Deck 11: A: Human Development Across the Life Span

Question 1

During which stage of development do the heart,spine,and brain emerge

A) placental 
B) postnatal 
C) embryonic 
D) fetal

Answer 1

 embryonic 

Question 2

Chelsey is pregnant.She is concerned about taking an over-the-counter medication for her allergies.In which stage of prenatal development should she be most concerned

A) fetal 
B) germinal 
C) embryonic 
D) placental

Answer 2

 embryonic 

Question 3

What is the age of viability

A) when the fetus can first respond to stimulation; at about 9 weeks 
B) when the fetus first has a heartbeat; at about 16 weeks 
C) when the fetus can survive if born prematurely; between 22 and 26 weeks 
D) when the fetus experiences no further cell division in the brain; between 36 and 38 weeks

Answer 3

 when the fetus can survive if born prematurely; between 22 and 26 weeks 

Question 4

Avery is excited by the fact that she has begun to feel her baby kicking and moving in her uterus.In what stage must Avery's pregnancy be if she can feel her baby moving

A) fetal 
B) neonatal 
C) germinal 
D) embryonic

Question 5

What is the third stage of prenatal development,which lasts from two months through birth

A) postnatal 
B) postgerminal 
C) fetal 
D) embryonic

Question 6

Felicia is pregnant,and her blood pressure has become dangerously high.Her doctor wants to deliver her baby by Caesarean section,even though Felicia is only 27 weeks pregnant.What is the likelihood of survival if Felicia's baby is delivered at this point in her pregnancy

A) less than a 10 percent chance of survival 
B) approximately a 25 percent chance of survival 
C) at least a 75 percent chance of survival 
D) virtually a 100 percent chance of survival

Question 7

Traditionally,psychologists have been interested in development during childhood.What has changed about the focus of developmental psychology in recent decades

A) The focus has shifted toward the prenatal period. 
B) The focus has expanded to include adolescence. 
C) The focus has expanded to include the whole life span. 
D) The focus has shifted toward infancy.

Question 8

What are developmental changes

A) behavioural changes that take place as people mature 
B) biological changes that are predetermined based on genotype 
C) changes in social behaviour that indicate underlying cognitive abilities 
D) biological and behavioural changes that occur across the life span

Question 9

If a baby is born prematurely and survives,then which developmental stage must that baby have been in

A) germinal 
B) postnatal 
C) fetal 
D) embryonic

Question 10

What is the longest stage of prenatal development

A) embryonic 
B) fetal 
C) zygotic 
D) germinal

Question 11

What is smallest unit that contains all of the DNA for a human

A) the zygote 
B) the embryo 
C) the fetus 
D) the chromosome

Question 12

Systems in the body develop at different rates during pregnancy.At what pace of growth will any mechanical or chemical interference with prenatal development have the most serious impact on a developing system

A) when it is not growing at all 
B) when it is growing slowly 
C) when it is growing at a constant pace 
D) when it is growing rapidly

Question 13

Which terms are used to describe the cluster of developing human cells prior to implantation in the uterine wall,and then after implantation

A) zygote, then embryo 
B) fetus, then zygote 
C) zygote, then fetus 
D) embryo, then fetus

Question 14

What aspect of development is included in the embryonic stage of prenatal development

A) formation of a zygote 
B) implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall 
C) second through eighth weeks of prenatal development 
D) last seven months of the pregnancy

Question 15

At what stage does the developing human organism become capable of physical movement

A) germinal 
B) postnatal 
C) fetal 
D) embryonic

Question 16

Penny conceived a baby seven days ago,and she does not yet know she is pregnant.In what stage is her pregnancy

A) germinal 
B) embryonic 
C) placental 
D) fetal

Question 17

What is the structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass from the mother to the fetus

A) placenta 
B) uterus 
C) zygote 
D) amnion

Question 18

During which stage of prenatal development are most miscarriages likely to occur

A) zygotic stage 
B) embryonic stage 
C) fetal stage 
D) germinal stage

Question 19

What is the first stage of prenatal development

A) germinal 
B) fetal 
C) embryonic 
D) postnatal

Question 20

How do psychologists define development

A) the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from birth to adulthood 
B) the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death 
C) changes across the life span that result due to learning and socialization 
D) maturity associated with adulthood

Question 21

What is the third stage of prenatal development

A) fetal 
B) germinal 
C) zygotic 
D) embryonic

Question 22

Which statement best describes cross-cultural development of motor skills

A) Rates vary somewhat across cultures, suggesting that genetic factors can slow or accelerate early motor development. 
B) Rates do not vary across cultures, suggesting that genetic factors alone determine early motor development. 
C) Rates do not vary within cultures, suggesting that environmental factors alone determine early motor development. 
D) Rates vary somewhat across cultures, suggesting that environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development.

