Deck 10: B: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Which of the following is defined as an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour?

A)motive
B)drive
C)need
D)incentive

Answer 1

incentive

Question 2

When you are engaging in goal-directed behaviour, what are you experiencing?

A)an incentive
B)drive reduction
C)emotion
D)motivation

Answer 2

motivation

Question 3

According to the expectancy-value model of motivation, which individual is likely to be most motivated to apply for a scholarship?

A)Evan, who has good grades, can apply for a scholarship worth $4000.
B)Fred, who has good grades, can apply for a scholarship worth $500.
C)Gina, who has poor grades, can apply for a scholarship worth $4000.
D)Hal, who has poor grades, can apply for a scholarship worth $500.

Answer 3

Evan, who has good grades, can apply for a scholarship worth $4000.

Question 4

According to evolutionary theories of motivation, what is the result of motivated behaviour?

A)restored homeostasis
B)maximized reproductive success
C)reduced biological needs
D)reduced incentives

Question 5

William, a subject in a psychology experiment, just received an injection that raised his blood glucose level. Which of the following is William most likely to report?

A)He feels happy.
B)He does not feel hungry.
C)He feels angry.
D)He feels hungry.

Question 6

What differs between the perspective of evolutionary theorists and many other motivation theorists regarding the nature of social motives?

A)Most motivation theorists lump all motives together and don't distinguish between biological and social motives.
B)Most motivation theorists consider social motives to be innate, rather than learned.
C)Evolutionary theorists argue that social motives and biological motives are all adaptations.
D)Evolutionary theorists argue that biological motives are more important than social motives.

Question 7

What are motives?

A)biological factors that influence ability
B)needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel behaviour in certain directions
C)social factors that promote success
D)drives and incentives that make certain goals more interesting than others

Question 8

Of the brain structures listed below, which one do scientists currently believe plays a larger role than the other structures in the modulation of hunger?

A)arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
B)ventromedial hypothalamus
C)paraventricular hypothalamus
D)lateral hypothalamus

Question 9

After a small stroke, a person gained 50 pounds in two months. If an area of the hypothalamus was damaged, which area would you expect it to be?

A)dorsal hypothalamus
B)lateral hypothalamus
C)ventromedial hypothalamus
D)glucostatic hypothalamus

Question 10

Damien went outside without his jacket on, and he is feeling very cold. His body temperature has started to drop as a result of the ambient temperature. As a result of this disruption to homeostasis, what should increase in strength?

A)emotion
B)incentive
C)drive
D)motive

Question 11

What is demonstrated by animals with a surgically destroyed ventromedial hypothalamus?

A)excessive thirst
B)hyperactivity
C)little or no interest in sex
D)weight gain

Question 12

Which of the following is defined as an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension?

A)emotion
B)motive
C)drive
D)incentive

Question 13

According to contemporary theories of hunger, what is the main focus of research on the hypothalamus?

A)anatomical centres
B)destruction
C)neural circuits
D)stimulation

Question 14

According to drive theory of motivation, if you drink water when you are thirsty, then what is the result of drinking?

A)need reduction and physiological equilibrium
B)drive reduction and physiological equilibrium
C)drive production and an incentive
D)need production and an incentive

Question 15

Ray tends to be involved in everything! He belongs to a variety of clubs and he spends a lot of time with friends and colleagues. He really wants to get along with people and he seeks out the opinions and approval of those around him. Which motive does Ray's behaviour represent?

A)nurturance motive
B)affiliation motive
C)order motive
D)autonomy motive

Question 16

After food is consumed, what information is transmitted to the brain by the vagus nerve?

A)relative water content
B)stretching of the stomach wall
C)the nutrient content of the food
D)glucose levels

Question 17

According to the expectancy-value model of motivation, which individual is likely to be most motivated to study for an upcoming exam?

