Deck 15: Spirituality and Religion

Question 1

In the world today, what percentage of people are declared practitioners of Buddhism?​

A)​23
B)​17
C)​2
D)​6

Answer 1

​6

Question 2

Religion includes all of the following except:​

A)​an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere
B)​associated ceremonial practices used to interpret things beyond control
C)​concern with the sacred as distinguished from ordinary reality
D)​practiced primarily on the level of a relationship between individual and deity

Answer 2

​practiced primarily on the level of a relationship between individual and deity

Question 3

Which one of the following characteristics distinguishes spirituality from religion?​

A)​belief system
B)​ceremonial practices
C)​concern with the sacred
D)​individual practice

Answer 3

​individual practice

Question 4

Food foraging people believe that the environment is imbued with spirituality. This is normally classified as what kind of religion?​

A)​naturalistic
B)​polytheistic
C)​holistic
D)​pantheistic

Question 5

What percentage of the world is categorized as "nonreligious" today?​

A)​8
B)​16
C)​24
D)​32

Question 6

What is the anthropological definition of "myth"?​

A)​ancestral narratives
B)​a collection of legends and tall tales
C)​untrue narratives
D)​explanatory narratives

Question 7

Food foraging peoples have a religious worldview with each of the characteristics except:​

A)​individuals do not plead with high-ranking deities to be blessed
B)​belief that nature is infused with the spiritual
C)​spirituality permeates all aspects of their daily life
D)​they have a wide variety of formal ritual events

Question 8

Unlike religion, spirituality does not require:​

A)​belief in the supernatural
B)​a distinctive format or organization
C)​concern with the sacred
D)​explanation beyond scientific means

Question 9

Worldwide, what is the largest practiced religion today?​

A)​Islam
B)​Judaism
C)​Hinduism
D)​Christianity

Question 10

According to anthropologists, which of the following statements is true?​

A)​Religion is very common to humankind.
B)​Religion is found in primitive societies only.
C)​Religion has been found to be a part of all cultures.
D)​Religion is virtually a universal, although there have been some groups without it.

Question 11

In anthropology, religion and spirituality are classified as part of a culture's:​

A)​structure
B)​infrastructure
C)​substructure
D)​superstructure

Question 12

The collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality is called a(n):​

A)​infrastructure
B)​spirituality
C)​religion
D)​worldview

Question 13

Which of the following statements is not correct?​

A)​Religion and spirituality play a role in all cultures.
B)​There is considerable variability in religion and spirituality worldwide.
C)​Religion and spirituality are embedded in the cultural infrastructure.
D)​Both religion and spirituality are concerned with the supernatural.

Question 14

The ancient Greeks had a type of religion known as:​

A)​pluralism
B)​pantheonism
C)​polytheism
D)​polyvalence

Question 15

Which of the following is not associated with state societies?​

A)​a ranked order of supernatural beings
B)​religion reserved and practiced at special times
C)​religion intertwined with social stratification
D)​religion diffused and not involving named deities

Question 16

What is the primary reason that the Bugis of Sulawesi refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, and sexuality from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan?​

A)​to purify their thoughts and build self-control and restraint for their deity
B)​to focus purely on prayer and not be distracted by any physical activity
C)​to preserve resources so that they can break the fast with a communal celebration
D)​to set aside these things as offerings for the poor

Question 17

In a society where women hold little public authority, you would commonly find a religion in which:​

A)​there are many supreme goddesses
B)​there are many supreme gods
C)​the supreme goddess is feminine
D)​the supreme god is masculine

Question 18

Which of the following is not related to Islam?​

A)​Sunni
B)​Shia
C)​Ramadan
D)​Sikhism

Question 19

A collection of gods and goddesses is known as:​

A)​pantheon
B)​dogma
C)​deity
D)​trinity

Question 20

What sacred narratives explain the fundamentals of human existence?​

A)​legends
B)​texts
C)​myths
D)​rituals

Question 21

Which of the following statements about shamans is incorrect?​

A)​They are part-time religious practitioners.
B)​They are believed to be able to make direct contact with the supernatural.
C)​Their capacities are based on learned techniques and personality.
D)​They work exclusively as a healer and medicine man.