Question 23

What is the relationship between gestational exposure to air pollution and cognitive development in children

A) There is no relationship, because pollution does not cross the placenta. 
B) There is no known effect of pollution on cognitive development. 
C) Exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of attention deficit disorder. 
D) Exposure to air pollution is associated with impaired cognitive development by age five.

Question 24

What differs between the "older" understanding of maturation and the "newer" version

A) We now know that maturation is simply the systematic unfolding of a genetic program. 
B) We now know that maturation requires the active participation of the infant. 
C) Recent evidence suggests that maturation is more of a "blank slate" than previously believed. 
D) Recent evidence suggests that developmental norms need to be revised to accommodate the effects of preschool and day care.

Question 25

What is a developmental norm

A) the age at which an average child achieves a skill 
B) the mean age at which children achieve a skill 
C) the median age at which children achieve a skill 
D) the age at which most children achieve a skill

Question 26

Camille drank heavily during the first eight weeks of her pregnancy,but since that time she has abstained from all alcohol.What statement is most likely to accurately describe Camille's baby

A) He will have no physical deformities but will have an increased risk of mental retardation. 
B) He will have noticeable physical deformities, but no risk of mental retardation. 
C) He will be unaffected by her drinking, because it occurred so early in the pregnancy. 
D) He will have noticeable physical deformities, and an increased risk of mental retardation.

Question 27

Angela and Dominique are best friends.Angela contracts rubella and Dominique catches it from her.At the time they are sick with the disease,Angela is four weeks pregnant and Dominique is eight months pregnant.What is the most likely outcome in this situation

A) Neither baby will have physical defects as a result of their mothers' rubella. 
B) Angela's baby will be unaffected by the disease, but Dominique's baby will have physical defects. 
C) Dominique's baby will be unaffected by the disease, but Angela's baby will have physical defects. 
D) Both babies will have physical defects as a result of their mothers' rubella.

Question 28

What is the second stage of prenatal development

A) fetal 
B) germinal 
C) zygotic 
D) embryonic

Question 29

What are the expected effects of moderate,rather than heavy,drinking during pregnancy

A) Even normal social drinking by the expectant mother may be harmful to the fetus. 
B) Most doctors recommend small amounts of alcohol throughout pregnancy. 
C) Three drinks per day can be considered a safe level of alcohol consumption for most pregnant women. 
D) Alcohol consumption by the mother poses almost no risk to the developing fetus in the last three months of the pregnancy.

Question 30

Despite Erikson's stages being presented as either-or situations,what was the outcome most likely to be achieved in most individuals as they navigated their way through each stage

A) balance 
B) purpose 
C) autonomy 
D) mistrust

Question 31

Who was the Russian developmental psychologist who highlighted the contribution of the social context,culture and social interaction to the cognitive development of children

A) Lev Vygotsky 
B) Maria Montessori 
C) Jean Piaget 
D) Albert Bandura

Question 32

Dr.Stone is conducting a study in a large Canadian city to determine whether moderate prenatal malnutrition is a risk factor for developmental delays in children.What difficulty will Dr.Stone face,when evaluating the results of her research

A) Participants will likely be unable to answer questions about their food consumption. 
B) It will be difficult to find a large enough sample size, because moderate malnutrition is rare. 
C) Malnutrition will be confounded with other factors associated with poverty or substance abuse. 
D) Developmental delays are notoriously difficult to define and measure.

