Deck 9: B: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

Question 1

Tim just completed a test designed to determine whether he is outgoing and sociable in a variety of different contexts. What type of test did Tim complete?

A)personality tests
B)achievement tests
C)aptitude tests
D)mental ability tests

Answer 1

personality tests

Question 2

A test has been developed to measure aptitude for careers in the military. When it is implemented, it is found that people with long and successful careers in the military do not have different scores on this test compared to people who have not succeeded in military careers. Which of the following types of validity is flawed in this test?

A)criterion-related validity
B)content validity
C)categorical validity
D)construct validity

Answer 2

criterion-related validity

Question 3

If you want to know whether a test is useful for making accurate predictions about a person's abilities or behaviours, what attribute of the test are you concerned with?

A)validity
B)accuracy
C)reliability
D)generalizability

Answer 3

validity

Question 4

What does the reliability of a test refer to?

A)the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
B)the numerical index that describes the degree of relationship between two variables
C)the degree of consistency of a test
D)the extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct

Question 5

What are test norms?

A)information about where a score on a test ranks in relation to other scores
B)the measurement consistency of a test
C)the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained
D)uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test

Question 6

Who developed the first useful intelligence test?

A)James Stanford and Alfred Binet
B)Francis Galton and Charles Darwin
C)Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
D)Lewis Terman and Francis Galton

Question 7

A group of people took a test, and then retook the test a month later. Most individuals got very similar scores each time. What term should you use to describe that test?

A)accurate
B)valid
C)generalized
D)reliable

Question 8

A group of Grade 6 students took a 100-word spelling test in order to qualify for the city-wide spelling bee contest. If a child needed to score in the top 20 percent of applicants to qualify, which one of the following students definitely qualified for the spelling bee?

A)Connor, who placed at the 90th percentile
B)Barbara, who spelled 80 percent of the words correctly
C)Aaron, who placed at the 15th percentile
D)Della, who spelled 85 words correctly

Question 9

What do we call a psychological test that is always presented, completed, and scored in the same way, no matter when or where it is being used?

A)standardized
B)normed
C)valid
D)reliable

Question 10

Tim just completed a test designed to determine whether he has mastered his introductory chemistry class course material. What type of test did Tim complete?

A)projective test
B)aptitude test
C)intelligence test
D)achievement test

Question 11

What was the stated purpose of the first useful intelligence test?

A)to identify gifted children
B)to identify children who had the potential to be successful in college
C)to evaluate the success of educational programs
D)to identify children in need of special training

Question 12

What are the two broad categories of psychological tests?

A)mental ability and aptitude tests
B)personality and achievement tests
C)mental ability and personality tests
D)aptitude and achievement tests

Question 13

If you believe that 'genius is the result of nature rather than nurture', which theorist do you most agree with?

A)Binet
B)Gardner
C)Galton
D)Sternberg

Question 14

Based on Galton's perspective on intelligence, and the stated purpose of the Binet-Simon intelligence test, how would Galton have felt about that test?

A)He may have felt the test was valid, but would have rejected the rationale for its use.
B)He may have felt that the test was invalid, but would have admired its stated purpose.
C)He would have felt that the test was valid and useful.
D)He would have felt that the test was invalid, and therefore useless.

Question 15

If you were to develop a psychological test to measure an abstract personal quality such as intelligence or extraversion, which type of validity should you be most concerned with?

A)category validity
B)construct validity
C)criterion-related validity
D)content validity

Question 16

Tim completed a test that is designed to determine whether his capacity for general learning and intellect is normal, or different from normal. What type of test did Tim complete?

A)intelligence test
B)aptitude test
C)personality test
D)achievement test

Question 17

Tim completed a test that is designed to determine whether he has the potential to be an airline pilot. What type of test did Tim complete?

A)achievement test
B)aptitude test
C)projective test
D)personality test

Question 18

If a psychological test claims to test intelligence but is actually testing accumulated knowledge and trivia, which of the following is definitely a problem with that test?

A)reliability
B)validity
C)norms
D)standardization

Question 19

Which type of validity is evaluated with logic more than with statistics?

A)criterion-related validity
B)construct validity
C)categorical validity
D)content validity

Question 20

Which of the following would be a correlation coefficient associated with the test-retest reliability of a highly reliable test?

A)+0.92
B)+0.05
C)-0.05
D)-0.92

Question 21

If Maria is being tested for her memory capacity and speed of processing, what type of intelligence is being tested?

A)practical intelligence
B)fluid intelligence
C)verbal intelligence
D)crystallized intelligence

Question 22

If a child who is 10 years old has a mental age of 12, then what is the child's IQ according to Terman's formula?

A)80
B)100
C)120
D)140

Question 23

One section of questions on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale requires test takers to arrange a series of pictures in a sequence that "tells a story." Which component of IQ is calculated from these sorts of questions?

