Deck 15: B: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Many psychologists use the concepts of diagnosis,etiology,and prognosis when describing psychological disorders.Which model of abnormal behaviour does this reflect

A) statistical model
B) illness model 
C) medical model
D) scientific model

Answer 1

 medical model

Question 2

Thomas Szasz would be most critical of which commonly used criterion to diagnose psychological disorders

A) maladaptive behaviour
B) cognitive confusion 
C) deviance
D) personal distress

Answer 2

 deviance

Question 3

Consistent with the medical model,what is the primary use of the DSM-5

A) treatment
B) diagnosis 
C) etiology
D) prognosis

Answer 3

 diagnosis 

Question 4

In Rosenhan's study using pseudopatients who attempted to be admitted to a mental hospital,which cognitive error was most likely responsible for their incorrect diagnoses

A) availability heuristic
B) confirmation bias 
C) gambler's fallacy
D) my-side bias

Question 5

Jack is very depressed,and as a result he is not eating properly,bathing,or going to work.Which criterion for abnormality has been met

A) incompetence
B) maladaptiveness 
C) personal distress
D) deviance

Question 6

While the previous DSM had different labels for different forms of autism,the DSM-5 has autistic spectrum disorder,which includes all the various forms.Which approach does this change represent

A) the deviance approach
B) the developmental approach 
C) the categorical approach
D) the dimensional approach

Question 7

Dr.Kelley feels that mental disorders each have their own distinct features,and that those features are important for determining which label to apply to a disorder.Which approach does Dr.Kelley endorse

A) a dimensional approach
B) a categorical approach 
C) a maladaptiveness approach
D) a deviance approach

Question 8

When Gaelen was tested using a personality inventory,his scores for narcissism were in the 95th percentile.Which criteria for diagnosis of psychological disorders would Gaelen meet

A) cognitive confusion
B) deviance 
C) personal distress
D) maladaptive behaviour

Question 9

Tom displays very odd behaviour.He wears a heavy parka and mittens during the summer and lectures from the steps of City Hall about upcoming invasions by men from outer space.Which criterion of abnormality does Tom's behaviour meet

A) personal distress
B) deviance 
C) cognitive confusion
D) the medical model

Question 10

Frequently people call a psychologist for assistance after "deciding for themselves" that they need help.Which two of the commonly used criteria for psychological disorders would people most likely use when deciding to seek treatment

A) deviance and cognitive confusion 
B) maladaptive behaviour and personal distress 
C) personal distress and deviance 
D) cognitive confusion and maladaptive behaviour

Question 11

What is the name of the classification system used by psychologists to identify psychological disorders

A) APA Clinical Handbook 
B) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) 
C) Physician's Desk Reference (PDR) 
D) Encyclopedia of Psychological Disorders

Question 12

Heather is constantly cleaning her house and is often worried about dirt and germs.Karen can't throw things away,and as a result her house is dangerously full of junk.Which category of disorders includes both types of symptoms

A) psychotic disorders 
B) mood disorders 
C) anxiety disorders 
D) obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Question 13

Dr.Turner is interested in determining whether early childhood viral infections increase the likelihood of experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia in adulthood.Which term refers to Dr.Turner's interest

A) diagnosis
B) prognosis 
C) covariance
D) etiology

Question 14

According to the medical model of psychological disorders,what is prognosis

A) a statement concerning the probable course of the disorder 
B) deciding which disorder an individual is experiencing 
C) describing the apparent cause of the disorder 
D) taking a medical history of an individual

Question 15

Which disorder is associated with flashbacks,anger,and guilt

A) post-traumatic stress disorder
B) hoarding disorder 
C) dissociative identity disorder
D) bipolar disorder

Question 16

What is proposed by the medical model of abnormal behaviour

A) Abnormal behaviours are very similar to physical diseases. 
B) It is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a disease. 
C) Abnormal behaviours are best treated by medical doctors. 
D) It is useful to think of abnormal behaviours as being caused by infectious agents.