Question 33

What is the primary factor that determines whether prenatal exposure to maternal illness will cause damage to a developing organism

A) whether the unborn child is male or female 
B) at what stage of pregnancy the mother contracts the disease 
C) the severity of the mother's symptoms 
D) the condition of the mother's overall health

Question 34

Which type of maternal exposure is associated with a wide range of birth complications and neurological deficits

A) alcohol consumption in the third trimester 
B) exposure to folic acid 
C) weekly consumption of more than 150 mg of fish 
D) severe malnutrition

Question 35

Which of the following causes the full fetal alcohol syndrome

A) heavy drinking during the first three months of pregnancy 
B) heavy drinking during the final three months of pregnancy 
C) a drunken binge at any time during pregnancy 
D) heavy drinking throughout pregnancy

Question 36

What could you infer about the mother if a baby is born with a small head,heart defects,and delayed mental and motor development

A) She smoked during pregnancy. 
B) She had smallpox early in her pregnancy. 
C) She continued to work during pregnancy. 
D) She is an alcoholic.

Question 37

What percentage of children in the Thomas and Chess study on temperament were slow-to-warm-up

A) 15% 
B) 20% 
C) 25% 
D) 40%

Question 38

At what stage of pregnancy do muscle and bone begin to form

A) fetal stage 
B) conception 
C) zygotic stage 
D) embryonic stage

Question 39

Why is it difficult to assess the effects of moderate malnutrition in North America

A) Moderate malnutrition is confounded with other risk factors. 
B) Moderate malnutrition can't be operationally defined. 
C) Moderate malnutrition is so rare that it is hard to study. 
D) Moderate malnutrition occurs in more isolated geographical areas.

Question 40

What is NOT a risk associated with smoking cigarettes during pregnancy

A) increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome 
B) increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, or prematurity 
C) increased risk for microcephaly in the newborn 
D) increased risk of attention deficit disorder in the child

Question 41

Mikaela is a quiet infant who doesn't seem to smile a lot,but who also seldom cries.She seems cautious and wary of changes in her surroundings,but eventually she adapts to the change.What type of temperament does Mikaela have,based on temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess

A) difficult 
B) slow-to-warm-up 
C) uninhibited 
D) easy

Question 42

If an infant is temperamentally easy,what would be the best prediction to make about the child's temperament at age 10

A) The child is likely to overcompensate by becoming "difficult" later on. 
B) By the age of 10, the child is likely to develop whatever temperament the primary caregiver has. 
C) No reasonable prediction can be made. 
D) The child is fairly likely to retain the easy temperament.

Question 43

How do Thomas and Chess refer to a child who tends to be glum,erratic in sleep and eating,and resistant to change

A) a slow-to-warm-up child 
B) an easy child 
C) an uninhibited child 
D) a difficult child

Question 44

Three-month-old Wade and 15-month-old Macy are left with a babysitter while their mother runs a few errands.What is most likely,according to the research on separation anxiety

A) Macy will show more distress than Wade when she realizes that her mother has gone. 
B) Neither child is likely to show separation anxiety if the babysitter is responsive and caring. 
C) Both Wade and Macy will show about the same degree of separation anxiety. 
D) Wade will show more distress than Macy when he realizes that his mother has gone.

Question 45

Cheyenne is a graduate student who is studying the way in which selective attention develops during the preadolescent years.She selects a group of 10-year-olds,and she assesses their selective attention every six months over a two-year period.What type of research design is Cheyenne using

A) cross-sectional 
B) between-subjects 
C) multi-factorial 
D) longitudinal

Question 46

What is the term for the close,emotional bond of affection between infant and caregiver

A) identification 
B) imprinting 
C) dependency 
D) attachment

Question 47

In a healthy,normally developing child,what is most likely to be due to cultural or social differences in child-rearing

A) later motor development 
B) early motor development 
C) developing a cognitive skill 
D) developing a behavioural skill

Question 48

What becomes increasingly critical as children grow older and acquire specialized motor skills

A) experience 
B) nutrition 
C) genetic predisposition 
D) maturation

Question 49

What type of study is being used when groups of subjects of differing age are compared at a single point in time

A) cross-cultural 
B) longitudinal 
C) cross-sectional 
D) sequential

Question 50

Gary is an active infant who always seems to be happy.He has a regular schedule,and his parents know that he will sleep through the night without waking,even when he stays overnight with his grandparents.Which type of temperament does Gary have,based on Thomas and Chess's categories

A) difficult 
B) easy 
C) uninhibited 
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 51

Ross is a shy,timid child who is uncomfortable around unfamiliar people.What type of temperament does Ross have,using the temperament categories outlined by Kagan

A) inhibited 
B) slow-to-warm-up 
C) uninhibited 
D) easy

Question 52

What has been documented with respect to maturation and milestones

A) While the order of development milestones varies a lot, rates are fairly universal across children. 
B) The order of development milestones varies substantially from individual to individual. 
C) The order of development milestones varies from culture to culture. 
D) Most children go through roughly the same sequence of development milestones.