A)analytical IQ
B)performance IQ
C)practical IQ
D)verbal IQ

Question 24

According to the concept of g, what is the goal of research on intelligence?

A)finding correlates of intelligence in terms of social or environmental influences
B)determining the core ability that underlies all intelligence
C)generating a model that contains the various causal mechanisms for intellect
D)documenting the various styles of intelligence in the population

Question 25

You recently took the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and just learned that your IQ is 100. What does this score mean?

A)You showed average performance on the test.
B)You are twice as intelligent as someone who has an IQ of 50.
C)You answered 100 percent of the test questions correctly.
D)You answered 100 of the test questions correctly.

Question 26

Jen has an IQ of 107. Which of the following is the best description of Jen's intelligence?

A)below average
B)average
C)high average
D)superior

Question 27

If Marc is being tested for his ability to apply his knowledge to a new situation, what type of intelligence is being tested?

A)practical intelligence
B)verbal intelligence
C)crystallized intelligence
D)fluid intelligence

Question 28

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale originally calculated a child's IQ by using which of the following formulas?

A)mental age/chronological age ´ 10
B)mental age/chronological age ´ 100
C)chronological age/mental age ´ 100
D)chronological age/mental age ´ 10

Question 29

Who revised the original French intelligence test and renamed it the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

A)Lewis Terman
B)David Wechsler
C)James Stanford
D)Francis Galton

Question 30

Alister thinks very quickly, remembers things easily, and displays very fast reaction times to changing stimuli. What type of intelligence does this example illustrate?

A)fluid intelligence
B)crystallized intelligence
C)divergent intelligence
D)verbal intelligence

Question 31

If you are told that Philip displays the mental ability typical of an 11-year-old child, then which of the following will definitely be equal to 11?

A)his mental age
B)his chronological age
C)his age
D)his estimated age

Question 32

What is the mean and standard deviation of modern IQ tests?

A)mean of 500 and standard deviation of 100
B)mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10
C)mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15
D)mean of 100 and standard deviation of 10

Question 33

Sternberg and his colleagues asked people to list examples of intelligent behaviour, and came up with three basic categories of intelligence. What are the three categories?

A)academic, social, and practical
B)verbal, social, and interpersonal
C)academic, practical, and interpersonal
D)verbal, practical, and social

Question 34

IQ tests produce consistent results when people take a retest. What, then, can be said about IQ tests?

A)They are accurate.
B)They are standardized.
C)They are valid.
D)They are reliable.

Question 35

Which scores are calculated separately in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?

A)verbal IQ and performance IQ
B)analytical IQ and practical IQ
C)performance IQ and mathematical IQ
D)verbal IQ and mathematical IQ

Question 36

Many human traits, including intelligence, show a normal distribution. What does this mean?

A)Most cases are near the edges of the distribution.
B)Cases are equally frequent across the entire distribution.
C)Most cases are near the middle of the distribution.
D)Few cases are near the middle of the distribution.

Question 37

What is the term for a symmetrical bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics, including intelligence, are distributed?

A)standard distribution
B)typical distribution
C)abnormal distribution
D)normal distribution

Question 38

Kim is 10 years old and has a mental age of 8. What is Kim's IQ according to Terman's formula?

A)80
B)90
C)100
D)120

Question 39

What do correlations between students' IQ scores and their school grades suggest about IQ tests?

A)They are a reasonably reliable method to predict school performance.
B)They are not a valid method to predict school performance.
C)They are a reasonably valid method to predict school performance.
D)They are not a reliable method to predict school performance.

Question 40

Approximately what percentage of IQ scores fall between 85 and 115?

A)33
B)50
C)68
D)95

Question 41

Which child is likely to be admitted to a school gifted program?

A)Alfred, who has very high scores on aptitude tests for creativity and field-independence
B)Louis, who has an IQ score of 135
C)James, who has an IQ score that is one standard deviation above the mean
D)David, who demonstrates exceptional grades in school

Question 42

Which term is used to describe individuals who are highly intelligent, but may underperform in school for reasons other than intellect?

A)masked eminence
B)underachiever
C)hidden gifted
D)subgenius

Question 43

Which of the following is more likely for people who score high on IQ tests compared to people who score low on IQ tests?

A)low grades in school and low-status jobs
B)low grades in school and high-status jobs
C)high grades in school and low-status jobs
D)high grades in school and high-status jobs

Question 44

Which of the following is true of a child diagnosed as intellectually disabled as a result of Down syndrome?

A)He has a metabolic disorder.
B)He is from the lower socioeconomic classes.
C)He has an extra chromosome.
D)He has an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the skull.

Question 45

Which of the following countries is least likely to use IQ tests?

A)Britain
B)France
C)United States
D)China

Question 46

What is the term for the syndrome in which individuals with below-average overall intellect have exceptional abilities in one or a few limited domains?

