pavlov?

A)having temporal contiguity of stimuli
B)the use of sign-stimuli to prevent resistance to extinction
C)a very strong unconditioned stimulus
D)a very intense conditioned stimulus

Question 31

Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression, while they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid. What is the conditioned response in these studies?

A)the injection of the drug
B)immunosuppression
C)fear of the injection process
D)the taste of the liquid that is used

Question 32

After a painful experience, Sebastien cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. What term applies to Sebastien's cringing in the waiting room, in this example?

A)conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 33

Eduardo's mother always wore Chantille perfume, and he always smelled it when she hugged him. Today, whenever he catches a whiff of Chantille perfume, it makes him feel calm and relaxed. Which learning process best accounts for Eduardo's response to the scent of Chantille perfume?

A)operant conditioning
B)observational learning
C)classical conditioning
D)delayed reinforcement

Question 34

Which of the following terms is used for the form of classical conditioning that is used by advertising campaigns to alter the preferences or attitudes of consumers?

A)evaluative conditioning
B)persuasive conditioning
C)manipulative conditioning
D)preferential conditioning

Question 35

Cherise has developed a tolerance for the effects of heroin. She normally uses heroin in her boyfriend's apartment, and always uses the same administration routine. What will happen if Cherise uses heroin in a different location, using a different routine?

A)She will experience a placebo effect.
B)She will be at risk of overdose.
C)The drugs will not have the same powerful effect on her, so she won't feel as "high."
D)She will be at risk for withdrawal symptoms.

Question 36

Which of the following could be accounted for by classical conditioning?

A)learning to play baseball
B)learning to love the smell of Grandpa's aftershave
C)learning to talk
D)learning to avoid shopping in a store with bad customer service

Question 37

A major automaker has developed a series of television commercials that show its cars in the great outdoors, in peaceful settings, away from the hustle and bustle of big cities. The company hopes that seeing the cars in these settings will condition good feelings about its cars. Which learning principle is this particular auto maker attempting to use?

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)observational learning
D)noncontingent reinforcement

Question 38

Quyen woke up one night with a spider dangling in front of her face. She screamed, and from that point on she could not stand to be near spiders. What caused Quyen's fear of spiders?

A)observational learning
B)a response-outcome association
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 39

A woman reports feeling happy whenever she smells hot dogs and campfires because of the association of these smells with her favourite family vacations. What is the combined smell of hot dogs and campfires, in this example?

A)conditioned response
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned response
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 40

Which of the following processes can influence allergic reactions and the growth of drug tolerances, according to studies?

A)instrumental conditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)classical conditioning
D)sensory adaptation

Question 41

What is typical about the recovered response when a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery?

A)It is stronger than the previously conditioned response.
B)It occurs before the conditioned stimulus.
C)It is weaker than the previously conditioned response.
D)It changes to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 42

Anthony classically conditioned his cat to purr whenever the phone rang. One day, the phone rang for nearly two hours straight when Anthony wasn't home, and the cat's conditioned purring response underwent extinction. Today, the response has spontaneously recovered, but what should Anthony expect if the conditioned purring response were to undergo extinction again?

A)It would take more time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.
B)It would take less time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.
C)It would take the same amount of time to extinguish as it took for the original extinction.
D)It would be impossible to extinguish the response now that spontaneous recovery has occurred.

Question 43

Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly anticipating an upcoming rafting trip; however, as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again. What process does this illustrate?

A)second-order conditioning
B)stimulus generalization
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 44

Ken used to drool at the smell of peanut butter cookies as they baked, and he couldn't wait to sink his teeth into that first cookie. However, Ken's new roommate makes terrible peanut butter cookies, and the smell of them baking is no longer associated with a wonderful taste experience. Consequently, Ken finds that the smell of the cookies no longer makes him drool in anticipation. Which classical conditioning process does this illustrate?

A)extinction
B)second-order conditioning
C)avoidance
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 45

Cody developed a severe fear of flying when he was piloting a small plane through some severe turbulence. He has been seeing a therapist, and it appears that his fear response has been successfully extinguished. The therapist used a flight simulator to help Cody practise his piloting skills in a safe setting. However, the first time Cody stepped back into a real plane, his fear returned. What phenomenon does this illustrate?

A)negative reinforcement
B)stimulus generalization
C)renewal effect
D)second-order conditioning

Question 46

On Tuesday morning, Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of cereal with milk, fruit, and black coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast as she normally does, she tried eating guava for the first time. Later she became extremely ill. If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to one of her breakfast items, which food will elicit the conditioned response?

A)grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast
B)guava, because it was a novel stimulus
C)coffee, because coffee is a stimulant
D)milk, because the milk may have been sour

Question 47

After training one of his dogs to salivate in response to a tone, Pavlov continued to present the tone periodically without the food. What did the dog do?