Question 53

At what age does an infant typically first exhibit separation anxiety

A) one to two weeks 
B) one to two months 
C) six to eight months 
D) 14 to 18 months

Question 54

Ruby is an active infant who appears to be somewhat high-strung,and who protests loudly every time her parents try to change her routine in any way.What type of temperament does Ruby have,using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess

A) easy 
B) difficult 
C) uninhibited 
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 55

Which piece of evidence supports a more modern understanding of maturation

A) Even babies who are born deaf will babble. 
B) Children who are carried everywhere will walk later than average. 
C) Children who were born premature are at risk for a variety of cognitive difficulties. 
D) Development follows a cephalocaudal trend.

Question 56

If you hypothesize that children in different age groups will be influenced by the music that is popular when they started school,which research method would allow you to look at such cohort effects

A) matched pairs condition 
B) within-subject design 
C) longitudinal design 
D) cross-sectional design

Question 57

Around what age does research suggest that a child's "temperamental individuality" is well established

A) two to three months of age 
B) six to seven months of age 
C) one year of age 
D) two years of age

Question 58

What type of temperament would Kagan and his colleagues use to describe infants who are shy,timid,and wary of unfamiliar persons

A) mixed 
B) slow-to-warm-up 
C) uninhibited 
D) inhibited

Question 59

What temperament category describes an infant who actively resists change,who fails to develop a regular sleeping and eating schedule,and who is generally irritable and unhappy

A) slow-to-warm-up 
B) uninhibited 
C) easy 
D) difficult

Question 60

Tucker is a graduate student who is studying identity formation.He selects a group of 5-year-olds,a group of 10-year-olds,and a group of 15-year-olds,and interviews each group,asking them what they plan to be when they finish school.What type of research design is Tucker using

A) nested condition 
B) multi-factorial 
C) cross-sectional 
D) Longitudinal

Question 61

What will be acquired by a child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

A) a sense of competence 
B) self-sufficiency 
C) an ability to initiate one's own activities 
D) optimism and trust toward the world

Question 62

One-year-old Tommy is extremely distressed whenever his mother leaves him yet resists her attempts to comfort him when she returns.What type of attachment does Tommy likely have with his mother

A) avoidant 
B) none 
C) anxious-ambivalent 
D) secure

Question 63

Dr.Gevy explains that a secure attachment develops when the child experiences a predictable relationship with parents that includes plenty of loving behaviour.The child learns that the world is a safe place and learns to trust easily.If a child experiences an unpredictable,dangerous,or unloving environment,then the child learns to be wary and less connected to other people.Dr.Gevy suggests that either style helps a child to survive to reproductive age in its particular environment.What type of theorist is Dr.Gevy

A) humanist 
B) evolutionary theorist 
C) cognitive theorist 
D) developmental theorist

Question 64

There are differences in parenting styles among various cultures,and these differences appear to be reflected in the rates of different attachment styles.What does this suggest about the process of attachment

A) It is best observed within a North American style of parent-child interaction. 
B) It is influenced by racial differences. 
C) It is expressed differently, depending on what is allowed by parents. 
D) It develops as a result of the style of interactions between parent and child.

Question 65

What is assumed by stage theories of development

A) Progress through the sequence of stages is not related to age. 
B) There are few, if any, discontinuities in development. 
C) Environmental circumstances can sometimes cause individuals to skip stages early on and return to them later. 
D) Individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage.