Question 17

When a psychologist compares the symptoms an individual is experiencing to the symptoms of various disorders to determine the specific disorder the individual has,what is the psychologist concerned with

A) diagnosis
B) prognosis 
C) treatment
D) etiology

Question 18

Jason has been diagnosed with depression,as well as a specific phobia.What term is used for this double diagnosis

A) comorbitidy
B) etiology 
C) overdiagnosis
D) categorical approach

Question 19

Which statement best describes psychological disorders

A) People with psychological disorders usually do not exhibit personal distress or maladaptive behaviour. 
B) People with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways and are very different from normal people. 
C) People with even the most severe psychological disorders can be treated successfully. 
D) People with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous.

Question 20

For several weeks Alia has been experiencing feelings of overwhelming sadness and despair.Alia is very upset by her depression and frequently tells her family and friends how unhappy she is.Which criterion of abnormality does Alia's behaviour meet

A) maladaptive behaviour
B) emotional imbalance 
C) deviance
D) personal distress

Question 21

Maria is afraid to leave her home to go shopping or even to go to work.She avoids all public places.What is the term for Maria's symptoms

A) bipolar disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder 
C) agoraphobia
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 22

Which anxiety disorder is characterized by a chronic high level of anxiety that is exhibited by constant worrying and is often associated with physical symptoms such as heart palpitations and muscle tension

A) panic disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder 
C) major depressive disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 23

John has been diagnosed with both major depressive disorder and alcohol dependence.Which term describes John's overall diagnosis

A) codependence
B) dual diagnosis 
C) comorbidity
D) additive diagnosis

Question 24

The development and maintenance of which disorder is best accounted for by the conditioning and learning explanation for the etiology of anxiety disorders

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) panic disorder 
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) phobic disorder

Question 25

What symptoms characterize panic disorder

A) recurrent, sudden, and unexpected attacks of overwhelming anxiety 
B) enduring psychological disturbances due to a traumatic event 
C) persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation 
D) a chronic high level of anxiety

Question 26

What is the approximate concordance rate for anxiety disorders among identical twins

A) 10 percent
B) 35 percent 
C) 75 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 27

Cameron's therapist has not diagnosed him with a particular disorder.Rather,his therapist has created a document that describes all of Cameron's symptoms and indicates that he has elevated levels of depression and anxiety,but no evidence of psychosis or somatic symptoms of mental illness.Which diagnostic approach is illustrated by this example

A) categorical approach
B) dimensional approach 
C) holistic approach
D) psychiatric approach

Question 28

Consistent with the concept of preparedness,what is the most common type of phobic stimuli

A) cars and other vehicles
B) guns and other weapons 
C) symbols, such as the number 13
D) animals, such as snakes

Question 29

Erica is a researcher who examines trends in diagnosis.In particular,her research team focuses on whether there are increases in the rate of diagnosis of anxiety disorders during particular seasons.Which term reflects Erica's research interests

A) diagnosis
B) epidemiology 
C) etiology
D) prognosis

Question 30

Normand has experienced a manic episode but has never had a depressive episode.Which diagnosis is most appropriate for Normand

A) bipolar I
B) bipolar II 
C) cyclothymia
D) mood disorder with atypical features

Question 31

Nick can't sleep very well because he is often awakened by nightmares.These nightmares contain images and situations that he experienced when he was in prison,where he was repeatedly beaten and humiliated by his cellmate.Even now,several years after he was released,Nick is haunted by his experiences.Which disorder is consistent with Nick's symptoms

A) night terror disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder 
C) panic disorder
D) post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 32

Which disorder is characterized by anxiety only in certain specific situations

A) specific phobic disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder 
C) specified anxiety disorder
D) panic disorder

Question 33

Your friend's mother is afraid of squirrels.While she knows squirrels are basically harmless,she cannot control her anxiety when she sees either a real squirrel or a picture of a squirrel.Which of the following is most consistent with these symptoms

