Deck 1: Introduction to the Study of Memory

Question 1

EEG uses a special material to measure electric output of the brain.What are these special materials?

A)electrodes
B)magnets
C)chemicals
D)sensors

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Neuropsychology is the study of people with specific damage.What kind of damage is the speciality?

A)head
B)brain
C)skull
D)thought

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What term best describes a graph that traces the decline of memory?

A)savings score
B)forgetting curve
C)mnemonic improvement
D)retention graph

Answer 3

B

Question 4

MEG uses a specific kind of sensor to detect small magnetic fields produced by electrical activity.What are these sensors?

A)radioactive
B)magnetic
C)structure
D)function

Question 5

What type of mental structure is common across many different types of animals?

A)memory
B)brains
C)neurons
D)genetics

Question 6

Identify the term for studying after material has been thoroughly learned.

A)overload
B)spacing
C)massed
D)overlearning

Question 7

Reality monitoring is our specific ability to do this concerning memory as reality or imagined.

A)sense
B)care
C)measure
D)distinguish

Question 8

What term best describes reduction in time required to relearn a previously mastered list?

A)forgetting curve
B)savings score
C)mnemonic graph
D)retention graph

Question 9

Which of the following forms is the basis of our views of ourselves and our personalities?

A)image
B)retrospection
C)judgment
D)memory

Question 10

Which term describes the verbal models of how memory works?

A)memory metaphors
B)developmental reasoning
C)memory cues
D)stimulation

Question 11

What type of operation indicates study spread out over time?

A)overload practice
B)massed practice
C)nonspaced practice
D)distributed practice

Question 12

PET scans use special chemicals to obtain a three-dimensional image of the brain.What kind of chemicals are these?

A)organic
B)compound
C)magnetic
D)radioactive

Question 13

We do many things at different times all day long.However, which of the following is part of our everyday moment?

A)eating
B walking
C)watching
D)remembering

Question 14

What kind of a coil does TMS use to stimulate particular areas of the brain?

A)magnetic
B)behavior
C)memory
D)zinc

Question 15

Magnetic fields created in an fMRI use a three-dimensional image capturing ______ of the brain.

A)density
B)structure
C)function
D)measurements

Question 16

Choose the term that best describes avoidance to effects of meaning on memory.

A)chunking
B)nonsense syllables
C)absolute resolution
D)saving curve

Question 17

Judgments of learning are called this as we study items and whether or not we will remember them.

A)memories
B)hopes
C)models
D)predictions

Question 18

Neuroimaging uses a set of techniques to observe the brain and assign functions.What is the function of this type of operation called?

A)shocking
B)stimulating
C)mapping
D)aligning

Question 19

Name the type of evidence that is a product of verifiable scientific research.

A)empirical
B)modified
C)stratified
D)scientific

Question 20

Define the term for study occurring in one block of time.

A)nonspaced practice
B)overload practice
C)distributed practice
D)massed practice

Question 21

Which view of Psychology recognizes the nature of environmental stimuli and its influence on individuals and animals ?

A)empericalism
B)behaviorism
C)memory
D)cognitive perception

Question 22

Define the term indicating the associating between two items, such as in language.

A)paired-associated learning
B)language association
C)association by indication
D)associated language

Question 23

Which of the following indicates memory from personal events in one's life?

A)episodic memory
B)semantic memory
C)comprehensive memory
D)associated memory

Question 24

A research scientist wants to observe the nonconscious aspects of memory.The test subject will not be conscious of being tested.What kind of test would the scientist give to observe the results?

A)source judgment test
B)implicit memory test
C)recall memory test
D)recognition review test

Question 25

Memory for the things we need to know in the future is known as:

A)wishful memory.
B)prospective memory.
C)perspective memory.
D)possibilities memory.

Question 26

Endel Tulving is associated with what type of memory?

A)episodic/semantic
B)long-term/short-term
C)recall/recognition
D)cognitive/behavioral

Question 27

Which of the following indicates memory for facts?

A)system memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)associated memory

Question 28

You witnessed a crime and the police asks you to describe as much as you can about the crime.Which test of memory will be used?

A)recognition test
B)recall test
C)reactive test
D)responsibility test

Question 29

An independent variable can only be measured by the relationship between itself and what other variable?

A)direct
B)dependant
C)response
D)random

Question 30

A researcher needs to identify changes in specific regions of the brain after an automobile accident.The technician uses a magnetic coil to electrically stimulate particular areas of the brain to determine problems.What type of changes does this stimulation cause?

A)behavioral
B)pulse
C)cognitive
D)memory

Question 31

Mary Calkins was involved with what type of study?

A)paired-associate learning
B)memory comprehension
C)free recall
D)recognition quotients

Question 32

Learning and remembering are a practice known as:

A)empirical processes.
B)cued recall processes.
C)passive processes.
D)active processes.

Question 33

Learning and remembering have biological and what other basis?

