Deck 11: B: Human Development Across the Life Span

Question 1

Which stage of prenatal development lasts from two months after conception through birth?

A)zygote
B)fetal
C)embryonic
D)germinal

Answer 1

fetal

Question 2

Which of the following does NOT occur during the final three months of prenatal development?

A)maturation of respiratory and digestive systems
B)rapid multiplication of brain cells
C)formation of a layer of fat under the skin
D)commencement of sex organ development

Answer 2

commencement of sex organ development

Question 3

During which stage of development does the cell mass that develops from the fertilized egg implant itself in the uterine wall?

A)embryonic
B)fetal
C)germinal
D)fertilization

Answer 3

germinal

Question 4

What is the term used to categorize alcohol, prescription drugs, environmental toxins and other substances that can harm a developing embryo or fetus?

A)tetrodotoxin
B)teratogen
C)semiochemical
D)maladaptation

Question 5

What is the likelihood that a fetus will survive if born at 26 weeks of gestation?

A)0 percent
B)10-20 percent
C)50 percent
D)75 percent

Question 6

Matthew has been diagnosed with attention-deficit disorder, and he generally has difficulty with executive functioning and problem solving. If it is known that Matthew was exposed to a drug during prenatal development, which of the following drugs would be most likely?

A)cocaine
B)heroin
C)barbiturates
D)marijuana

Question 7

What did the mother most likely do during pregnancy if a child is born with a small head, heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, and retarded mental and motor development,?

A)was severely malnourished
B)had a disease such as rubella, syphilis, or mumps
C)smoked excessively
D)consumed excessive amounts of alcohol

Question 8

Both Emma and Molly are pregnant. Currently Emma's pregnancy is in the shortest stage of prenatal development and Molly's is in the longest stage. Which stages are their pregnancies in?

A)Emma's is germinal; Molly's is fetal
B)Emma's is germinal; Molly's is embryonic
C)Emma's is embryonic; Molly's is fetal
D)Emma's is fetal; Molly's is germinal

Question 9

When during prenatal development does the placenta begin to form?

A)at conception
B)germinal stage
C)embryonic stage
D)fetal stage

Question 10

When is the embryonic stage of prenatal development?

A)the first two weeks after conception
B)the first three months after conception
C)from two weeks until the end of the second month after conception
D)from two months after conception through birth

Question 11

During which stage of prenatal development would you call the developing organism a zygote?

A)embryonic
B)conceptive
C)fetal
D)germinal

Question 12

During which stage of prenatal development would the developing organism be most vulnerable to the effects of a toxin or other environmental influence?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)germinal
D)last two months

Question 13

Carrie is pregnant, and her fetus has just reached the age of viability. What does this mean?

A)Her fetus is fully developed.
B)Her fetus is very likely to survive if born at this stage of development.
C)She is at least 8 months pregnant.
D)She is at least 22 weeks pregnant.

Question 14

What is the name for the one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg?

A)embryo
B)baby
C)fetus
D)zygote

Question 15

If the developing organism is about 2.5 cm long and has already developed most of the vital organs and bodily structures, which stage of prenatal development is just ending?

A)embryonic
B)germinal
C)zygote
D)fetal

Question 16

What is the sequence of phases during the approximately nine months of prenatal development?

A)germinal, fetal, embryonic
B)germinal, embryonic, fetal
C)embryonic, germinal, fetal
D)fertilization, germinal, fetal

Question 17

When is the germinal stage of prenatal development?

A)the first three months after conception
B)the first two weeks after conception
C)from two weeks until the end of the second month after conception
D)from two months after conception through birth

Question 18

Which structure passes oxygen and nutrients from the mother to a developing embryo?

A)pupa
B)zygote
C)amniotic sac
D)placenta

Question 19

Joyce was severely malnourished during her pregnancy. Which of the following risks is most likely for her child?

A)complications at birth and neurological deficits
B)heart defects and irritability
C)malformations of the arms and legs
D)attention deficit disorder and death from sudden infant death syndrome

Question 20

Which of the following is true of most prenatal dangers to the developing fetus?

A)They are related to maternal nutrition.
B)They are a problem only in developing countries.
C)They are preventable.
D)They are related to exposure to toxins.

Question 21

Which of the following early developmental factors has been associated with risk of heart disease in adulthood?

A)low birth weight
B)gestational diabetes
C)maternal stress
D)heroin exposure

Question 22

In Harlow's studies of attachment in infant monkeys, which 'mother' did the monkeys seek out when frightened or otherwise distressed?

A)the foster-mother
B)the cloth-covered mother
C)the natural mother
D)the feeding mother

Question 23

What does the proximodistal trend suggest about children gaining control of their bodies?

