Deck 4: Episodic Memory

Question 1

Elaborative processing means that we:

A)process for shallow sensory characteristics.
B)deliberately study, as in preparation for a test.
C)process for meaning.
D)encode via prospective means.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Activating information already stored in long-term memory is called:

A)encoding.
B)representation.
C)episodic memory.
D)retrieval.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The scientist who formalized the distinction between episodic and semantic memory is:

A)Hermann Ebbinghaus.
B)Martin Conway.
C)Endel Tulving.
D)Elizabeth Loftus.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The cognitive psychologist's term for learning is:

A)encoding.
B)representation.
C)episodic memory.
D)retrieval.

Question 5

Intentional learning means that:

A)people encode information not by actively trying to remember but rather as by-product of perceiving and understanding the world.
B)people actively engage in learning information because they know that their memories may be tested.
C)people learn by early sensory processing.
D)ill intention seldom leads to long-term recall.

Question 6

Sporer (1991) showed that people were better at recognizing faces if they had first processed them in terms of whether or not the face looked "honest" or not than if they had processed them in terms of whether or not the person had a wide nose.This is consistent with:

A)encoding specificity.
B)levels of processing.
C)retrieval inhibition.
D)cross-race representation.

Question 7

In the experiment by Craik and Tulving (1975), orienting tasks were used to:

A)allow all participants to process deeply.
C)control whether semantic or episodic memories were being used.
C)maximize the ability of participants to encode the material.
D)control the level of processing.

Question 8

The highly salient memories people have of their own circumstances during major public events are called:

A)public event memories.
B)salutatory memories.
C)repressed memories.
D)flashbulb memories.

Question 9

Incidental learning means that:

A)encoding takes place without attention.
B)people encode information not by actively trying to remember but rather as by-product of perceiving and understanding the world.
C)people encode information by actively trying to remember but also without regard to content matter.
D)people encode information in a haphazard manner.

Question 10

Rickie knows that Angela Merkel is the name of a chancellor of Germany.Rickie is retrieving this information from storage in:

A)autobiographical memory.
B)semantic memory.
C)episodic memory.
D)pedantic memory.

Question 11

Retrieval from episodic memory draws on:

A)more right prefrontal lobe processes than does semantic memory.
B)more cerebellar processes than does semantic memory.
C)more cognitive processes than does semantic memory.
D)the same neural regions as working memory.

Question 12

Lola tells a story about the time she went in a hot-air balloon with her father when she was nine years old.She is retrieving this story from:

A)semantic memory.
B)the philogical loop.
C)prospective memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 13

Representation, in memory science, meAnswer:

A)how we store information when it is not currently in use.
B)how we learn new information.
C)if we will enter the memory into our prospective memory system.
D)is synonymous with episodic memory, but is an older term.

Question 14

Episodic memories, compared to semantic memories, are often:

A)more difficult to maintain over long periods of time.
B)more likely to be oriented to the past.
C)more difficult to express in words.

Question 15

This type of learning occurs when it is perceived the memory will be tested.

A)intentional
B)incidental
C)processed
D)encoded

Question 16

The term that means that brain damage (or an experimental variable) can affect one cognitive system, but leave another one intact is:

A)dissociation.
B)amnesia.
C)hyperagnosia.
D)hyperamnesia.

Question 17

Tulving's patient KC shows memory deficits for:

A)episodic memory only.
B)episodic and semantic memory, but not working memory.
C)the ability to generate visual images.
D)episodic memories from early childhood only.

Question 18

In the levels of processing framework, better memory is produced when we:

A)use deeper level processing.
B)use sensory processing.
C)use maintenance rehearsal.
D)trust our semantic memories.

Question 19

Craik and Tulving (1975) found that:

A)orienting tasks were not useful for memory improvement.
B)orienting tasks that promoted deeper processing led to better memory.
C)orienting tasks that promoted sensory processing led to better memory.
D)memory performance was not affected by the orienting tasks.

Question 20

Levels of processing are based on the assumption that:

A)all learning takes place in a semantic vacuum.
B)episodic memory and semantic memory are similar but not identical.
C)most learning is incidental, not intentional.
D)higher levels lead to worse memory performance than lower levels.

Question 21

The concept of accessibility implies that:

A)everything we ever perceive is stored in memory.
B)retrieval cues are necessary to unlock some memories.
C)in some cases, retrieval should occur before encoding.
D)the limbic system is involved in episodic memory.

Question 22

In Anderson et al.'s (1994) experiment on retrieval-induced inhibition, participants:

A)RP+ (retrieval practiced category; studied items) items are recalled worse than NRP (not studied) items.
B)RP- (retrieval practiced category; unstudied items) items are recalled better than NRP (not studied) items.
C)RP- (retrieval practiced category; unstudied items) items are recalled worse than NRP (not studied) items.
D)RP+ (retrieval practiced category; studied items) items are recalled worse than RP- (retrieval practiced category; unstudied items) items.