A)profound giftedness
B)savant syndrome
C)Fragile X syndrome
D)selective intelligence

Question 47

Which individual would you predict would be most likely to have a high-status occupation such as being a doctor or lawyer?

A)Nicolas, who has an IQ of 90.
B)Naureen, who has an IQ of 105.
C)Pierre, who has an IQ of 115.
D)Beryl, who has an IQ of 135.

Question 48

Which of the following is evidence that many cases of intellectual disability have environmental causes?

A)Most individuals with mild intellectual disability are from lower socioeconomic classes.
B)Most individuals with profound intellectual disability are from higher socioeconomic classes.
C)Most individuals in lower socioeconomic classes have IQs lower than 100.
D)Most individuals with Down syndrome are from higher socioeconomic classes.

Question 49

How accurate are IQ scores for predicting the job performance of individuals within a particular profession?

A)completely accurate
B)moderately accurate
C)accurate only for specific occupations
D)highly inaccurate

Question 50

According to Joseph Renzulli, what are the three overlapping factors required for achieving "eminence" in one's field?

A)exceptional motivation, exceptional training, high levels of intelligence
B)exceptional intelligence, exceptional support from family, exceptional creativity
C)exceptional ability, exceptional commitment, exceptional creativity
D)exceptional creativity, high levels of extraversion, high levels of practice

Question 51

Terman studied a large sample of children identified as gifted, beginning in 1921, and followed them for decades. Which stereotype was ruled out by Terman's results?

A)They exhibit better-than-average emotional stability.
B)They exhibit better-than-average physical health.
C)They are judged successful by conventional standards.
D)They typically make genius-level contributions in their fields.

Question 52

What is the typical minimum IQ score required to qualify for a gifted program in schools?

A)100
B)115
C)130
D)145

Question 53

Which of the following is accurate regarding criticisms of the validity of IQ tests?

A)IQ tests are not particularly valid for testing academic intellect, but are valid for testing practical intelligence.
B)IQ tests are valid for measuring practical intelligence, but not social intelligence.
C)IQ tests are reasonably valid indexes of academic ability, but do not tap into other skills or traits that may be important for other forms of success.
D)IQ tests reflect a focus on academic success but do not adequately test for predictors of academic success.

Question 54

Klara is mildly intellectually disabled. Which of the following would you expect of Klara?

A)She will require assistance with speech development.
B)She may generally be perceived as normal outside a school environment.
C)She may require lifelong supervision in order to care for herself.
D)She will do well in school until just before the end of high school, which is when difficulties will emerge.

Question 55

According to research conducted by Winner and others, which factor predicts the likelihood that a gifted child will develop problems with personal adjustment, including social problems or mental instability?

A)level of creativity
B)gender
C)stress levels
D)degree of giftedness

Question 56

In what percentage of cases can diagnosticians currently determine an organic cause for intellectual disability?

A)fewer than 15 percent
B)fewer than 25 percent
C)approximately 50 percent
D)approximately 75 percent

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of intellectual disability?

A)caused by an organic condition
B)deficiencies in adaptive skills
C)beginning before the age of 18
D)sub-average general mental ability

Question 58

What must a child have in order to be diagnosed as intellectually disabled?

A)deficiencies in adaptive skills such as self-care and social interactions
B)evidence that there is no organic cause for any mental deficiencies
C)an IQ score below 100
D)a verifiable brain injury

Question 59

What is the largest category of intellectual disability?

A)severe
B)moderate
C)profound
D)mild

Question 60

According to cross-cultural psychologist John Berry, why are IQ tests less popular in non-Western countries?

A)Existing IQ tests do not translate well into the cognitive frameworks of other cultures.
B)Although many Western corporations use IQ tests for personnel screening, this practice has not caught on in other countries.
C)The tests have not been extensively marketed outside North America and Britain.
D)The tests are not available in other languages.

Question 61

Convincing evidence for the role of environmental influences on intelligence is provided by studies that compare which groups?

A)children and the biological parents who raised them
B)adopted children to their biological parents
C)adopted children to their adoptive parents
D)identical twins reared together and fraternal twins reared together

Question 62

A majority of experts agree that the heritability of intelligence is approximately 50 percent. What does this mean?

A)50 percent of the difference in average intelligence between different ethnic groups is due to genetic inheritance.
B)50 percent of a person's intelligence is due to genetic inheritance.
C)50 percent of the variability in intelligence in a population of individuals is due to variations in genetic inheritance.
D)50 percent of a person's intelligence is due to environmental factors.

Question 63

Following the death of their parents ten years ago, identical twins Glenda and Brenda were placed in an understaffed orphanage. Brenda remained in the orphanage while Glenda was adopted by a loving middle-class couple. Which of the following would be least likely to occur?