A)They control the extremities before their torso.
B)They control the upper body before their lower body.
C)They control the lower body before their upper body.
D)They control the torso before their extremities.

Question 24

Sophia is very worried about development of her daughter, especially with regard to major changes like rolling over, sitting up, and walking. Sophia has been given a list by her pediatrician indicating the median age at which children typically exhibit such abilities. Sophia's daughter typically exhibits the various abilities approximately one month after the ages noted on the list. What should Sophia's pediatrician tell her about her concerns?

A)Her daughter is still developing at a rate that is within the range of normal.
B)Her daughter may have some developmental disabilities.
C)Her daughter may be slightly delayed, but so long as she develops each of the skills, it doesn't matter if she matures a bit late.
D)Her daughter is perfectly normal, because the milestones are estimated for males.

Question 25

Young Benny can reach for his Cheerios with his arm, but cannot yet pick them up with his fingers and hands. Which developmental trend is illustrated by this example?

A)cephalocaudal
B)proximocaudal
C)cephalodistal
D)proximodistal

Question 26

According to Thomas and Chess' research on infant temperament, which type of temperament is most common?

A)anxious
B)difficult
C)easy
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 27

You're conducting a study to determine whether children can learn to use a new type of educational software on a touch-screen tablet computer. You try the software in a group of 10-year olds and a group of 8-year olds, and are surprised to find that the younger children perform better with the new software. You then find out that the younger group had been exposed to touch-screen tablets in the first grade, but the technology wasn't available when the older group had been in first grade. Which of the following effects has had an impact on your research results?

A)cohort effect
B)placebo effect
C)cross-sectional effect
D)artifact effect

Question 28

Jerome Kagan's research on temperament focused on children who displayed traits at opposite ends of a spectrum. What were these temperaments called?

A)easy or difficult
B)inhibited or uninhibited
C)secure or anxious
D)active or passive

Question 29

Which developmental trend predicts that children gain control of their movements from the centre of the body first, then outward to the extremities?

A)proximodistal
B)proximocaudal
C)cephalodistal
D)cephalocaudal

Question 30

Which of the following terms is defined as close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers?

A)temperament
B)disinhibition
C)bonding
D)attachment

Question 31

Children tend to gain control of the upper part of their bodies before the lower part. What is this pattern called?

A)maturational trend
B)proximodistal trend
C)cephalocaudal trend
D)developmental trend

Question 32

In a culture where infants are carried everywhere, what would you predict in terms of the age at which children begin to walk in that culture?

A)They will walk earlier than children in cultures where children are kept in the home.
B)They will walk at the same average age that children in all cultures begin to walk.
C)They will walk earlier than children in most cultures.
D)They will walk later than children in cultures with greater motor freedom.

Question 33

In order to determine whether a new teaching method is effective for children who struggle with math, you design a study where you implement the method with a group of 6-year olds, a group of 8-year olds, and a group of 10-year olds. What type of study is this?

A)naturalistic observation
B)longitudinal
C)experimental
D)cross-sectional

Question 34

Alice is a generally happy baby and until recently she interacted very well with anyone who would come to visit. She didn't mind being picked up or held by anyone, and she did not get upset if her mother left the room. Recently, however, she has been quite clingy with her mother and doesn't want to be held by people who are not really familiar to her. Which of the following age ranges fits Alice's behaviour?

A)2-4 months
B)6-8 months
C)9-11 months
D)12-15 months

Question 35

Ahlam is 10 years old and has serious emotional and behaviour problems that require counselling. Based on research conducted by Thomas and Chess, what type of temperament would Alham have been most likely to display in infancy?

A)easy
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)ambivalent
D)difficult

Question 36

Which of the following terms is defined as the characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant?

A)temperament
B)personality
C)behavioural qualities
D)attachment

Question 37

In order to determine whether early weaning has an influence on later personality, you design a study where you monitor 100 infants from the time they are born until they complete elementary school. What type of study is this?

A)cross-sectional
B)experimental
C)naturalistic observation
D)longitudinal

Question 38

Which of the following has been consistently demonstrated in research on infant attachment?

A)It is ambivalent in most mother-infant pairs.
B)It is nearly instantaneous, and infants show a profound preference for their mothers within days of birth.
C)It is not prominent during the early months of life, and during this time infants show little preference for their mothers.
D)It is truly seen only between infants and mothers, not other caregivers.

Question 39

What type of temperament would you say that one-year-old Jasmina has if the only information you have concerning her is that she is wary or hesitant when having a new experience?