Question 22

Which of the following is one of the most common activities of shamans cross-culturally?​

A)​controlling animals
B)​healing the sick
C)​bringing rain
D)​punishing enemies

Question 23

The powerful healing force recognized by the Ju/'hoansi is called:​

A)​boa
B)​manitou
C)​n/um
D)​mana

Question 24

The belief that nature is filled with a variety of unattached or free-ranging spirits is:​

A)​animism
B)​animatism
C)​spirituality
D)​naturalism

Question 25

Which of the following is not considered to be a strong patriarchic religion?​

A)​Christianity
B)​Wicca
C)​Islam
D)​Judaism

Question 26

The belief in multiple gods or goddesses is called:​

A)​monotheism
B)​polytheism
C)​multitheism
D)​pantheism

Question 27

Approximately what percentage of older women serve as shamans among the Ju/'hoansi?​

A)​0
B)​25
C)​50
D)​33

Question 28

Which of the following is not a common reason to enter a trance state among the Ju/'hoansi?​

A)​to bring rain
B)​to heal the sick
C)​to control animals
D)​to preserve crops

Question 29

The concepts of mana and manitou are all associated with:

A)​fundamentalism
B)​monotheism
C)​animism
D)​animatism

Question 30

Which of the following statements about priests and priestesses is not correct?​

A)​They often have symbolic indicators that proclaim their special social status.
B)​They work to monopolize the means of sacred practice.
C)​They are associated with maintaining ideological foundations of society.
D)​They derive their legitimacy from their social status in the kinship network.

Question 31

Which kind of religious specialist would you expect to find in a foraging society?​

A)​spiritual guide
B)​priest
C)​sorcerer
D)​shaman

Question 32

All of the following are ways to "conjure up" the healing force latent in Ju/'hoansi bodies except:​

A)​dancing
B)​intense concentration
C)​eating mushrooms
D)​close exposure to the heat of a fire

Question 33

Among the Ju/'hoansi, consciousness is a sign that:​

A)​the gods inhabit the person's body
B)​the prayer has been answered
C)​a hunter will have success the next day
D)​the soul and body are reunited

Question 34

What is the greatest contributing factor in whether a society will have a strongly patriarchal or matriarchal pantheon?​

A)​economics
B)​kinship
C)​climate
D)​environment

Question 35

A part-time religious specialist that generally serves as a healer and spiritual mediator is called a:​

A)​shaman
B)​priest
C)​spiritual guide
D)​holy father

Question 36

The widespread occurrence of shamanism and the remarkable similarities noted among various shamanic traditions are due to:​

A)​common neurological inheritance
B)​legitimacy and accuracy of the religion
C)​universal ailments of humankind
D)​diffusion of tradition among groups

Question 37

Which of the following is not part of the traditional shamanic complex?​

A)​chief
B)​shaman
C)​patient
D)​community

Question 38

Shamanic experience is often associated with:​

A)​altered states of consciousness
B)​official rituals and events
C)​long performances of scripted behaviors
D)​large group gatherings and public displays

Question 39

With which descent system is the belief in ancestral spirits commonly found?​

A)​unilineal
B)​ambilineal
C)​double descent
D)​bilateral

Question 40

The meanings ascribed to sensations experienced in altered states are:​

A)​determined solely by the shaman
B)​universally the same
C)​biologically determined
D)​culturally determined

Question 41

Culturally prescribed avoidances involving ritual prohibitions are called:

A)​sins
B)​proscriptions
C)​taboos
D)​commandments

Question 42

All of the following are activities in which a shaman might be commonly used in a foraging society except:​

A)​healing and wellness
B)​ability to attract lovers
C)​accumulation of property
D)​strength and invulnerability to spirit attack

Question 43

Ndebele women healers use what technique for divination?​

A)​reading entrails after sacrificing an animal
B)​reading tea leaves at the bottom of a cup
C)​reading how bones land when thrown
D)​reading the way milk curdles after mixing in water

Question 44

Which of the following best describes witchcraft?​

A)​belief that some individuals possess the supernatural power to manipulate objects
B)​belief that some individuals possess power to cause harm
C)​belief that some individuals can travel at night and cause altered states
D)​belief that some individuals possess specific formulas to temporarily change people

Question 45

Which of the following statements about Mahayana Buddhism is not correct?​

A)​Traditional Buddhist nuns embrace a masculine lifestyle.
B)​Women are believed to be inferior to men because they are more attached.
C)​When nuns leave home, they stop referring to themselves as women.
D)​Nuns call each other "father" as a way of denying their sexuality.