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) delusional disorder 
C) specific phobia
D) panic disorder

Question 34

Which anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent,uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals or behaviours

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) post-traumatic stress disorder 
C) panic disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 35

Sean has difficulty making decisions,and when he finally makes a decision he worries about whether it was the right decision.He constantly worries about his courses,future,girlfriend,and getting a summer job.Recently,Sean has had heart palpitations and muscular tension.Which of the following disorders are Sean's symptoms most consistent with

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder 
C) panic disorder
D) hypochondriasis

Question 36

Kimberly constantly thinks her immaculate house is dirty and spends most of her day cleaning,scrubbing,and straightening up.Which disorder is most consistent with these symptoms

A) somatization disorder
B) phobic disorder 
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 37

Which biological factor appears to contribute to anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders

A) the neurotransmitters GABA and serotonin 
B) exposure to stressful events 
C) classical and operant conditioning 
D) structural abnormalities of the brain

Question 38

Estelle doesn't like to leave her house very often because she is very worried that she will "freak out." On several occasions,usually when she is out shopping,Estelle has experienced debilitating fear that seems to come out of nowhere.The only thing that she can do in those situations is try to hide and wait until it passes,but the experience is terrifying and humiliating.Which disorder is consistent with Estelle's experience

A) panic disorder
B) post-traumatic stress disorder 
C) schizophrenic disorder
D) phobic disorder

Question 39

According to recent data from Statistics Canada,what approximate percentage of people have symptoms consistent with a psychological disorder

A) 10 percent
B) 30 percent 
C) 60 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 40

According to recent research on the prevalence of psychological disorders,what can be said about the lifetime prevalence of psychological disorders

A) They are lower in modern times than in the 19th or early 20th centuries. 
B) They are more common than most people realize. 
C) They are dramatically higher for men than for women. 
D) They are less common than most people realize.

Question 41

Which individual would be likely to worry most about driving home from work while it is snowing because he recalls,"The last time I drove home in the snow I skidded and almost had an accident"

A) Alan, who has an anxiety disorder
B) David, who has a dissociative disorder 
C) Sean, who has a schizophrenic disorder
D) Scott, who has a mood disorder

Question 42

How many Canadians were admitted to hospital for suicide and self-injury attempts in 2011

A) 1,700
B) 17,000 
C) 170,000
D) 1,700,000

Question 43

Which psychological disorder involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete,and usually very different,personalities

A) schizophrenic disorder
B) dissociative fugue 
C) dissociative identity disorder
D) bipolar disorder

Question 44

Which class of psychological disorders is characterized by people losing contact with portions of their consciousness or memory,which results in disruption in their sense of identity

A) mood disorders
B) schizophrenic disorders 
C) dissociative disorders
D) anxiety disorders

Question 45

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to read an ambiguous or neutral word as threatening

A) someone with depression
B) someone with a substance use disorder 
C) someone who is narcissistic
D) someone with an anxiety disorder

Question 46

Which statement does NOT accurately describe separate personalities that coexist in an individual with dissociative identity disorder

A) They may have their own names, personality traits, and physical mannerisms. 
B) They may switch from one personality to another suddenly. 
C) They may differ in age, sex, or race. 
D) They are usually all aware of the existence of the other personalities.

Question 47

What is typically considered a primary factor in the etiology of dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue

A) the activity of specific neurotransmitters 
B) biological factors associated with genetic predispositions 
C) responses to excessive stress or trauma 
D) personality traits such as being self-conscious, insecure, or guilt-prone

Question 48

Edgar used to enjoy playing sports and hanging out to play cards with his friends.For the last few months,however,Edgar doesn't seem interested in those activities anymore and doesn't really seem to get much joy out of anything in his life.Which symptom is illustrated by this example

A) mania
B) fugue 
C) alogia
D) anhedonia

Question 49

At what point is depression distinguished from ordinary sadness

A) when the individual starts to have trouble sleeping or concentrating 
B) when the individual considers suicide 
C) when there is no observable cause for the depressed mood 
D) when the individual's life has been impaired for at least a few weeks

Question 50

Pierre has experienced symptoms of depression for years.Sometimes the depression is rather mild,but other times it is debilitating,and he has required hospitalization.Which term is most appropriate for categorizing Pierre's disorder

A) major depressive disorder
B) subclinical mood disorder 
C) disorganized mood disorder
D) bipolar mood disorder

Question 51

If your carelessness caused your family's home to burn down,which dissociative disorder are you most likely to develop

A) dissociative fugue
B) dissociative amnesia 
C) dissociative identity disorder
D) dissociative depressive disorder

Question 52

Which individual is most likely to experience chronic depression

A) Bella, who started to experience symptoms at age 35, and has a drinking problem 
B) Alice, who started to experience symptoms at age 35 
C) Carla, who started to experience symptoms at age 18 
D) Diane, who started to experience symptoms at age 18, and also experiences anxiety

Question 53

Which disorder could be best explained by Martin Seligman's concept of preparedness

A) a spider phobia
B) an elevator phobia 
C) panic disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 54

Which dissociative disorder is characterized by sudden loss of memory concerning a limited period of time,usually after a particularly stressful or traumatic event

A) dissociative amnesia
B) dissociative identity disorder 
C) dissociative fugue
D) dissociative depressive disorder

Question 55

According to Nolen-Hoeksema,which factors lead to the greater likelihood of depression among women compared to men

A) genetic predisposition
B) hormone fluctuations 
C) higher stress and tendency to ruminate
D) systematic differences in cognitive errors

Question 56

Which dissociative disorder is most controversial in terms of its proposed etiology

A) dissociative amnesia
B) dissociative fugue 
C) dissociative depressive disorder
D) dissociative identity disorder

Question 57

Which of the following is a mood disorder

A) bipolar disorder
B) Fugue 
C) conversion disorder
D) panic disorder

Question 58

Which statement best describes being not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder

A) It is a diagnosis. 
B) Persons not criminally responsible intended to commit a crime but will not be held responsible for the crime because of mental disorder. 
C) It is not a legal concept. 
D) It is a type of defense used in criminal trials by dependants who admit that they committed the crime but claim they have lacked intent.

Question 59

What are the two classes of mood disorders

A) depression and dissociation
B) depressive and bipolar 
C) manic and dysphoric
D) anxious and agitated

Question 60

Carly has had intense feelings of sadness for the past several weeks.She has very little energy and has stopped going out with her friends.She has lost her appetite and rarely cooks.Carly feels her situation is hopeless and that she has only herself to blame.Which disorder is most consistent with Carly's symptoms

A) bipolar disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder 
C) minor depressive disorder
D) major depressive disorder

Question 61

Megan never quite knows how to talk to people,and she often misses social cues that signal irritation or boredom.Because of her poor social skills,Megan has only a few friends and they aren't particularly close.Based on this evidence,which category of disorders is Megan more likely to develop

A) dissociative disorders
B) schizophrenic disorders 
C) depressive disorders
D) anxiety disorders

Question 62

Which brain areas tend to be damaged in patients who have experienced both concussion and depression

A) limbic system and hypothalamus
B) portions of the frontal and temporal lobes 
C) brain stem and cerebellum
D) somatosensory and sensory cortex

Question 63

Which psychological disorder is characterized by a fragmentation of thought processes or a "split mind"

A) schizophrenic disorder
B) multiple personality disorder 
C) dissociative identity disorder
D) bipolar disorder

Question 64

Elaine has recently become far more talkative and excitable.She isn't sleeping very much but doesn't seem to be fatigued.She's actually become much more productive lately,and people are wondering how long this phase is going to last.Which of the following is consistent with Elaine's behaviour

