Deck 1: B: The Evolution of Psychology

Question 1

Which technique would you be using if you take a sip of a soft drink and concentrate on what you are experiencing (cold,bubbly,sweet,etc.)

A) empiricism
B) behaviourism 
C) introspection
D) functionalism

Answer 1

 introspection

Question 2

What are the two Greek words that make up "psychology"

A) psyche, meaning the brain and logos, referring to the study of a subject 
B) psyche, meaning the brain and logos, referring to research 
C) psyche, meaning the soul and logos, referring to the study of a subject 
D) psyche, meaning the soul and logos, referring to the history of a subject

Answer 2

 psyche, meaning the soul and logos, referring to the study of a subject 

Question 3

Which statement best describes the enduring influence of structuralism and functionalism on psychology today

A) Neither structuralism nor functionalism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology. 
B) Both structuralism and functionalism exerted equivalent influences on psychology. 
C) Structuralism has exerted the greatest influence on psychology. 
D) Functionalism has exerted the greatest influence on psychology.

Answer 3

 Functionalism has exerted the greatest influence on psychology.

Question 4

Which school of psychology stated that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose

A) humanism
B) functionalism 
C) behaviourism
D) structuralism

Question 5

What did William James believe should be the focus of psychology

A) the function or purpose of consciousness
B) basic elements of conscious experience 
C) observable behaviour
D) unconscious determinants of behaviour

Question 6

Which two disciplines provided foundations for the field of psychology

A) physiology and theology
B) physiology and sociology 
C) philosophy and physiology
D) sociology and philosophy

Question 7

Two scientists from another planet,Poz and Zog,visit earth and are attempting to study our computers.Poz focuses on how the computer is used for work and for play,while Zog concentrates on the construction of each component of the computer.If you were to compare their approaches to the original schools of psychology,which of the following analogies is most accurate

A) Poz's approach is similar to functionalism. 
B) Zog's approach is similar to behaviourism. 
C) Zog's approach is similar to psychoanalysis. 
D) Poz's approach is similar to structuralism.

Question 8

What technique would you be using if,while watching a sunset,you stop and analyze your sensations,thoughts,and feelings

A) dehaviourism
B) introspection 
C) psychoanalysis
D) functionalism

Question 9

While the term "psychology" has existed since at least the early 1700s,when did psychology come to be considered a science

A) the 1750s
B) the early 1800s 
C) the late 1800s
D) the 1940s

Question 10

Which school of psychology had a practical focus and was interested in how people adapted their behaviour to the demands of the world

A) functionalism
B) behaviourism 
C) psychoanalysis
D) structuralism

Question 11

Which individual is known as the founder of functionalism

A) Sigmund Freud
B) John Watson 
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) William James

Question 12

What did both Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener believe should be the focus of psychology

A) observable behaviour
B) the function or purpose of consciousness 
C) unconscious determinants of behaviour
D) basic elements of conscious experience

Question 13

Who is associated with the concept of "stream of consciousness"

A) William James
B) Wilhelm Wundt 
C) Sigmund Freud
D) John Watson

Question 14

Which statement does NOT accurately describe the Canadian Psychological Association

A) It was formed in 1939. 
B) It has mostly male members. 
C) It has over 7000 members and affiliates. 
D) It is Canada's largest organization for psychology.

Question 15

Which event marked the "birth" of psychology as a science

A) Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory for psychological research. 
B) Sigmund Freud first described the unconscious. 
C) Charles Darwin published the theory of natural selection. 
D) William James published the textbook Principles of Psychology.

Question 16

Who is known as the founder of behaviourism

A) John Watson
B) Carl Rogers 
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 17

How did Wilhelm Wundt define psychology

A) the scientific study of the unconscious 
B) the scientific study of conscious experience 
C) the scientific study of behaviour 
D) the scientific study of the brain

Question 18

Which school of psychology stated that the task of psychology is to analyze conscious experience into its basic elements

A) functionalism
B) psychoanalysis 
C) behaviourism
D) structuralism

Question 19

Which statement best illustrates the difference in psychology in Canada when compared to psychology in the United States

A) There are more psychologists per capita in Canada. 
B) The nature of the impact of Canadian cultural diversity on the area of cultural psychology differs to that in the United States. 
C) Psychologists in the United States receive better training. 
D) Canadian psychologists tend to place less emphasis on neuroscience than American psychologists.