A)Glenda will have a higher IQ than Brenda.
B)Brenda will have an IQ near the upper limit of her reaction range.
C)Glenda and Brenda will have the same reaction range for intelligence.
D)Glenda and Brenda will have IQs that differ by ten or more IQ points.

Question 64

Which of the following types of pairs should have the LOWEST correlation between their IQ scores?

A)adoptive siblings reared together
B)identical twins reared apart
C)a biological parent and child who lived together
D)non-twin siblings reared apart

Question 65

What determines where a person's actual IQ score falls within the reaction range?

A)environmental factors
B)genetic factors
C)both environmental and genetic factors
D)neither environmental nor genetic factors

Question 66

If a large research study measured the IQs of white middle-class American females and middle-class Japanese males, which of the following is MOST likely to be found regarding measures of heritability between the two groups?

A)They would be different because heritability is calculated differently for males and females.
B)They would be similar because heritability is similar for individuals of the same species.
C)They would be different because heritability may vary from one group to another.
D)They would be similar because heritability is similar for all individuals of the same social class.

Question 67

Which statement does NOT reflect the current understanding of the influence of genetic and environmental factors on intelligence?

A)Genetic and environmental factors combine to set a person's reaction range.
B)Environmental factors determine where a person's IQ falls within his reaction range.
C)Genetic factors set the upper limit of the person's reaction range.
D)Genetic factors set the lower limit of the person's reaction range.

Question 68

Which of the following has been demonstrated by adoption studies comparing the intelligence of adopted children to their biological parents?

A)There is a greater-than-chance similarity between them.
B)Adopted children tend to be most similar to their adoptive parents.
C)Adopted children tend to be very similar to their biological mothers.
D)There are no consistent similarities between them.

Question 69

What is the term for an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance?

A)genetic range
B)inheritability
C)reaction range
D)heritability

Question 70

Compared to the average IQ of white Americans, what is the average IQ for many of the larger minority groups in the United States (such as African-American, Native American, and Hispanic)?

A)1 to 5 points higher
B)3 to 15 points lower
C)7 to 25 points higher
D)15 to 30 points lower

Question 71

Which group should you study in order to get the best evidence about the role of genetic factors in intelligence?

A)adopted children and their biological parents
B)children raised in poverty, and middle-class children
C)people born in different generations since the 1930s
D)identical and fraternal twins

Question 72

If a longitudinal study followed hundreds of people with exactly the same IQ for 20 years and found that the ones who worked hardest in high school and university were the only ones who became eminent academics, which theory would be supported by such a result?

A)drudge theory
B)hidden gifted theory
C)savant theory
D)g theory

Question 73

Which of the following pieces of evidence, if it existed, would rule out environmental influences on intelligence?

A)Fraternal twins have different IQs from one another.
B)Adopted children have very different IQs from their adoptive parents.
C)Identical twins always have identical IQs.
D)Children with different diets also have different IQs.

Question 74

Which of the following was suggested by Arthur Jensen?

A)Social class differences in IQ are largely due to genetic factors.
B)Ethnic differences in IQ are largely due to genetic factors.
C)Ethnic differences in IQ are largely due to environmental factors.
D)Social class differences in IQ are largely due to environmental factors.

Question 75

What tends to happen to the IQ scores of children raised in substandard environments?

A)They change very little as the child gets older.
B)They decrease as the child gets older.
C)They increase as the child gets older.
D)They decrease only after the child reaches adulthood.

Question 76

Which of the following six-year-old children would be most likely to experience an increase in IQ over the next few years?

A)Darius, who continues living with his loving middle-class biological parents
B)Aron, who continues living in an understaffed orphanage
C)Ceili, who was recently adopted from an understaffed orphanage by loving middle-class parents
D)Bettina, who recently started living in an understaffed orphanage following the death of her parents

Question 77

Based on evidence about the Flynn effect, which of the following groups of IQ scores would you expect to have the highest average score?

A)a sample from 1920
B)a sample from 1950
C)a sample from 1980
D)a sample from 2010

Question 78

What observation does the Flynn effect refer to?

A)The IQ scores of children raised in substandard environments gradually decrease as the children get older.
B)Heritability estimates of intelligence vary widely.
C)The reaction range of intelligence is identical for the vast majority of the population.
D)IQ test performance has been rising steadily in the industrialized world since the 1930s.

Question 79

In regard to intelligence, what does reaction range refer to?

A)the proportion of variability in IQ in a population that is due to genetic factors
B)the genetically determined limits on IQ score for an individual
C)the proportion of variability in IQ in a population that is due to environmental factors
D)the environmentally determined limits on IQ score for an individual

Question 80

Which of the following types of twins show the strongest correlations between their IQ scores?

A)identical twins reared together
B)fraternal twins reared apart
C)identical twins reared apart
D)fraternal twins reared together