A)Ashley, who usually gets good grades, needs to study for an exam worth 40 percent of her grade.
B)Ben, who usually gets good grades, needs to study for an exam worth 10 percent of his grade.
C)Cam, who usually gets poor grades, needs to study for an exam worth 40 percent of his grade.
D)Dee, who usually gets poor grades, needs to study for an exam worth 10 percent of her grade.

Question 18

What could you call a promise of a bonus of $100.00 for completing a work assignment before a deadline?

A)a reward
B)an incentive
C)a motive
D)drive reduction

Question 19

Most motivational theorists divide motives into two categories. What are those two categories?

A)survival and reproductive motives
B)want and desire motives
C)biological and social motives
D)necessary and unnecessary motives

Question 20

Damien went outside without his jacket on, and he is feeling very cold. His body temperature has started to drop as a result of the ambient temperature. What has been disrupted by the cold temperature?

A)incentives
B)motives
C)homeostasis
D)emotional regulation

Question 21

Which of the following measures do many experts today prefer to use to assess obesity?

A)weight
B)percent body fat
C)body mass index
D)weight/height

Question 22

Which pair of individuals is expected to be most similar in body mass index?

A)identical twins reared apart
B)an adopted child and the adoptive parent
C)a husband and wife
D)fraternal twins reared together

Question 23

Which of the following is a disorder in which people alternate between binging and purging?

A)anorexia nervosa
B)activity anorexia
C)cyclic anorexia
D)bulimia nervosa

Question 24

Dan has a body mass index of 31. Which category describes Dan?

A)underweight
B)normal weight
C)obese
D)overweight

Question 25

Kathy has lost 25 pounds recently through dieting. Which theory suggests that she will have difficulty keeping the weight off because her metabolism has decreased in order to maintain the fat stores in her body?

A)set-point theory
B)dietary restraint theory
C)evolutionary theory
D)settling-point theory

Question 26

Dave has a body mass index of 24. Which category describes Dave?

A)normal weight
B)obese
C)underweight
D)overweight

Question 27

If you were to test the preferences of a newborn infant, which flavour would be most preferred?

A)bland
B)high fat
C)sweet
D)salty

Question 28

What was the topic of groundbreaking research conducted by Masters and Johnson?

A)the physiology of the human sexual response
B)the psychology of the human sexual response
C)sexual preferences
D)sexual orientation

Question 29

Karen has lost 25 pounds through diet and exercise and has maintained the weight loss for several months now. Which theory suggests that her metabolism will adjust to a new 'normal' level, which should allow her to keep the weight off?

A)dietary restraint theory
B)set-point theory
C)drive-reduction theory
D)settling-point theory

Question 30

Denise has a body mass index of 25. Which category describes Denise?

A)underweight
B)obese
C)normal weight
D)overweight

Question 31

During which phase of the human sexual response cycle would you expect to find both increases and decreases in vaginal lubrication?

A)orgasm
B)excitement
C)resolution
D)plateau

Question 32

Dr. Mak suggests that when food is readily available, people have a tendency to overeat rather than show restraint. He also states that humans don't have a good mechanism for determining how much food is 'enough' and instead we tend to eat until we are uncomfortable rather than until we eat enough to sustain our immediate needs. Which approach is Dr. Mak's view most consistent with?

A)evolutionary approach
B)drive-reduction approach
C)environmental cues approach
D)biological approach

Question 33

Which is associated with an increase in hunger or eating behaviour?

A)a decrease in blood glucose level
B)high levels of leptin in the blood
C)damage to the lateral hypothalamus
D)nervous system information indicating stretching of the stomach walls

Question 34

Which tendency seems to characterize the key problem with restrained eaters?

A)Their perceptions of their own bodies are very distorted and exaggerated.
B)They are likely to be hospitalized as a result of avoiding food.
C)They tend to think of food related behaviour as either good or bad, with nothing in between.
D)They don't perceive the incentive cues associated with food.

Question 35

What has increased dramatically in the past few decades in Canada?