Question 20

Who established the first experimental psychology lab in the British Empire at the University of Toronto in 1891

A) James Mark Baldwin
B) Donald Hebb 
C) William Wundt
D) Brenda Milner

Question 21

Which school of psychology is associated with B F Skinner

A) humanism
B) behaviourism 
C) psychoanalysis
D) functionalism

Question 22

Which school of psychology made a clear distinction between observable behaviours and unobservable thoughts and feelings

A) functionalism
B) behaviourism 
C) psychoanalysis
D) structuralism

Question 23

What did Sigmund Freud believe prevented us from being totally in control of our own minds

A) the physiological functioning of our bodies
B) environmental influences acting on us 
C) the unconscious
D) introspection

Question 24

If you wish to teach a child to pick up his toys,whose principles and techniques would be most useful

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) William James 
C) B F Skinner
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 25

Even though you know it isn't good for you,you just ate an entire large bag of chips.What would Sigmund Freud say is the cause of your behaviour

A) your unconscious mind 
B) your genetic influences 
C) your history of reinforcement and punishment 
D) your inability to think quickly

Question 26

Who was known for his concept of radical behaviourism

A) B F Skinner
B) Ivan Pavlov 
C) Edward Thorndike
D) John B. Watson

Question 27

If Dr.Meharry is a behaviourist,what would he most likely say is the cause of a child's disruptive behaviour in school

A) a combination of his genetic inheritance and his prior experiences 
B) his prior experiences 
C) his genetic inheritance 
D) a learning disability

Question 28

Which of the following did NOT have a significant influence on the development of Sigmund Freud's theory

A) the results of his experimental research 
B) his observation of the slips of the tongue people tend to make 
C) knowledge gained from his examination of his own anxieties, conflicts, and desires 
D) knowledge gained as a result of working with patients

Question 29

What did Sigmund Freud believe should be the focus of studies of personality,motivation,and mental disorders

A) observable behaviour
B) basic elements of conscious experience 
C) unconscious determinants of behaviour
D) the function or purpose of consciousness

Question 30

According to B.F.Skinner,if you study "extra hard" for your first psychology midterm and earn an "A," what would you do for your next psychology midterm

A) reduce your study time by approximately 50 percent 
B) continue to study "extra hard" 
C) devote all of your study time to your other courses 
D) reduce your study time by approximately 25 percent

Question 31

Who believed that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes

A) Sigmund Freud
B) B F Skinner 
C) William James
D) Carl Rogers

Question 32

Lisa taught her son to buckle his seatbelt quickly after getting into the car by allowing him to play one of his CDs on the car stereo only after he was buckled up.Which school of psychology would most endorse this method

A) cognitive psychology
B) humanism 
C) biological psychology
D) behaviourism

Question 33

What did John Watson believe should be the focus of psychology

A) unconscious determinants of behaviour
B) observable behaviour 
C) basic elements of conscious experience
D) the function or purpose of consciousness

Question 34

How did John Watson define psychology

A) the scientific study of the brain 
B) the scientific study of the unconscious 
C) the scientific study of behaviour 
D) the scientific study of conscious experience

Question 35

Who would be most likely to focus on your thoughts,memories,and desires that are outside of conscious rational processes

A) B F Skinner
B) Sigmund Freud 
C) John Watson
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 36

Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that psychoanalysis was controversial when it was first developed

A) its focus on the unconscious
B) its lack of experimental research 
C) its emphasis on sexual issues
D) its focus on abnormal behaviour

Question 37

Who was forced to resign from Johns Hopkins University because of a scandal related to his personal life and then went on to become successful in the business world and,ironically,the first 'pop' psychologist

A) Carl Rogers
B) John Watson 
C) Sigmund Freud
D) B F Skinner

Question 38

Who is NOT one of the women pioneers in Canadian psychology

A) Mary Salter Ainsworth
B) Karen Horney 
C) Doreen Kimura
D) Mary Wright

Question 39

Which school of psychology was most influential in increasing the use of animals in psychological research

A) structuralism
B) humanism 
C) behaviourism
D) animalism

Question 40

Which statement would Skinner most likely disagree with

A) Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes. 
B) Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes. 
C) All behaviour is governed by external consequences. 
D) Individuals have free will.