Question 66

What is the developmental stage during which toilet training occurs,according to Erikson

A) initiative versus guilt 
B) trust versus mistrust 
C) industry versus inferiority 
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 67

Imagine that you have just read the results from a research study that investigated patterns of attachment during infancy.In 100 parent-infant dyads,nearly 40 percent of infants showed evidence of an avoidant attachment pattern.Where did the study likely take place,based on van Ijzendoorn and Krooneberg's research

A) United States 
B) Germany 
C) Japan 
D) Canada

Question 68

Why are infants so cute and appealing to adults,according to Bowlby

A) because we are attached to them, we perceive them as appealing 
B) because we reinforce their actions that we find appealing 
C) so that we will become attached to them and provide care 
D) so that we are rewarded for our caring behaviours

Question 69

Kara takes her 1-year-old son,Delaney,to visit a day care centre where she plans to enrol him.Delaney appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore the playroom,even though Kara is close by.When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms,Delaney becomes extremely upset.When Kara returns,he clings to her leg but does not calm down and continues to sob.What type of attachment relationship does this example illustrate

A) secure 
B) undeveloped 
C) avoidant 
D) anxious-ambivalent

Question 70

Imagine that you have just read the results from a research study that investigated patterns of attachment during infancy.In 100 parent-infant dyads,hardly any of the infants showed evidence of an avoidant attachment pattern.Where should you expect that this study took place,based on van Ijzendoorn and Krooneberg's research

A) Japan 
B) United States 
C) Germany 
D) Canada

Question 71

Craig is 2 years old,and he likes to put on his own coat and shoes.His mother often becomes impatient waiting for him to get ready,and she usually scolds him and then finishes zipping his coat and tying his shoes for him.What would Craig develop,based on Erikson's theory

A) a general sense of mistrust 
B) feelings of autonomy 
C) feelings of shame and doubt 
D) a sense of inferiority

Question 72

John has a difficult temperament,is very sensitive to any changes in his environment,and has long bouts of distress.As a result,his parents have become somewhat slow to respond to his crying,and they are often disengaged when caring for him because he doesn't respond well to their soothing efforts.Which view of attachment is illustrated by this example

A) Harlow's view of comfort as reinforcement 
B) Bowlby's view of attachment as adaptation 
C) a maturation view that sees attachment as a gradual process that unfolds in a predictable manner 
D) an interactive view that views infants as active participants in the process of attachment

Question 73

Laura takes her 1-year-old son,Jake,to visit a day care centre where she plans to enrol him.Jake eagerly explores the playroom if Laura is present.When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms,Jake becomes somewhat upset,but when Laura returns,he quickly calms down.What type of attachment relationship likely exists between mother and son in this example

A) avoidant 
B) secure 
C) undeveloped 
D) anxious-ambivalent

Question 74

Which factor seems to be most important for attachment,based on evidence from Harlow's studies of attachment between infant monkeys and their substitute mothers

A) providing protection 
B) providing food 
C) providing auditory feedback 
D) providing comfort

Question 75

In the middle childhood years,what tends to be associated with the children who have the best social skills and the richest friendship networks

A) They have no same-sex siblings. 
B) They had secure attachments during infancy. 
C) They had several siblings close to their own age. 
D) They started full-time daycare before the age of two.

Question 76

Which basic characteristic is developed in the first stage of development (birth to one year),according to Erikson

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt 
B) trust versus mistrust 
C) initiative versus guilt 
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 77

Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points.What are these turning points called

A) fixation points 
B) psychosocial crises 
C) psychosexual crises 
D) developmental tasks

Question 78

What is the adaptive value of attachment processes,according to evolutionary theorists

A) Children learn the social and emotional skills needed for survival and reproduction. 
B) Attachment itself is not an adaptive process, but it is a by-product of other adaptive learning processes. 
C) Parents ensure that their infants stay close to them at all times, which enhances survival. 
D) Innate mechanisms ensure that parents and children cooperate.

Question 79

Jasmin takes her 1-year-old son,Randy,to visit a day care centre where she plans to enrol him.Randy eagerly explores the playroom,and when his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms,he shows no signs of concern.When Jasmin returns,he shows little interest and continues to play with the toys he has collected.What type of attachment relationship does this example illustrate

A) undeveloped 
B) anxious-ambivalent 
C) avoidant 
D) secure

Question 80

Jerry is eight months old.What fundamental question is Jerry dealing with at this point in his life,based on Erikson's theory of personality development

A) "Is my world predictable and supportive?" 
B) "Am I competent or am I worthless?" 
C) "Can I do things myself, or must I always rely on others?" 
D) "Am I good or am I bad?"