A)rates of obesity and consumption of unprocessed food
B)rates of anorexia and amount of daily exercise
C)amount of daily exercise and consumption of unprocessed food
D)rates of both obesity and anorexia

Question 36

Which of the following is a hormone produced by fat cells that tends to diminish feelings of hunger when at high levels?

A)insulin
B)glucose
C)leptin
D)ghrelin

Question 37

What approximate percentage of the Canadian population is categorized as obese?

A)25 percent
B)15 percent
C)5 percent
D)10 percent

Question 38

Bob is overweight and a chronic dieter. According to the dietary restraint proposal, how is Bob likely to be characterized?

A)a restrained eater
B)a variable set-point individual
C)a fixed set-point individual
D)physically inactive

Question 39

Greta is concerned that she'll run out of snacks at her party. Which strategy should Greta use to cause people to eat a bit less of the snacks?

A)Put many different varieties of snacks out at once.
B)Only put snacks down in front of groups, rather than individuals.
C)Combine several types of snacks in a single bowl.
D)Put the snacks in small bowls rather than large bowls.

Question 40

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the upper intestines that tends to diminish feelings of hunger?

A)ghrelin
B)glucose
C)insulin
D)leptin

Question 41

PsychDate is a new online dating website that allows psychology majors to find and date other psychology majors. On this website, you have the opportunity to view a variety of different profiles and pictures of people you may wish to date. You may also send and receive messages with other users. Based on parental investment theory, what should you predict about the behaviour of female users of the website?

A)They will be more choosy than males about who they are willing to respond to.
B)They will send more flirtatious messages than males do.
C)They will prefer choosing multiple dates rather than trying to find one ideal date.
D)They will be more focused on the appearance of potential dates than on other characteristics.

Question 42

In the Featured Study that examined women's ratings of male attractiveness, which faces did females find most attractive for long-term mate potential?

A)faces of men who had high testosterone levels
B)faces of men who were perceived to like children
C)faces of men who were perceived as feminine
D)faces of men who were perceived as masculine

Question 43

Which of the following patterns reflects the correlation between internet pornography and rates of sexual assault over the past two decades?

A)negative correlation
B)interaction effect of gender and country of origin
C)positive correlation
D)interaction effect of gender and type of media (video or photo)

Question 44

Pat's sexual arousal just reached its peak intensity and was discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsated through the pelvic area. What phase of the human sexual response did Pat just experience?

A)plateau
B)pinnacle
C)resolution
D)orgasm

Question 45

According to evolutionary theory, what is more valued in a potential mate by men, rather than women?

A)ambition
B)youthfulness
C)intelligence
D)social status

Question 46

Which statement has been supported by research on the effects of pornography?

A)Erotic material may alter attitudes in ways that eventually influence sexual behaviour.
B)Erotic material stimulates sexual desire in males but not females.
C)Erotic material plays a major role in the commission of sexual offences.
D)Erotic material increases the likelihood of overt sexual activity for several days after the exposure.

Question 47

In Buss's study on cross-cultural sex differences in human mate selection, which sex difference was consistently reported?

A)males place a higher value on partners' social status
B)males place a higher value on partners' ambition
C)males place a higher value on partners' physical appearance
D)males place a higher value on partners' kindness

Question 48

In the Featured Study that examined women's ratings of male attractiveness, which male trait was positively correlated with women's ratings of men who were attractive for short-term mate potential?

A)testosterone levels
B)kindness
C)dependability
D)liking children

Question 49

PsychDate is a new online dating website that allows psychology majors to find and date other psychology majors. On this website, you have the opportunity to view a variety of different profiles and pictures of people you may wish to date. You may also send and receive messages with other users. Based on parental investment theory, what should you predict about the behaviour of male users of the website?

A)They will be more choosy than females about who they are willing to respond to.
B)They will be more focused on the appearance of potential dates, before other characteristics.
C)They will prefer choosing one ideal date rather than trying to find one multiple dates.
D)They will be less likely to respond to messages, compared to females.