Question 41

Upon reflecting upon your own behaviour,you conclude that you behave in a very predictable fashion.You feel that you don't really choose your behaviours freely or consciously.Rather,you believe that your behaviour is controlled by what has happened to you in the past.Which theorist would be most likely to agree with you

A) B F Skinner
B) Edward Titchener 
C) Carl Rogers
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 42

Which type of psychologist is most likely to study decision making,reasoning,problem solving,and language

A) an evolutionary psychologist
B) a cognitive psychologist 
C) a behavioural psychologist
D) a biological psychologist

Question 43

Which major historical event influenced the development of psychology as a profession

A) World War II
B) the Cold War of the 1950s 
C) World War I
D) the Great Depression of the 1930s

Question 44

Who was NOT one of the founders of the positive psychology movement

A) Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
B) Carl Rogers 
C) Martin Seligman
D) Barbara Fredrickson

Question 45

Where was the first experimental psychology laboratory in Canada established in 1891

A) University of Toronto
B) Dalhousie University 
C) University of Alberta
D) McGill University

Question 46

Which pair of terms reflects the observation that "psychology returned to its roots" in the latter part of the 20th century

A) cognitive perspective and humanism 
B) cognitive perspective and biological perspective 
C) biological perspective and humanism 
D) cultural perspective and biological perspective

Question 47

Which of the following would both Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow agree with

A) People have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth. 
B) Human behaviour is entirely shaped by environmental events. 
C) People are controlled by genetic forces and do not tend to change across the life span. 
D) Human behaviour is largely determined by primitive sexual urges.

Question 48

What did many psychologists begin to specialize in after World War II

A) clinical psychology
B) experimental psychology 
C) industrial psychology
D) research psychology

Question 49

Which area of psychology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

A) applied psychology
B) clinical psychology 
C) medical psychology
D) research psychology

Question 50

What is the focus of applied psychology

A) pure science research 
B) unique qualities of people 
C) practical problems 
D) mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

Question 51

Which psychological perspective emerged in the 1950s and 1960s,and reflected a renewed interest in the study of the mind or consciousness

A) the mental perspective
B) the philosophical perspective 
C) the biological perspective
D) the cognitive perspective

Question 52

Which school of psychology would be least likely to compare humans to other animals

A) behaviourism
B) functionalism 
C) humanism
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 53

Dr.LeBlanc became a psychologist in 1925.Which type of psychologists is Dr.LeBlanc most likely to be

A) a counselling psychologist
B) an experimental psychologist 
C) an applied psychologist
D) a clinical psychologist

Question 54

If you were to ask a cognitive psychologist about her current research,which of the following is most likely to be the topic

A) unconscious emotional conflicts
B) problem solving 
C) the influence of hormones on behaviour
D) common attitudes across cultures

Question 55

Imagine that you are a psychologist,and your major goal is to help people reach their potential.Which school of psychology do you endorse with that statement

A) structuralism
B) humanism 
C) psychoanalysis
D) behaviourism

Question 56

Who is considered a humanistic psychologist

A) Carl Rogers
B) Wilhelm Wundt 
C) B F Skinner
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 57

Where was the first psychology course offered at a Canadian university in 1838

A) Saint Mary's University
B) Dalhousie University 
C) Western University
D) McGill University

Question 58

What is NOT one of the three areas of interest in positive psychology

A) the study of positive subjective experiences 
B) psychological treatment for depression and anxiety 
C) the study of positive individual traits 
D) positive institutions and communities

Question 59

Tracey is conducting research on children's learning styles,and her research is used to help create new teaching activities in daycare centres.Which category would Tracey's research fit into best

A) clinical psychology
B) applied psychology 
C) behaviourism
D) functionalism

Question 60

Which school of psychology believes people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth and that we have free will

A) psychoanalysis
B) cognitive psychology 
C) humanism
D) behaviourism

Question 61

What do evolutionary psychologists focus on when they study behavioural processes

A) adaptive value of the behaviour
B) influence on intelligence 
C) hormonal substrate
D) cognitive correlates

Question 62

According to a 2011 study by Statistics Canada,what percentage of Canadians were born outside of Canada

A) 6 percent
B) 10 percent 
C) 15 percent
D) 20 percent

Question 63

Imagine that you are a graduate student in Montreal in the 1940s.You work under the supervision of a very influential researcher who published The Organization of Behavior,which provided an integrative approach to psychology.Which of the following are you likely to be researching

A) history and systems of psychology
B) child development 
C) brain mechanisms of behaviour
D) memory and problem solving

Question 64

In promoting positive psychology,what did Seligman suggest had been the historical focus of the field of psychology

A) pathology, weakness, and damage
B) genetic and physiological influences 
C) animal, child, and disordered behaviour
D) behaviourism and psychoanalysis

Question 65

According to the biological perspective,what must psychologists focus on to fully understand behaviour

A) the interrelations among the mind, body, and behaviour 
B) internal mental events 
C) the adaptive value of a behaviour 
D) the role of the unconscious

Question 66

What has become the most recent focus of attention for psychologists

A) unconscious mechanisms
B) intelligence 
C) emotions
D) culture

Question 67

In addition to being a science,what is the other aspect of the field of psychology,according to your textbook's definition

A) career
B) profession 
C) philosophy
D) art

Question 68

Terry is interested in doing research on creativity.She really wants to be able to help people develop their creativity,so that they can improve their own lives.Which type of psychology is Terry interested in

A) educational psychology
B) positive psychology 
C) functional psychology
D) clinical psychology

Question 69

Which psychological perspective emerged in the 1950s and 1960s and reflected a renewed interest in the study of the physiological bases of behaviour

A) the philosophical perspective
B) the biological perspective 
C) the mental perspective
D) the cognitive perspective

Question 70

What are currently the two largest areas of specialization in research-oriented psychology

A) clinical and counselling psychology
B) developmental and clinical psychology 
C) social and counselling psychology
D) developmental and social psychology

Question 71

What is NOT a major area of specialization in research psychology

A) industrial/organizational psychology
B) social psychology 
C) personality psychology
D) psychometrics

Question 72

Which psychological perspective is most likely to focus on the interrelations among the mind,body,and behaviour

A) the biological perspective
B) the cognitive perspective 
C) the behavioural perspective
D) the evolutionary perspective

Question 73

What is a psychologist who focuses attention on cultural diversity least likely to do

A) document differences among varying cultures 
B) test the generality of earlier findings to other cultures 
C) document similarities among varying cultures 
D) identify deficiencies in other cultures

Question 74

Dr Tanaka hypothesizes that men and women have subtle differences in cognition because historically men and women have had different roles and challenges.This led to different traits and abilities being adaptive for men and women.What type of psychologist is Dr.Tanaka

A) a behaviourist
B) a cognitive psychologist 
C) a humanist
D) an evolutionary psychologist

Question 75

Which of the following represents a major focus of psychology in both the 19th century and now

A) the role of unconscious conflicts 
B) a focus on biological bases for behaviour 
C) identifying the smallest units of conscious experience 
D) striving for self-actualization

Question 76

Which term refers to the study of ethics in neuroscience

A) psychoneuroimmunology
B) neurotheology 
C) neuroethics
D) social justice

Question 77

Approximately what percentage of psychologists work in colleges and universities

A) 10 percent
B) 30 percent 
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT included in your textbook's definition of psychology

A) Psychology is a profession that solves practical problems. 
B) Psychology is a science. 
C) Psychology studies behaviour including physiological and cognitive processes. 
D) Psychology primarily studies the unconscious mind.

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT an example of a positive subjective experience or emotion

A) gratitude
B) pride 
C) hope
D) happiness

Question 80

Which area of psychology is consistent with the following hypothesis: "We learn quickly about dangerous situations because we have inherited traits that keep us safe and increase the likelihood that we will survive to reproduce."

A) humanism
B) cultural psychology 
C) biological psychology
D) evolutionary psychology