A)It kept responding at the same intensity, despite extended exposure to the tone alone.
B)It stopped responding immediately.
C)It initially responded to the tone at an even greater intensity than before.
D)It gradually stopped responding to the tone.

Question 48

What should you present in order to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response?

A)extra pairings of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
B)the conditioned stimulus alone several times
C)the unconditioned stimulus alone several times
D)the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus several times

Question 49

The continued presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in the gradual disappearance of the conditioned response. What is this phenomenon called?

A)conditioned forgetting
B)extinction
C)suppression
D)inhibition

Question 50

You have conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a flashing green light. What would you expect to happen if you continue to pair the green light with food, but periodically present a white light that is NOT followed by food?

A)stimulus discrimination
B)extinction
C)stimulus generalization
D)response attenuation

Question 51

What do the renewal effect and spontaneous recovery both suggest about extinction?

A)Extinction permanently erases conditioned responses.
B)Extinction suppresses, but does not erase, a learned association.
C)Extinction has a permanent effect only in animals, not in people.
D)Extinction alters the meaning of the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 52

When Diana was three years old, she became terrified when the neighbour's budgie bird kept flying near her head. Today she is afraid of all birds, including robins, pigeons, and blue jays. What process does this illustrate?

A)negative avoidance
B)stimulus discrimination
C)instinctive drift
D)stimulus generalization

Question 53

When Luis was a child, he really liked the smell of the rose-scented perfume his mother always wore. He came to associate that scent with snuggles and hugs from his mom. As an adult, Luis likes any floral scent, including the smell of lilacs and wildflowers. What process does this illustrate?

A)spontaneous recovery
B)stimulus generalization
C)instinctive drift
D)stimulus discrimination

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

A)There is a close temporal contiguity between two stimuli.
B)An organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
C)An organism fails to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used in conditioning.
D)An unconditioned stimulus fails to elicit the unconditioned response.

Question 55

Carly used to be afraid of visits to her family doctor because she associated the sight of his waiting room with the pain of having a blood sample drawn. Recently, Carly's doctor retired and a new doctor took over his office. Carly's new doctor uses a technique that is virtually painless and the sight of the waiting room is no longer associated with pain. Consequently, Carly finds her fear of visits to her family doctor has disappeared. Which classical conditioning process does this illustrate?

A)avoidance
B)spontaneous recovery
C)extinction
D)second-order conditioning

Question 56

Kaleb developed a fear of snowstorms two winters ago when his car spun off the road and hit a tree during a blizzard. As the winter progressed, and he had no further accidents, Kaleb thought his fear of snowstorms had pretty well disappeared. To his surprise, this winter when the first heavy snow started to fall as he was driving, he found his heart was pounding and he was trembling. What does this illustrate?

A)extinction
B)stimulus generalization
C)second-order conditioning
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 57

What does the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery suggest?

A)When a conditioned response is extinguished, higher-order responses replace the original response.
B)Classical conditioning can be used only to condition biologically meaningful responses.
C)Once a conditioned response has been extinguished, a person will also stop responding to other stimuli that are similar.
D)Even if a person is able to extinguish a conditioned response, there is an excellent chance that it will reappear later.

Question 58

Imagine that a conditioned response is extinguished in a different setting than the one in which it was originally acquired. What should you expect to see when the animal is returned to the environment where the acquisition originally took place?

A)avoidance
B)stimulus generalization
C)response renewal
D)superstitious responding

Question 59

When would you expect the greatest degree of stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?

A)when auditory stimulation is used rather than visual stimulation
B)when tactile stimulation is used rather than auditory stimulation
C)when stimuli are very similar to the original conditioned stimulus
D)when stimuli are very different from the original conditioned stimulus

Question 60

What do we call the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest?

A)disinhibition
B)reconditioning
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus generalization

Question 61

Thorndike found that the cats in his puzzle boxes learned to escape from the box, and that the time required to escape decreased gradually over trials. Thorndike believed that this was evidence that cats were not necessarily thinking or understanding (even though they were learning). What pattern of results would provide evidence that cats were "thinking", according to Thorndike?

A)initial evidence of very short durations that remain unchanged
B)long durations for intelligent cats and short durations for unintelligent cats
C)initial long durations followed by a sharp, permanent drop in duration once cats recognized the solution to the problem
D)long durations, then shorter durations, then longer durations again as cats took their time to escape carefully

Question 62

What happens to successful responses, according to Thorndike's view of learning?

A)They are "stamped out" by misuse.
B)They become associated with conditional responses.
C)They are "stamped in" by their favourable effects or consequences.
D)They increase in frequency because they are classically conditioned to be associated with food.

Question 63

Via which learning process is learning to tie one's shoes most likely acquired?

A)Pavlovian conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)reflexive conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 64

Hamish and Dougal have noticed some examples of conditioning in the border collies that they use on their farm. For example, the dogs have learned to herd sheep toward the barn if they hear a short blast on a whistle. The dogs also start drooling whenever they are allowed into the kitchen of the farmhouse, where they get really juicy scraps to eat. Which of the following describes their dogs' conditioning?

A)Both behaviours are examples of operant conditioning.
B)The herding behaviour is the result of operant conditioning and the drooling is the result of classical conditioning.
C)Both behaviours are examples of classical conditioning.
D)The herding behaviour is the result of classical conditioning, and the drooling is a result of operant conditioning.

Question 65

Thierry and Renée each want to train their dogs. Thierry wants his dog to feel relaxed when the doorbell rings. Renée wants her dog to bark only when she gives the command to do so. Which methods would be best for each of them?

A)operant conditioning for Thierry and classical conditioning for Renée
B)operant conditioning for both
C)classical conditioning for both
D)classical conditioning for Thierry and operant conditioning for Renée

Question 66

You have conditioned a fear response to a 1000-Hz tone. Now the tone is paired with a green light. Later, the green light alone elicits fear. What is this process called?

A)discriminated conditioned responding
B)higher-order conditioning
C)stimulus generalization
D)instinctive drift

Question 67

What happens to the association between stimulus and response, according to the law of effect?

A)Punishers strengthen the association.
B)Strong unconditioned stimuli quicken the association.
C)Satisfying events strengthen the association.
D)Reinforcers weaken the association.

Question 68

What is another name for operant conditioning?

A)classical conditioning
B)observational learning
C)respondent conditioning
D)instrumental learning

Question 69

Six-year-old Kristen is afraid of balloons because a balloon once popped in her face while she was holding it. Last week she went to the circus and there was a clown holding a huge assortment of helium balloons. Now she is also afraid of clowns, even though none of the balloons the clown was holding popped. Kristen's fear of clowns illustrates which classical conditioning process?

A)instinctive drift
B)higher-order conditioning
C)renewal effect
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 70

When Antonio was sick as a child, his mother would always make him vanilla pudding. To Antonio it seemed like the vanilla pudding made him feel better. Even now, he still gets a good feeling when he starts to prepare some vanilla pudding, but not when he starts to make any other type of pudding. What process does this illustrate?

A)stimulus generalization
B)instinctive drift
C)stimulus discrimination
D)negative avoidance

Question 71

How are new conditioned responses created in higher-order conditioning?

A)They are built on the foundation of innate unconditioned responses.
B)They are conditioned by repeatedly pairing them with discriminative stimuli.
C)They are facilitated by sensory adaptation.
D)They are built on the foundation of previously established conditioned responses.

Question 72

What change occurs as a result of operant conditioning?

A)A neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.
B)Involuntary responses are slowly replaced by voluntary responses.
C)An organism's response is influenced by the observation of others' behaviour.
D)Responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

Question 73

Dillon is four years old, and his parents want to teach him to say "please" and "thank you." Which method will be most useful for modifying Dillon's behaviour?

A)non-contingent reinforcement
B)operant conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 74

A dog is first conditioned to salivate to a tone. Then, a light is paired with the tone for a number of trials. Finally, the light is presented alone, and the dog salivates. What is this procedure called?

A)sensory preconditioning
B)chaining
C)compound conditioning
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 75

In classical conditioning, a subject can learn to respond to one conditioned stimulus but not to another similar stimulus. What is this phenomenon called?

A)stimulus generalization
B)stimulus discrimination
C)conditioned forgetting
D)extinction

Question 76

Which of the following is most consistent with higher-order conditioning?

A)A conditioned stimulus functions like an unconditioned stimulus.
B)An unconditioned stimulus functions like a conditioned stimulus.
C)A conditioned response functions like an unconditioned response.
D)An unconditioned response functions like a conditioned response.

Question 77

When Lindsay was nine years old, the neighbour's Chihuahua bit her on the ankle. Today Lindsay is still terrified of Chihuahuas, but she likes almost all other types of dogs. What does Lindsay's specific fear illustrate?

A)stimulus discrimination
B)stimulus generalization
C)instinctive drift
D)negative avoidance

Question 78

What is the major distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

A)In classical, you learn to respond to discriminative stimuli, while in operant you learn to respond to generalized stimuli.
B)In classical, you learn to avoid punishment, while in operant you learn to seek out reinforcement.
C)In classical, you learn to increase a voluntary behaviour, while in operant you learn to decrease a voluntary behaviour.
D)In classical, you learn to change a reflexive behaviour, while in operant you learn to change a voluntary behaviour.

Question 79

If a pigeon is fearful in the presence of a blue light and not a yellow light, what has the pigeon learned?

A)stimulus discrimination
B)spontaneous recovery
C)conditioned emotional reactions
D)stimulus generalization

Question 80

April wants to teach her cat not to claw at the arms of her couch. Which of the following methods will be most successful?

A)operant conditioning
B)higher-order conditioning
C)observational learning
D)classical conditioning