Question 23

What is the term for the observation that linking to-be-learned information to personally relevant information about oneself creates strong encoding?

A)survival processing
B)self-reference effect
C)the mirror effect
D)encoding reversal

Question 24

In Godden and Baddeley's (1975) experiment, scuba divers remembered best when:

A)they were tested on land.
B)they were tested underwater.
C)they retrieved in the opposite environment that they learned in.
D)they retrieved in the same environment that they learned in.

Question 25

Encoding specificity means that:

A)retrieval cues do not apply to semantic memory.
B)deeper processing leads to stronger memory representations.
C)retrieval of information from memory will be maximized when the conditions at retrieval match the conditions at encoding.
D)we remember happy events from our life better when we are currently happy.

Question 26

Eich et al. (1975) examined the influence of marijuana on people's memory.He found that:

A)marijuana is always a memory enhancer.
B)participants preferred learning when not using marijuana.
C)marijuana hurts memory performance even in working memory tests.
D)state-dependent learning applies to drugs, such as marijuana.

Question 27

Organization leads to deeper levels of processing.The kind of organization that leads to the best memory performance is:

A)self-organization.
B)mood-congruent organization.
C)survival organization.
D)incidental organization

Question 28

Akiko studies half of the countries of Europe, but not the other half.When tested on her knowledge of European countries, Akiko is likely to show:

A)mood congruence; she will remember the countries that she studied when she was in a good mood.
B)levels of processing; she will remember the countries that she studied using perceptual priming.
C)maintenance rehearsal; she will remember those countries that she is keeping in working memory.
D)part-set cueing; she will remember those countries she studied well, but will retrieve the remaining half worse than if she had not studied.

Question 29

Consider the following list of words: crocodile, salamander, gecko, alligator, turtle, newt, saxophone, tortoise, iguana, and toad.The von Restorff effect means that:

A)"crocodile" will be remembered well because it is at the beginning of the list.
B)"iguana" and toad will be remembered well because they are at the end of the list.
C)"saxophone" will be well remembered because it benefits from distinctiveness.
D)"gecko" will be well remembered because of its position in the serial position curve.

Question 30

Survival processing means that:

A)we remember the words we learned when we feel as if our lives are threatened, as in weapon focus.
B)people more prone to use deeper processing are more likely to survive evolutionarily.
C)focusing on the relevance of words to surviving in an imaginary grasslands leads to strong memory traces.
D)the more we study certain words, the more they will "survive" in memory.

Question 31

Retrieval-induced inhibition means that:

A)the retrieval of some items interferes with the retrieval of related items later.
B)the retrieval of some items interferes with the retrieval of the same items later.
C)the retrieval of category names interferes with the retrieval of category exemplars.
D)the retrieval of category names interferes with the retrieval of studied exemplars.

Question 32

One potential application of the von Restorff effect is to:

A)focus on the distinctive aspect of a stimulus you want to remember.
B)always use subjective organization.
C)focus on the first item in a list as it always defines the category.
D)recognize situations in which levels of processing does not predict performance.

Question 33

Eich et al. (1975) found that:

A)if a person studies when under the influence of a drug, he or she does best when tested under the influence of the same drug.
B)certain drugs can improve memory.
C)marijuana hurt memory performance, but nicotine improved it.
D)participants retrieved best when they were in the opposite mood as they were when they learned the information.

Question 34

Butler and Roediger (2007) gave some students a lecture summary whereas other "students" received short answer tests with feedback if the participants for half of the answers.A final control group of participants did not get a summary nor did they receive a short answer test.The group that did the best on a later test was:

A)the control group.
B)the group given lecture summaries.
C)all groups performed equivalently.
D)the group that received short-answer tests.

Question 35

The distinction between availability and accessibility is:

A)availability means retrieval from episodic memory, whereas accessibility means retrieval from semantic memory.
B)availability means everything that is represented in memory, whereas accessibility means that which we can retrieve at the moment.
C)availability means encoding, whereas accessibility means retrieval.
D)availability means those memories which require a retrieval cue, whereas accessibility means those memories easily maintained in working memory.

Question 36

In Godden and Baddeley's experiment on encoding specificity, the results revealed that:

A)if a diver studied underwater, he or she remembered more when tested underwater.
B)if a diver studied underwater, he or she remembered more when tested on land.
C)if a diver studied underwater, he or she remembered better when tested under the influence of alcohol.
D)if a diver studied underwater, he or she remembered better when tested with nicotine.

Question 37

That memory is better when we generate associations ourselves than when we simply read or see them is known as:

A)the primacy effect.
B)the generation effect.
C)the self-reference effect.
D)the mirror effect.

Question 38

Mood congruence meAnswer:

A)that moods are best remembered when we study them under levels of processing.
B)that we remember the moods we are in later, when it is congruent to do so.
C)that you are more likely to remember events if you are in the same mood as when you learned them.
D)that you are more likely to remember events that are positive when you are in a positive mood and more likely to remember events that are negative when you are in a negative mood.