A)a slow-to-warm-up temperament
B)an easy temperament
C)a difficult temperament
D)an anxious temperament

Question 40

You can expect your newborn niece to be able to raise her head when on her stomach before she can sit. Which of the following trends is illustrated by this example?

A)developmental
B)maturational
C)cephalocaudal
D)proximodistal

Question 41

Typically, during which stage of cognitive development are individuals concerned with the crisis of trust versus mistrust?

A)concrete operational
B)preoperational
C)sensorimotor
D)formal operational

Question 42

Which pattern of infant attachment is more common in Japan than in the United States?

A)secure attachment
B)insecure attachment
C)anxious-ambivalent attachment
D)avoidant attachment

Question 43

Which of the following is consistent with a stage theory approach to child development?

A)A child who is at one stage will be distinctly different from a child in a different stage.
B)Children will reach all stages, but may attain particular stages in any order.
C)Children change very gradually and there are no clear transition points between stages.
D)The age of a child is independent of the developmental stage that child is in.

Question 44

According to the concept of 'internal working models', how does infant attachment influence later social behaviour?

A)Secure attachment facilitates social bonds.
B)Infants learn how relationships work and apply that pattern to future interactions.
C)Attachment is genetically determined and pushes development in a particular direction.
D)Early negative treatment of infants makes them shy and withdrawn.

Question 45

According to Erik Erikson, which crisis or developmental stage will an infant successfully resolve if the infant's basic biological needs are met by others and sound attachments are formed during the first year of life?

A)trust versus mistrust
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)industry versus inferiority
D)initiative versus guilt

Question 46

According to Jean Piaget, what does assimilation involve?

A)interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them
B)the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what the learner can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners
C)the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
D)changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

Question 47

According to evolutionary theories of attachment, what is the function of various attachment styles?

A)Secure attachment facilitates social bonds.
B)Attachment enhances survival and reproductive success.
C)Attachment is a genetically determined process that guides development.
D)Avoidant attachment is maladaptive.

Question 48

What were Erik Erikson's stages of development associated with?

A)psychosocial crises
B)cognitive development
C)physical development
D)moral development

Question 49

One-year-old Beth will explore a room when her mother is present. She becomes upset when her mother leaves the room and is quickly calmed when her mother returns. Which type of attachment does Beth display?

A)an anxious-ambivalent attachment
B)an avoidant attachment
C)a disorganized-disoriented attachment
D)a secure attachment

Question 50

According to Erik Erikson's theory, if an elementary school-age child does poorly in school, and does not get along well with classmates, what is she likely to develop a sense of?

A)mistrust
B)inferiority
C)shame and doubt
D)industry

Question 51

Which of the following tends to be exhibited by children who were securely attached as infants?

A)gifted cognitive development
B)difficulty learning how to share
C)resistance to change
D)high self-esteem

Question 52

Typically, during which stage of cognitive development are individuals concerned with the crisis of initiative versus guilt?

A)preoperational
B)concrete operational
C)sensorimotor
D)formal operational

Question 53

Which of the following psychologists contributed significantly to our understanding of the cognitive development of children?

A)Erik Erikson
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Jean Piaget
D)Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 54

Five-year-old Stefan gets along well with his parents and siblings, has self-confidence, and believes that he is a good boy. Which crisis has Stefan recently resolved?

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)industry versus inferiority
C)initiative versus guilt
D)trust versus mistrust

Question 55

During Erik Erikson's crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt, a child should begin to take some responsibility for his feeding and dressing. As a result, the child should gain a sense of self-sufficiency. At what age does this stage occur?

A)1-3 years of age
B)2-5 years of age
C)3-6 years of age
D)4-7 years of age

Question 56

During Erik Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority, a child should learn to function well in the broader social structure of the neighbourhood and school. As a result, the child should gain a sense of competence. When does this stage occur?

A)birth-1 year of age
B)1-3 years of age
C)3-6 years of age
D)6 years of age through puberty

Question 57

Which type of attachment are infants more likely to exhibit when their mothers are inconsistent or insensitive in responding to their infants?

A)separation
B)especially strong
C)anxious-ambivalent
D)secure

Question 58

Based on the results of Harlow's studies of attachment in infant monkeys, which of the following aspects of a caregiver seems to be more important for the development of attachment in primates?

A)likelihood of punishment
B)mere presence
C)nutritional reward
D)comfort

Question 59

What type of attachment is associated with toddlers who exhibit little, if any, distress when their mothers leave the room?