Question 50

According to parental investment theory, how can human males maximize their reproductive potential?

A)actively contributing to the care of their offspring
B)being highly selective in mating
C)mating with as many females as possible
D)seeking partners who have strength and agility

Question 51

What is the period of time following orgasm during which males are highly unresponsive to further stimulation?

A)passive phase
B)recovery period
C)refractory period
D)plateau phase

Question 52

Which individual would experience a relatively slow or gradual reduction in sexual tension during the resolution phase of the human sexual response?

A)a relatively inexperienced individual
B)an individual who did not experience an orgasm
C)a woman
D)a man

Question 53

Which is true, in terms of likelihood of sexual assault?

A)A woman is more likely to be raped by a stranger than by a casual date.
B)A woman is more likely to be raped by a family member than by a casual date.
C)A woman is more likely to be raped by an acquaintance than by a stranger.
D)A woman is more likely to be raped by a stranger than by a steady boyfriend.

Question 54

During which phase of the human sexual response are male and female differences in response most pronounced?

A)orgasm phase
B)resolution phase
C)excitement phase
D)plateau phase

Question 55

According to parental investment theory, what should women place more emphasis on when choosing a potential mate, compared to men?

A)height
B)attractiveness
C)youthfulness
D)social status

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT suggested by parental investment theory?

A)Males and females may develop different mating strategies.
B)Human females can optimize their reproductive potential by mating with as many males as possible.
C)Human males compete with other males for the "commodity" of reproductive opportunities.
D)Human males are required to invest little in the production of offspring.

Question 57

Darren has recently been viewing sexually explicit films several times a week. Which is the most likely consequence of Darren's use of erotic materials?

A)He may engage in more sexual activity than he previously did.
B)He may develop more conservative attitudes about sexual practices.
C)He may become more satisfied with his sexual partner's appearance and behaviour.
D)He may commit a sexual offence.

Question 58

Ted is experiencing an erection as a result of sexual arousal. Which mechanism causes Ted's erection?

A)vasocongestion
B)muscular tension
C)decreased blood pressure
D)refraction

Question 59

Maggie was cleaning the basement one day and found a stack of pornographic magazines that were likely left there by her teen-aged son. If Maggie asks you for evidence about the negative effects of pornography on behaviour, what would be the most appropriate response?

A)Viewing pornography on a regular basis increases the likelihood that men will commit or endorse sexual offenses.
B)Viewing pornography on a regular basis is associated with poorer relationship quality and self-image.
C)There is no reliable evidence that pornography affects sexual behaviour.
D)There is evidence that pornography influences behaviour, but non-violent pornography has no clear negative effects.

Question 60

In Buss's study on sex differences in human mate selection, what was consistent across cultures?

A)the value women place on a man's physical attractiveness
B)the value placed on female chastity (or lack of previous sexual intercourse)
C)the value women place on a man's social status and financial prospects
D)the value placed on kindness, dependability, and emotional stability

Question 61

If Ted is a gay man, then of the following individuals, who is most likely to also be gay?

A)Ted's Uncle Alan
B)Ted's adoptive brother Bob
C)Ted's fraternal twin brother Chuck
D)Ted's identical twin brother Don

Question 62

Which pattern reflects the overall relationship between emotions and levels of motivation?

A)It is a bidirectional relationship.
B)Motivation leads to changes in emotion.
C)They are independent experiences of the same event.
D)Emotions lead to changes in motivation.

Question 63

What is the orientation of an individual who prefers and seeks emotional and sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex?

A)homosexual
B)unisexual
C)heterosexual
D)bisexual

Question 64

After viewing a picture of a boy batting in a baseball game, what would an individual high in affiliation motivation be most likely to describe in a projective test?