Question 39

The von Restorff effect works because:

A)the isolated item always occurs in a critical serial position.
B)mood congruence can account for why we remember off-color or offensive words.
C)encoding specificity applies to representation as well as encoding.
D)distinctiveness implies that we search for the unique meaning for each item.

Question 40

Inhibition refers to:

A)a mechanism that promotes decay from working memory.
B)conscious refusal to acknowledge painful memories.
C)encoding specificity applied to repressed memories.
D)a mechanism that actively interferes with and reduces the likelihood of recall of particular information.

Question 41

Retrieval from episodic memory draws on more cerebellar processes than semantic memory.

Question 42

Episodic memories, compared to semantic memories, are often more difficult to maintain over time.

Question 43

Items in directed forgetting will direct the recall of participants and will result in inhibiting the to-be-forgotten items.This will in turn result in less recall of those items in directed forgetting.

Question 44

To interfere with and reduce the likelihood of recall of particular information is termed:

A)retrieval.
B)congruence.
C)inhibition.
D)remembering.

Question 45

Part-set cueing occurs:

A)if a person studies only half the items in the list.The unstudied items are less likely to be recall compared to a control group that did not study any of the items.
B)if a person studies only half the items in the list.The unstudied items are more likely to be recall compared to a control group that did not study any of the items.
C)if a person studies only half the items in the list.The unstudied items no more or less likely to be recall compared to a control group that did not study any of the items.
D)when the person is directed to forget all of the items.

Question 46

Moods are best remembered when we study them under levels of mood congruence.

Question 47

Levels of processing assume that most learning is incidental, not intentional.

Question 48

Episodic memories, compared to semantic memories, are more related to the past.

Question 49

Part-set cueing occurs if a person studies only half the items in the list.The unstudied items are less likely to be recall compared to a control group that did not study any of the items.

Question 50

Encoding specificity is the idea of:

A)encoding specificity.
B)state-dependent memory.
C)mood congruence.
D)transfer-appropriate processing.

Question 51

Retrieval-induced inhibition shows that the retrieval of some items interferes with the retrieval of related items later.

Question 52

Scullin and Bugg (2012) examined prospective memory.They found one error that occurred in prospective memory was:

A)repeating a task that had already been performed.
B)not directing their forgetting to prospective memory.
C)indicating that their memory was semantic not episodic.
D)not checking the clock when they were supposed to.

Question 53

Future memory for things needing accomplished is called:

A)directed memory.
B)predetermined memory.
C)perspective memory.
D)prospective memory.

Question 54

The self-reference effect proves that memory is better when we generate associations ourselves than when we simply read or see them.

Question 55

On the retrieval side, memory is dependent on:

A)directed cues.
B)retrieval cues.
C)perspective cues.
D)memonic cues.

Question 56

In directed forgetting, participants are asked to forget certain items.This results in:

A)ironically, enhanced memory for those items.
B)participants cannot inhibit the to-be-forgotten items, resulting in greater recall of those items.
C)participants do not follow the directions and forget all of the items.
D)participants inhibit the to-be-forgotten items, resulting in less recall of those items.

Question 57

Retrieval will activate information already stored in long-term memory.

Question 58

It is possible for one damaged cognitive system to be independent from another.

Question 59

Prospective memory appears to be directed by mechanisms in the:

A)frontal lobes.
B)memory cortex.
C)medula.
D)optic nerves.

Question 60

The von Restorff effect works because the isolated item always occurs in a critical serial position.

Question 61

______ amnesia is usually restrictive to episodic memory when a congenital deficit is present.

Question 62

The Largent Temperata has been shown to be critical in prospective memory tasks.

Question 63

______ is the term for brain damage that affects one cognitive system but leaves another one intact.

Question 64

Salutatory memories are highly salient memories people have of their own circumstances during major public events.

Question 65

Explain episodic memory and give one example of this system.

Question 66

Describe the importance of Endel Tulving's work on memory.

Question 67

Levels of processing assume that most learning is ______, not intentional.

Question 68

Explain the difference between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal.

Question 69

Neurocognitive system retrieving information concerning the world is ______ memory.

Question 70

Brain damage that can affect one cognitive system but leave another one intact is termed ______.

Question 71

Explain memory dissociation as it relates to brain damage.

Question 72

Future memory for things needing accomplished is called ______ memory.

Question 73

Explain the relationship between episodic memory and semantic memory.

Question 74

Retrieval from episodic memory draws on more ______ lobe processes than does semantic memory.

Question 75

______ is the kind of organization that leads to the best memory performance.

Question 76

Encoding specificity means that deeper processing leads to stronger memory representations.

Question 77

Explain semantic memory and give one example of this system.

Question 78

Explain the self-reference effect as it relates to information.

Question 79

Highly confident personal memories of surprising events are termed ______ memories.

Question 80

Neurocognitive system retrieving information of personal experiences is ______