A)behavioristic
B)cognitive
C)genetic
D)neurological

Question 34

Which technique is currently the state of the art neuroimaging and provides appliable insight into the workings of the brain for memory, emotion, and human thinking?

A)TMS
B)MEG
C)fMRI
D)PPT

Question 35

The reduction in the amount of time used to relearn a previously mastered list is known as:

A)savings score.
B)episodic memory score.
C)recall score.
D)list recognition score.

Question 36

Which view of Psychology is most consistent with long-term and short-term memory?

A)behaviorism
B)humanistic
C)gestalt
D)cognitive

Question 37

Although he was also known for his work with memory measurements, Ebbinghaus is also accredited with an even broader study of human memory.Considering his life work, what is this broader study?

A)designing the first studies on human memory
B)designing a flash card system for memorization
C)explaining the forgetting and savings graphs
D)dream interpretation as it relates to memory

Question 38

Ratings we make concerning our memory recall process are identified as:

A)memory intervention rating.
B)implicit judgment.
C)recall rating.
D)metamemory judgments.

Question 39

A researcher needs to observe a three-dimensional image of a patient's brain to detect a brain tumor.He needs to be sure of the current structure and function of the brain to rule out other problems.What type of imagery must the researcher use?

A)fMRI
B)MEG
C)PET
D)EEG

Question 40

We all have need of memory for events, language, geography, surroundings, music, and many other things in our lives.To compensate for this basic need, what does memory have that makes all of these memory tasks possible?

A)chemicals
B)behaviors
C)components
D)recalls

Question 41

If more learning occurs when study trials on the same information are spread out over time than when they occur successively, it is attributed to:

A)paired-associate effect.
B)recency effect.
C)cognition effect.
D)spacing effect.

Question 42

In an experiment, all horses are given a special food designed to hold down their weight.A random selection of the horses are kept in one area and receive one hour of exercise daily, while the remaining horses are kept separately and receive four hours of exercise daily.The researcher measures the weight change in all horses after one month of eating the special food, to see if the food has had any consequences regarding weight of the horses.Which variable does the sample of horses limited to one hour of exercise daily represent?

A)dependant
B)independent
C)random
D)reflective

Question 43

In the above experiment, what does the food represent?

A)the independent variable
B)the dependant variable
C)the random variable
D)the experimental variable

Question 44

Memory for things we need to do in the future is known as:

A)introspective memory.
B)prospective memory.
C)convex memory.
D)cued memory.

Question 45

To study items related to future memory to improve our memory efficiency while using predictions to accomplish this task is known as:

A)retrieval learning.
B)maximized efficiency.
C)cued memory.
D)judgments of learning.

Question 46

What is it called when a person must generate memories with minimal or no cuing of the memory?

A)recall
B)cued recall
C)free recall
D)disassociated recall

Question 47

A researcher needs to see a three-dimensional image of an intact brain after a traumatic injury.The blood flow is of importance due to the injury.Which type of imagery will the researcher most likely use?

A)fMRI
B)EEG
C)PET
D)MEG

Question 48

Variables that measure response in an experiment are called:

A)dependant variables.
B)independent variables.
C)random variables.
D)mixed variables.

Question 49

Neuroimaging allows scientist to do four things:

A)learns, remembers, scores, and recalls.
B)communicates, contemplates, scores, and recalls.
C)learns, remembers, communicates, and contemplates.
D)contemplates, remembers, scores, and recalls.

Question 50

Cognitive Neuroscience is the study of the brain in:

A)aspects of thinking.
B)identifying thought.
C)producing cognition.
D)memory production.

Question 51

Factors that are manipulated across different conditions are called:

A)dependant
B)independent
C)direct
D)indirect

Question 52

What is it called when a person must generate a targeted memory based on cues, without seeing or hearing the actual target memory?

A)recall
B)free recall
C)blind recall
D)experimental recall

Question 53

Frederic Bartlett disagreed with behaviorism.Instead, he argued that:

A)memory is composed of compartments.
B)memory is exact in all forms.
C)meaning of memory is focused on stimuli.
D)meaning of memory is exact in all forms.

Question 54

Which of the following systems did Elizabeth bring eyewitness memory error to?

A)legal
B)memory
C)Stafford
D)Psychological

Question 55

A researcher needs to see a good representation of a compromise between good spatial resolution and good temporal resolution.Which imagery equipment should the researcher use?

A)MEG
B)PET
C)fMRI
D)EEG

Question 56

In the above experiment, what represents the independent variable?

A)the horses receiving four hours of exercise
B)the horses receiving one hour of exercise
C)the special food
D)the type of exercise

Question 57

In a double-blind experiment, who knows what condition the participant is in?

A)both the experimenter and the participant
B)neither the experimenter nor the participant
C)only the experimenter
D)only the participant

Question 58

A researcher needs to know the electrical output of the brain in a patient.The patient has recently experienced a traumatic and the readings obtained will be used to create an ERP.Which type of imaging with the researcher use?