A)The boy hits a home run to win the game.
B)The boy is playing on a summer league team with his best friends from his school.
C)The boy is hit in the head by a pitch and suffers a concussion.
D)The boy is nervous because he struck out at the last game.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of emotion?

A)behavioural
B)perceptual
C)cognitive
D)physiological

Question 66

Which theory has been supported by research concerning the origins of sexual orientation?

A)behavioural
B)cognitive
C)psychoanalytic
D)biological

Question 67

If you know that someone has a homosexual orientation, what could you reasonably predict about that individual?

A)He or she has been attracted only to members of the same sex.
B)He or she has had awareness of the orientation since childhood.
C)He or she has a genetic relative who is also homosexual.
D)His or her circulating hormone levels differ from someone else of the same sex.

Question 68

After viewing a picture of a boy batting in a baseball game, which story would an individual high in achievement motivation be most likely to describe in a projective test?

A)The boy hits a home run to win the game.
B)They boy strikes out and is yelled at by his coach.
C)The boy is hit in the head by a pitch and suffers a concussion.
D)The boy argues with the umpire over a called strike.

Question 69

Which motive is defined as the need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, and meet high standards of excellence?

A)mastery motive
B)affiliation motive
C)achievement motive
D)autonomy motive

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of people high in achievement motivation?

A)a tendency to work hard on tasks
B)a tendency to delay gratification in order to pursue long-term goals
C)a tendency to respond poorly to negative feedback
D)a tendency to be persistent on tasks

Question 71

What are the two primary situational factors that influence achievement behaviour?

A)the incentive value of success and the individual's achievement motivation
B)the probability of success and probability of failure
C)the probability of success and the individual's achievement motivation
D)the probability of success and incentive value of success

Question 72

Which pattern characterizes the distinction between heterosexual and homosexual orientations?

A)They are each midpoints on their own scales, and cannot be directly compared.
B)They have no clear distinguishing characteristics other than self-report.
C)They are endpoints on a continuum, with intermediate orientations in between.
D)They are mutually exclusive categories, with clear boundaries.

Question 73

Because Pietro is high in his need for achievement, which characteristic is he least likely to exhibit?

A)a desire to help others reach their goals
B)a desire to excel
C)a desire to master difficult challenges
D)a desire to outperform others

Question 74

Which pattern reflects the relationship between task difficulty and satisfaction, for people with high achievement motivation?

A)It is a negative correlation.
B)They are independent features of the task.
C)It is a positive correlation.
D)It is a causal relationship.

Question 75

Which term is defined as a person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same, the other, or either sex?

A)gender orientation
B)gender preference
C)sexual orientation
D)sexuality

Question 76

Which statement regarding female homosexuality is false?

A)Lesbian women are more likely to have a stable orientation across their lifespan, compared to gay men.
B)Lesbian women are less likely than gay men to trace their homosexuality back to their childhood.
C)The pathways to homosexuality appear to be somewhat different for females compared to males.
D)There is an increased rate of homosexuality among women exposed to high levels of androgen prenatally.

Question 77

Which component of emotion includes the subjective conscious experience of an emotion?

A)cognitive
B)behavioural
C)perceptual
D)physiological

Question 78

Approximately what percentage of the population can reasonably be characterized as homosexual?

A)1 percent-5 percent
B)5 percent-8 percent
C)10 percent-15 percent
D)20 percent-25 percent

Question 79

Craig has a desire to excel. Which of the following would also be said of Craig?

A)He is high in mastery motivation.
B)He is more likely to be talented than the average person.
C)He is more likely to be depressed than the average person.
D)He is high in achievement motivation.

Question 80

When selecting courses for the next year of school, Andrea scheduled all of her required courses and was left with one spot open for an elective course. If Andrea scores high in achievement motivation, which course would Andrea be most likely to select?

A)a course with very high expectations
B)a course with moderate expectations
C)a course that is rumoured to have very low average grades
D)a course that is graded on a pass/fail basis