A) dysthymia
B) fugue 
C) mania
D) anhedonia

Question 65

What symptoms characterize schizophrenic disorders

A) physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by organic conditions 
B) emotional disturbances that may disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes 
C) delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behaviour 
D) feelings of excessive apprehension and worry

Question 66

Which of the following disorders has the lowest prevalence rate

A) personality disorder
B) anxiety disorder 
C) mood disorder
D) schizophrenic disorder

Question 67

Rick believes that his dog is really his sister who was given up for adoption by his mother 30 years ago.What is the term for Rick's belief

A) hallucination
B) faulty perception 
C) delusion
D) illusion

Question 68

Abnormal levels of which neurotransmitters have been associated with mood disorders

A) serotonin and norepinephrine
B) GABA and serotonin 
C) dopamine and GABA
D) norepinephrine and dopamine

Question 69

Which statement best describes the emergence of schizophrenia and the use of psychoactive substances

A) They are completed unrelated. 
B) Research suggests a causal link between marijuana use and the onset of schizophrenia, although the reasons why are not fully understood. 
C) There is no evidence that methamphetamines contribute to the emergence of schizophrenia. 
D) Neither marijuana nor methamphetamines have been associated with an increased risk of onset of schizophrenia.

Question 70

Which psychological disorder is characterized by separate episodes of depression and mania

A) bipolar disorder
B) major depressive disorder 
C) post-traumatic stress disorder
D) schizophrenic disorder

Question 71

In Canada what proportion of diagnoses for depression are "seasonal" types

A) 11 percent
B) 21 percent 
C) 31 percent
D) 41 percent

Question 72

Prior to the 18th century,which of the following was NOT one of the popular explanations for abnormal behaviour

A) demon possession
B) physical illness 
C) witchcraft
D) divine punishment through affliction

Question 73

Which brain area is about 8-10 percent smaller in depressed individuals compared to nondepressed individuals

A) hippocampus
B) corpus callosum 
C) prefrontal cortex
D) hypothalamus

Question 74

If a woman and a man each have depressive symptoms,and have each contemplated suicide,which prediction is most accurate

A) The woman is more likely to attempt suicide. 
B) The woman is more likely to have bipolar disorder. 
C) The man is more likely to have bipolar disorder. 
D) The man is more likely to attempt suicide.

Question 75

Cliff has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.Currently,he is very optimistic about his life.Even though he is sleeping only three hours a night,he is very energetic.He has turned his basement into a workshop where he plans to mass produce his new "banana computer," which will revolutionize the computer market.What is Cliff experiencing

A) a unipolar episode
B) a manic episode 
C) a bipolar episode
D) a depressive episode

Question 76

Who argued that abnormal behaviour usually involves a deviation from social norms rather than from illness

A) John Nash
B) Thomas Szasz 
C) Marty Seligman
D) Aaron Beck

Question 77

Which factor is emphasized in Martin Seligman's learned helplessness theory concerning the etiology of depression

A) cognitive factors involving unreasonably optimistic expectations 
B) cognitive factors involving a pessimistic explanatory style 
C) interpersonal factors involving inadequate social skills 
D) biological factors associated with genetic predispositions

Question 78

The cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of depressive disorders maintains that there are certain cognitive tendencies among people who are more likely to develop depressive disorders.Which of the following is NOT one of those tendencies

A) attributing setbacks to personal flaws instead of to situational factors 
B) misinterpreting harmless situations as threatening 
C) having a pessimistic explanatory style 
D) ruminating about, or dwelling on, their depression

Question 79

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a factor associated with the development of depressive disorders

A) a pessimistic explanatory style 
B) the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine 
C) the personality trait of neuroticism 
D) inadequate social skills

Question 80

One symptom of schizophrenic disorder involves an individual having false beliefs that are maintained even though the beliefs clearly are out of touch with reality.What do we call these beliefs

A) illusions
B) delusions 
C) faulty perceptions
D) hallucinations