A)anxious-ambivalent
B)avoidant
C)especially strong
D)secure

Question 60

One-year-old Beth will explore a room when her mother is present. She becomes upset when her mother leaves the room and is quickly calmed when her mother returns. What is the term used for this type of methodology if Beth is in a study where this pattern is repeated several times, while a researcher records Beth's response?

A)avoidance procedure
B)inhibition evaluation
C)temperament test
D)strange situation

Question 61

Which of Jean Piaget's stages is associated with the period of cognitive development that lasts from approximately birth to age two?

A)sensorimotor
B)concrete operational
C)preoperational
D)formal operational

Question 62

If a child says that the sun shines to keep him warm, what is the child exhibiting?

A)conservation
B)animism
C)centration
D)egocentrism

Question 63

When Gavin's mother made him a grilled cheese sandwich for lunch, Gavin complained that he wanted two sandwiches because he was super-hungry. After his mother cut his sandwich in half, Gavin was satisfied that he would have enough to eat. Which stage of cognitive development is Gavin in?

A)concrete operational
B)preoperational
C)formal operational
D)sensorimotor

Question 64

Two short, fat glasses with the same amount of water are placed in front of a group of children. The children watch as water is poured from one short, fat glass into a tall, skinny glass. The children are then asked, "Does the tall, skinny glass have the same, more, or less water than the short, fat glass?" Which of the following types of problem does this illustrate?

A)sensorimotor
B)object permanence
C)animism
D)conservation

Question 65

Jamie is trying to build a dog house, and she is very systematic and careful about planning how each piece will fit together and in what order she should assemble everything. She's never done this before but she has a logical plan to complete it. What stage of cognitive development has Jamie reached?

A)formal operational
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)sensorimotor

Question 66

Which of the following principles suggests that physical properties of substances, such as volume, number, and mass, remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance?

A)centration
B)conservation
C)egocentrism
D)object permanence

Question 67

If a ball that a five-month-old infant is playing with rolls under a chair (and out of sight), the infant will not look for it. According to Piaget, why does this occur?

A)The infant does not understand the concept of roll.
B)The infant has not developed conservation.
C)The infant has not developed object permanence.
D)The infant has a short attention span.

Question 68

Gianni watches as a researcher placed five toy dogs and three toy cats on a table. When the researcher asks Gianni if there are more dogs or more animals, Gianni correctly answers more animals. Which of the following operations does Gianni seem to understand, based on this answer?

A)centration
B)conservation
C)hierarchical classification
D)object permanence

Question 69

According to Jean Piaget, what does accommodation involve?

A)interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them
B)the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
C)the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what the learner can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners
D)changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

Question 70

Which of the following terms is used to describe theories including the concept of M-capacity, as proposed by Juan Pascual-Leone?

A)staircase theory
B)Piagetian theory
C)neo-Piagetian theory
D)formal-operational theory

Question 71

What do neo-Piagetian theories emphasize that is different from Piaget's original theory of cognitive development?

A)the importance of changes in skills like conservation
B)hierarchical classification of children's language skills
C)discrete stages of development that all children progress through in a predictable fashion
D)the role of information-processing concepts

Question 72

According to Jean Piaget's theory, when do children first show or develop object permanence?

A)formal operational stage
B)sensorimotor stage
C)preoperational stage
D)concrete operational stage

Question 73

What is the duration of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

A)birth-age 2
B)ages 2-7
C)ages 7-11
D)age 11 onward

Question 74

What is the correct order or sequence of Jean Piaget's stages?

A)sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational
B)preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
C)preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
D)sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 75

Two short, fat glasses with the same amount of water are placed in front of a group of children. The children watch as water is poured from one short, fat glass into a tall, skinny glass. The children are then asked, "Does the tall, skinny glass have the same, more, or less water than the short, fat glass?" At what stage of development would a child first be able to correctly answer that the glasses have equal amounts?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 76

During which stage of development do children first demonstrate a decline in egocentrism and a mastery of conservation?

A)concrete operational
B)sensorimotor
C)preoperational
D)formal operational

Question 77

What is the approximate duration of the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

A)birth-age 2
B)age 2-7
C)age 7-11
D)age 11 onward

Question 78

Benny has a sister and a brother. When someone asks Benny how many brothers his sister has, Benny says that she has one brother (rather than correctly saying that she has two brothers, including Benny). What does this example illustrate?

A)animism
B)egocentrism
C)abstract thought
D)centration

Question 79

Which stage of cognitive development lasts from approximately age 11 onward?

A)concrete operational
B)sensorimotor
C)preoperational
D)formal operational

Question 80

In what stage did Jean Piaget believe that children first become capable of hypothetical thinking?

A)concrete operational
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor