Deck 10: B: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Which of the following is defined as an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour

A) motive
B) drive 
C) need
D) incentive

Answer 1

 incentive

Question 2

According to drive theory of motivation,if you drink water when you are thirsty,then what is the result of drinking

A) need reduction and physiological equilibrium 
B) drive reduction and physiological equilibrium 
C) drive production and an incentive 
D) need production and an incentive

Answer 2

 drive reduction and physiological equilibrium 

Question 3

What could you call a promise of a bonus of $100 for completing a work assignment before a deadline

A) a reward
B) an incentive 
C) a motive
D) drive reduction

Answer 3

 an incentive 

Question 4

Damien went outside without his jacket on,and he is feeling very cold.His body temperature has started to drop as a result of the ambient temperature.As a result of this disruption to homeostasis,what should increase in strength

A) emotion
B) incentive 
C) drive
D) motive

Question 5

What are motives

A) biological factors that influence ability 
B) needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel behaviour in certain directions 
C) social factors that promote success 
D) drives and incentives that make certain goals more interesting than others

Question 6

William's fat cells throughout his body have produced high levels of leptin which are now in his bloodstream.What is William most likely to report

A) He feels happy.
B) He does not feel hungry. 
C) He feels angry.
D) He feels hungry.

Question 7

Of the brain structures listed below,which one do scientists currently believe plays a larger role than the other structures in the modulation of hunger

A) arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
B) ventromedial hypothalamus 
C) paraventricular hypothalamus
D) lateral hypothalamus

Question 8

According to the expectancy-value model of motivation,which individual is likely to be most motivated to apply for a scholarship

A) Evan, who has good grades, can apply for a scholarship worth $4000. 
B) Fred, who has good grades, can apply for a scholarship worth $500. 
C) Gina, who has poor grades, can apply for a scholarship worth $4000. 
D) Hal, who has poor grades, can apply for a scholarship worth $500.

Question 9

Where in the brain would a lesion result in dramatic increases in weight

A) hippocampus
B) ventromedial hypothalamus 
C) central gyrus
D) dorsal amygdala

Question 10

Ray tends to be involved in everything! He belongs to a variety of clubs and he spends a lot of time with friends and colleagues.He really wants to get along with people and he seeks out the opinions and approval of those around him.Which motive does Ray's behaviour represent

A) nurturance motive
B) affiliation motive 
C) order motive
D) autonomy motive

Question 11

According to evolutionary theories of motivation,what is the result of motivated behaviour

A) restored homeostasis
B) maximized reproductive success 
C) reduced biological needs
D) reduced incentives

Question 12

Which of the following is defined as an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension

A) emotion
B) motive 
C) drive
D) incentive

Question 13

According to contemporary theories of hunger,what is the main focus of research on the hypothalamus

A) anatomical centres
B) destruction 
C) neural circuits
D) stimulation

Question 14

When you are engaging in goal-directed behaviour,what are you experiencing

A) an incentive
B) drive reduction 
C) emotion
D) motivation

Question 15

Which of the following is secreted by an empty stomach to cause stomach contractions and promote hunger

A) insulin
B) leptin 
C) CCK
D) ghrelin

Question 16

After food is consumed,what information is transmitted to the brain by the vagus nerve

A) relative water content
B) stretching of the stomach wall 
C) the nutrient content of the food
D) glucose levels

Question 17

What differs between the perspective of evolutionary theorists and many other motivation theorists regarding the nature of social motives

A) Most motivation theorists lump all motives together and don't distinguish between biological and social motives. 
B) Most motivation theorists consider social motives to be innate, rather than learned. 
C) Evolutionary theorists explain social and biological motives in terms of their adaptive value. 
D) Evolutionary theorists argue that biological motives are more important than social motives.

Question 18

According to the expectancy-value model of motivation,which individual is likely to be most motivated to study for an upcoming exam

A) Ashley, who usually gets good grades, for an exam worth 40 percent of her grade 
B) Ben, who usually gets good grades, for an exam worth 10 percent of his grade 
C) Cam, who usually gets poor grades, for an exam worth 40 percent of his grade 
D) Dee, who usually gets poor grades, for an exam worth 10 percent of her grade

Question 19

Which hormone allows the cells in your body to extract glucose from your blood

A) insulin
B) leptin 
C) CCK
D) ghrelin

Question 20

Damien went outside without his jacket on,and he is feeling very cold.His body temperature has started to drop as a result of the ambient temperature.What has been disrupted by the cold temperature

A) incentives
B) motives 
C) homeostasis
D) emotional regulation

Question 21

According to Statistics Canada (2015),which statements best reflects the activity level of children in Canada

A) Most school-aged children are involved in organized sports. 
B) Most school-aged children are meeting Canadian physical activity guidelines. 
C) Males are more vulnerable to inactivity than females. 
D) Canadian kids are spending two-thirds of their waking hours being sedentary.

Question 22

Which statement best reflects the gender disparities observed in regard to a willingness to engage in casual sex

A) Females are more likely to agree to casual sex than males. 
B) Males are more likely to agree to casual sex than females. 
C) Females are no more or less likely to agree to casual sex than males. 
D) There is insufficient data on this subject to draw conclusions.

Question 23

Which tendency seems to characterize the key problem with restrained eaters

A) Their perceptions of their own bodies are very distorted and exaggerated. 
B) They are likely to be hospitalized as a result of avoiding food. 
C) They tend to think of food related behaviour as either good or bad, with nothing in between. 
D) They don't perceive the incentive cues associated with food.

Question 24

Kathy has lost 12 kilograms recently through dieting.Which theory suggests that she will have the greatest difficulty keeping the weight off because her metabolism has decreased to maintain the fat stores in her body

A) set-point theory
B) dietary restraint theory 
C) evolutionary theory
D) settling-point theory

Question 25

Which measure do many experts today prefer to use to assess obesity

A) weight
B) percent body fat 
C) body mass index
D) waist-to-hip ratio

Question 26

Dan has a body mass index of 31.Which category describes Dan

A) underweight
B) normal weight 
C) overweight
D) obese

Question 27

What is a refractory period

A) a time before orgasm during which the individual is unresponsive to stimulation 
B) a time following orgasm during which the individual is unresponsive to further stimulation 
C) a time when sexual arousal reaches its peak intensity and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsate through the pelvic area 
D) a time following orgasm when blood vessels become engorged

Question 28

What approximate percentage of the Canadian population is categorized as obese

A) less than 5 percent
B) 10 percent 
C) 15 percent
D) over 20 percent

Question 29

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the upper intestines that tends to diminish feelings of hunger

A) CCK
B) glucose 
C) insulin
D) leptin

Question 30

What was the topic of ground-breaking research conducted by Masters and Johnson

A) the physiology of the human sexual response 
B) the psychology of the human sexual response 
C) sexual preferences 
D) sexual orientation

Question 31

Which of the following is a hormone produced by fat cells that tends to diminish feelings of hunger when at high levels

A) insulin
B) glucose 
C) leptin
D) ghrelin

Question 32

Which pair of individuals is expected to be most similar in body mass index

A) identical twins reared apart
B) an adopted child and the adoptive parent 
C) a husband and wife
D) fraternal twins reared together

Question 33

During which phase of the human sexual response cycle would you expect to find both increases and decreases in vaginal lubrication

A) orgasm
B) excitement 
C) resolution
D) plateau

Question 34

If you were to test the preferences of a newborn infant,which flavour would be most preferred

A) bland
B) high fat 
C) sweet
D) salty

Question 35

According to incentive models of hunger,are people likely to eat less or more when they eat at a buffet with an abundance of diverse foods to select from

A) more, independent of gender
B) less, independent of gender 
C) more but only if they are male
D) more but only if they are female

Question 36

Greta is concerned that she'll run out of snacks at her party.Which strategy should Greta use to cause people to eat a bit less of the snacks

A) Put many different varieties of snacks out at once. 
B) Only put snacks down in front of groups, rather than individuals. 
C) Combine several types of snacks in a single bowl. 
D) Put the snacks in small bowls rather than large bowls.

Question 37

Dave has a body mass index of 24.Which category describes Dave

A) underweight
B) normal weight 
C) overweight
D) obese

Question 38

Denise has a body mass index of 25.Which category describes Denise

A) underweight
B) normal weight 
C) overweight
D) obese

Question 39

Dr.Mak suggests that when food is readily available,people tend to overeat rather than show restraint.He also states that humans don't have a good mechanism for determining how much food is "enough" and instead we tend to eat until we are uncomfortable rather than until we eat enough to sustain our immediate needs.Which approach is Dr.Mak's view most consistent with

A) evolutionary approach
B) drive-reduction approach 
C) environmental cues approach
D) biological approach

Question 40

Bob is overweight and a chronic dieter.According to the dietary restraint proposal,how is Bob likely to be characterized

A) a restrained eater
B) a variable set-point individual 
C) a fixed set-point individual
D) physically inactive

Question 41

Which areas of the brain are activated when someone has been rejected or ostracized

A) areas associated with planning 
B) areas associated with language and audition 
C) areas that are dense with mirror neurons 
D) areas associated with pain perception

Question 42

What is the period of time following orgasm during which males are highly unresponsive to further stimulation

A) passive phase
B) recovery period 
C) refractory period
D) plateau phase

Question 43

Pat's sexual arousal just reached its peak intensity and was discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsated through the pelvic area.What phase of the human sexual response did Pat just experience

A) plateau
B) pinnacle 
C) resolution
D) orgasm

Question 44

During which phase of the human sexual response are male and female differences in response most pronounced

A) orgasm phase
B) resolution -phase 
C) excitement phase
D) plateau phase

Question 45

PsychDate is a new online dating website that allows psychology majors to find and date other psychology majors.On this website,you have the opportunity to view a variety of different profiles and pictures of people you may wish to date.You may also send and receive messages with other users.Based on parental investment theory,what should you predict about the behaviour of female users of the website

A) They will be choosier than males about who they are willing to respond to. 
B) They will send more flirtatious messages than males do. 
C) They will prefer choosing multiple dates rather than trying to find one ideal date. 
D) They will be more focused on the appearance of potential dates than on other characteristics.

Question 46

According to parental investment theory,what should women place more emphasis on when choosing a potential mate,compared to men

A) height
B) attractiveness 
C) youthfulness
D) social status

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT suggested by parental investment theory

A) Males and females may develop different mating strategies. 
B) Human females can optimize their reproductive potential by mating with as many males as possible. 
C) Human males compete with other males for the "commodity" of reproductive opportunities. 
D) Human males are required to invest little in the production of offspring.

Question 48

What would you expect of someone with a strong affiliation motive

A) joining a lot of clubs
B) gossiping about others online 
C) needing "alone time" after a busy day
D) high sex drive

Question 49

According to facial feedback hypothesis,what physical process leads to one's conscious experience of emotions

A) restored homeostasis 
B) muscular feedback from one's own facial expressions 
C) vascular feedback from one's own facial expressions 
D) muscular feedback from one's perception of the facial expressions of the people we are interacting with

Question 50

According to research,which statement best reflects the accuracy of the polygraph in detecting lies

A) not at all accurate
B) accuracy has been exaggerated 
C) relatively accurate
D) accurate 90% of the time

Question 51

Ted is experiencing an erection as a result of sexual arousal.Which mechanism causes Ted's erection

A) vasocongestion
B) muscular tension 
C) decreased blood pressure
D) refraction

Question 52

In Buss's study on sex differences in human mate selection,what was consistent across cultures

A) the value women place on a man's physical attractiveness 
B) the value placed on female chastity (or lack of previous sexual intercourse) 
C) the value women place on a man's social status and financial prospects 
D) the value placed on kindness, dependability, and emotional stability

Question 53

PsychDate is a new online dating website that allows psychology majors to find and date other psychology majors.On this website,you have the opportunity to view a variety of different profiles and pictures of people you may wish to date.You may also send and receive messages with other users.Based on parental investment theory,what should you predict about the behaviour of male users of the website

A) They will be choosier than females about who they are willing to respond to. 
B) They will be more focused on the appearance of potential dates, before other characteristics. 
C) They will prefer choosing one ideal date rather than trying to find one multiple dates. 
D) They will be less likely to respond to messages, compared to females.

Question 54

In Buss's study on cross-cultural sex differences in human mate selection,which sex difference was consistently reported

A) Males place a higher value on partners' social status. 
B) Males place a higher value on partners' ambition. 
C) Males place a higher value on partners' physical appearance. 
D) Males place a higher value on partners' kindness.

Question 55

If you ask most people what leads to happiness,they will likely tell you money,children,good health,or attractiveness.Does the research support this common-sense approach to happiness

A) Empirical research supports these assertions. 
B) Empirical research does not support these assertions. 
C) There is not enough research on this subject matter to make conclusions. 
D) The only one of these elements which has been supported by research data is that having children will make people happier.

Question 56

According to Baumeister and Leary (1995),"human beings have a pervasive need to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting,positive,and significant interpersonal relationships." What do they call this hypothesis

A) belongingness hypothesis
B) bonding hypothesis 
C) attachment hypothesis
D) affiliation hypothesis

Question 57

According to parental investment theory,how can human males maximize their reproductive potential

A) actively contributing to the care of their offspring 
B) being highly selective in mating 
C) mating with as many females as possible 
D) seeking partners who have strength and agility

Question 58

Which individual would experience a relatively slow or gradual reduction in sexual tension during the resolution phase of the human sexual response

A) a relatively inexperienced individual 
B) an individual who did not experience an orgasm 
C) a woman 
D) a man

Question 59

Penny was given a psychological test when she attended her appointment at the health clinic.The administrator asked Penny to look at an ambiguous picture of a man working at a desk and a woman seated in a chair staring off into space.She was then asked to write a story about what was happening in the scene and how the characters were feeling.What kind of test was administered

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 
B) Thematic Apperception Test 
C) Rorschach Projective Test 
D) Personal Orientation Inventory

Question 60

According to evolutionary theory,what is more valued in a potential mate by men,rather than women

A) ambition
B) youthfulness 
C) intelligence
D) social status

Question 61

Which component of emotion includes the subjective conscious experience of an emotion

A) cognitive component
B) behavioural component 
C) perceptual component
D) physiological component

Question 62

When selecting courses for the next year of school,Andrea scheduled all of her required courses and was left with one spot open for an elective course.If Andrea scores high in achievement motivation,which course would Andrea be most likely to select

A) a course with very high expectations 
B) a course with moderate expectations 
C) a course that is rumoured to have very low average grades 
D) a course that is graded on a pass/fail basis

Question 63

Which pattern reflects the overall relationship between emotions and levels of motivation

A) It is a bidirectional relationship, in that motivation influences emotions and emotions also affect motivation. 
B) Motivation leads to changes in emotion, but not the other way around. 
C) They are independent experiences of the same event having no influence on each other. 
D) Emotions lead to changes in motivation, but not the other way around.

Question 64

Which statement does NOT accurately describe female homosexuality

A) Lesbian women are more likely to have a stable orientation across their life span, compared to gay men. 
B) Lesbian women are less likely than gay men to trace their homosexuality back to their childhood. 
C) The pathways to homosexuality appear to be somewhat different for females compared to males. 
D) There is an increased rate of homosexuality among women exposed to high levels of androgen prenatally.

Question 65

If Ted is a gay man,then of the following individuals,who is most likely to also be gay

A) Ted's uncle Alan
B) Ted's adoptive brother Bob 
C) Ted's fraternal twin brother Chuck
D) Ted's identical twin brother Don

Question 66

Craig has a desire to excel.Which of the following would also be said of Craig

A) He is high in mastery motivation. 
B) He is more likely to be talented than the average person. 
C) He is more likely to be depressed than the average person. 
D) He is high in achievement motivation.

Question 67

Approximately what percentage of the Canadian population self-report as homosexual

A) 1-5 percent
B) 5-10 percent 
C) 10-15 percent
D) 20-25 percent

Question 68

After viewing a picture of a boy batting in a baseball game,what would an individual high in affiliation motivation be most likely to describe in a projective test

A) The boy hits a home run to win the game. 
B) The boy is playing on a summer league team with his best friends from his school. 
C) The boy is hit in the head by a pitch and suffers a concussion. 
D) The boy is nervous because he struck out at the last game.

Question 69

What are the two primary situational factors that influence achievement behaviour

A) the incentive value of success and the individual's achievement motivation 
B) the probability of success and probability of failure 
C) the probability of success and the individual's achievement motivation 
D) the probability of success and incentive value of success

Question 70

Which term is defined as a person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same,the other,or either sex

A) gender orientation
B) gender preference 
C) sexual orientation
D) sexuality

Question 71

After viewing a picture of a boy batting in a baseball game,which story would an individual high in achievement motivation be most likely to describe in a projective test

A) The boy hits a home run to win the game. 
B) They boy strikes out and is yelled at by his coach. 
C) The boy is hit in the head by a pitch and suffers a concussion. 
D) The boy argues with the umpire over a called strike.

Question 72

Which pattern reflects the relationship between task difficulty and satisfaction,for people with high achievement motivation

A) It is a negative correlation. 
B) They are independent features of the task. 
C) It is a positive correlation. 
D) It is a causal relationship.

Question 73

Which theory has been supported by research concerning the origins of sexual orientation

A) behavioural theory
B) cognitive theory 
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) biological theory

Question 74

Which pattern characterizes the distinction between heterosexual and homosexual orientations

A) They are each midpoints on their own scales, and cannot be directly compared. 
B) They have no clear distinguishing characteristics other than self-report. 
C) They are endpoints on a continuum, with intermediate orientations in between. 
D) They are mutually exclusive categories, with clear boundaries.

Question 75

What is the orientation of an individual who prefers and seeks emotional and sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex

A) homosexual
B) unisexual 
C) heterosexual
D) bisexual

Question 76

If you know a man who has a homosexual orientation,what could you reasonably predict about him

A) He has been attracted only to members of the same sex. 
B) He has had awareness of the orientation since childhood. 
C) His pathway to becoming a homosexual is very similar to that of a female who is homosexual. 
D) His circulating hormone levels differ from someone else of the same sex.

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of people high in achievement motivation

A) a tendency to work hard on tasks 
B) a tendency to delay gratification in order to pursue long-term goals 
C) a tendency to respond poorly to negative feedback 
D) a tendency to be persistent on tasks

Question 78

Because Pietro is high in his need for achievement,which characteristic is Pietro least likely to exhibit

A) a desire to help others reach their goals
B) a desire to excel 
C) a desire to master difficult challenges
D) a desire to outperform others

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of emotion

A) behavioural component
B) perceptual component 
C) cognitive component
D) physiological component

Question 80

Which motive is defined as the need to master difficult challenges,outperform others,and meet high standards of excellence

A) mastery motive
B) affiliation motive 
C) achievement motive
D) autonomy motive