A)fMRI
B)EEG
C)MEG
D)PET

Question 59

Elizabeth Lofus is best known for her work in the area of:

A)cognitive neuroscience.
B)eyewitness memory.
C)spacial recognition.
D)episodic distribution.

Question 60

In an experiment, the researcher controls which variable?

A)independent
B)dependant
C)reactive
D)random

Question 61

Ebbinghaus demonstrated that:

A)overlearning can improve subsequent saving scores.
B)overlearning does not generalize.
C)overlearning is an inefficient use of study time.
D)overlearning requires extreme concentration and should be avoided.

Question 62

Frederic Bartlett disagreed with behaviorists and Ebbinghous because he theorized that:

A)meaning is intrinsically linked to memory.
B)memory is composed of multiple systems.
C)overlearning encodes multiple systems.
D)there is no reality in intrinsic memory.

Question 63

EEG records the:

A)sum total of electrical output of the brain.
B)thoughts and feelings by color representation.
C)amount of blood flow.
D)metabolic rate by xrays.

Question 64

Which of the following statements about neuroimaging is false?

A)Neuroimaging allows correlation of brain activity.
B)Neuroimaging addresses cognitive issues.
C)All neuroimaging technologies utilize magnets.
D)Neuroimaging addresses correlation of brain activity with memory.

Question 65

Identifying the answers from among a series of possible answers is which type of recognition?

A)forced-choice recognition
B)recall recognition
C)free recall recognition
D)timed recognition

Question 66

A Psychologist is testing a client to see if the client has differences in memory performance even when the client can remember words of a list at 100% accuracy.One way of testing would be to record:

A)old-new recognition.
B)cued recall data.
C)reaction time data.
D)forced choice recognition.

Question 67

Both PET and fMRI technologies rely on:

A)the fact that active areas of the brain have higher metabolic rates and require greater blood flow.
B)response time to active areas of electrical impulses.
C)usage of radioactive chemicals.
D)usage of magnets.

Question 68

Endel Tulving promoted and contributed to the:

A)return of behaviorism.
B)ecological validity in paired association.
C)historic approach to cognition.
D)the cognitive neuroscience approach to memory.

Question 69

When identification is required of a target memory from a set of presented items, it is called:

A)learning.
B)required study.
C)required recognition.
D)recognition.

Question 70

What is it called when a person is given a specific cue and must generate a target memory that corresponds to that cue?

A)experimental recall
B)disassociated recall
C)free recall
D)cued recall

Question 71

You were asked to complete a number of tasks by your employer.Each task required that you remember a specific sequence of operation if you were to complete the tasks on time.You wanted to be sure you finished on time so you could accomplish your own list of personal jobs you must accomplish later.Predicting the likelihood that you would remember all the things you needed to do later is known as:

A)judgments of learning.
B)metacognition.
C)cued sequence.
D)monitored learning.

Question 72

The measured amount of time required to perform a task is known as:

A)reaction time.
B)performing time.
C)recognition time.
D)generated time.

Question 73

In a visit to a police station to provide a statement concerning your witnessing a crime, you were asked to identify the mug shots in a book in the hopes of identifying a criminal involved in the crime.The policeman asks you if you are able to identify anyone in the pictures you were shown.You stated that you are sure a certain person was the culprit.The policeman asked you if you were sure.You replied that you never forget a face.This awareness of your ability to identify faces is termed:

A)metamemory.
B)judgment calls.
C)reality monitoring.
D)explicit memory.

Question 74

Metamemory meAnswer:

A)our awareness and experience of our own memory processes.
B)our ability to recall semantic information.
C)our ability to recall implicit information.
D)our awareness of structures that constitute memory.

Question 75

When a person must decide whether or not an item was on the study list is called:

A)old/new recognition.
B)free recognition.
C)forced memory.
D)dependant recall.

Question 76

Mary Calkins is known for her research on:

A)overlearning.
B)savings scores.
C)eyewitness memory.
D)paired-associate learning.

Question 77

A participant in an experiment was given a specific set of instructions.The participant recalls that the instructions were given in a pamphlet and not by the experimenter.This information was recalled by the participant at the beginning of the experiment.What is the term attributed to this type of memory?

A)source judgment
B)recall recognition
C)memory recognition
D)recitable recognition

Question 78

William has had serious brain damage due to an accident.He seems to be able to remember details of the accident but his head feels swollen and he has a loss of significant blood.What type of neuroimaging will the doctor most probably use first?

A)PET
B)fMRI
C)MEG
D)EEG

Question 79

Tests that draw on the non-conscious aspects of memory are called:

A)implicit memory tests.
B)explicit memory tests.
C)free memory tests.
D)recognition memory tests.

Question 80

You wakened from a dream and were sure an event took place.You even recognized everything you saw in your dream.Two days later you told a friend about your dream and were sure the event took place inreal life.Your ability to determine if the memory of the dream is real or imagined is termed:

A)factual recall.
B)implicit monitoring.
C)reality monitoring.
D)cued recall.