Question 46

When do Mende girls undergo female initiation rites?​

A)​after they move out of their natal homes
B)​after they have their first child
C)​after the beginning of menstruation
D)​immediately before the beginning of menstruation

Question 47

The transition that is effected in a rite of passage is comparable to:​

A)​social death and rebirth
B)​marriage and union
C)​sorcery and witchcraft
D)​specialization

Question 48

In anthropology, marriage rituals are almost always classified as:​

A)​rites of union
B)​rites of transition
C)​rites of intensification
D)​rites of passage

Question 49

A fetish is:​

A)​an object believed to possess magical powers
B)​a spell used specifically for witchcraft
C)​a shrine located on a pilgrimage
D)​an animal used for sacrifice

Question 50

Which of the following is not a type of divination technique?​

A)​necromancy
B)​geomancy
C)​agoramancy
D)​chiromancy

Question 51

Palm reading is the divination technique of:​

A)​necromancy
B)​chiromancy
C)​geomancy
D)​paramancy

Question 52

What is the primary reason that religions utilize rites of purification?​

A)​It is a way to keep their adherents from getting dirty.
B)​It is a way of correcting behaviors that break religious rules.
C)​It is a public way of raising one's status.
D)​It is a ritualized way of doing group healing.

Question 53

In what environment might you find feng shui used?​

A)​redesigning home interiors
B)​predicting the future
C)​blessing during a wedding ritual
D)​mythical text for a religious ceremony

Question 54

Mahayana Buddhists in the Taiwanese Chan monastery believe all of the following accrues bad karma except:​

A)​being attached to things
B)​killing someone
C)​eating meat
D)​being unmarried

Question 55

Acts or procedures established by custom or prescribed by authority as proper to a certain formal occasion are called:​

A)​rites of passage
B)​rituals
C)​shamanic performances
D)​ceremonies

Question 56

Which of the following is not a common practice in Mende girl initiation?​

A)​harsh teaching and training
B)​undergoing a surgery
C)​spending significant amounts of time alone and secluded
D)​smearing body with white clay

Question 57

Why do Mende elders remove a young girl's clitoris?

A)​form of female circumcision
B)​type of marriage
C)​process of giving birth
D)​tattooing the face

Question 58

The period of isolation that forms part of a rite of passage is which stage?​

A)​separation
B)​transition
C)​transformation
D)​incorporation

Question 59

Rites of passage include all of the following stages except:​

A)​incorporation
B)​transformation
C)​transition
D)​separation

Question 60

All of the following would be considered rites of purification except:​

A)​smudging
B)​baptism
C)​fasting
D)​wedding

Question 61

Which of the following statements about Navajo skinwalkers is correct?​

A)​The Navajo skinwalkers are believed to be able to transform themselves into animals.
B)​Navajo believe that those who suffer from anxiety have been cursed by a female skinwalker.
C)Navajo skinwalkers conduct their rituals in daylight and in densely populated areas.
D)​Navajo skinwalkers are believed to be saints and holy people able to either bless or curse an individual.

Question 62

Which religion, based on the pre-Christian tradition of the Celtic peoples, was officially recognized as a religion in Great Britain in 2010?​

A)​Sufism
B)​Druidry
C)​Wiccan
D)​Shakers

Question 63

In the United States today, approximately what percentage of adults claim to be religious unaffiliated?​

A)​53
B)​13
C)​20
D)​65

Question 64

Religion and spirituality are best examined as part of a society's worldview.​

Question 65

A religion that is a mixture of both indigenous and foreign beliefs would be called:​

A)​syncretic
B)​plastic
C)​desecrated
D)​secularized

Question 66

One goal of anthropologists is to develop a better religion.​

Question 67

Spirituality and religion are universal in all cultures.​

Question 68

Reactionary religious movements are associated with all of the following except:​

A)​call for a return to tradition
B)​high incidence of witchcraft
C)​conservative spiritual leaders
D)​culturally unstable societies

Question 69

Ancestral spirits reflect and reinforce social reality.​

Question 70

Which of the following statements about secularization today is correct?​

A)Religious nonaffiliation is rising today in eastern Europe.
B)​More than 85 percent of Germans identify themselves as nonreligious.
C)​Lack of formal religious beliefs usually also means lack of spiritual beliefs.
D)​In Europe, Christianity is declining as Islam increases in numbers.

Question 71

All of the following statements about a pilgrimage are correct except:​

A)​There are pilgrimages in every known religion.
B)​During a pilgrimage, participants are involved in religious drama.
C)​Pilgrimages occur to sites that are metaphysically significant.
D)​Pilgrims travel in order to seek enlightenment.

Question 72

Which of the following best describes revitalization movements?​

A)​a movement for radical cultural reform in response to widespread social disruption
B)​a movement for political change in response to economic destruction
C)​a movement for liberation during times of oppression by outside forces
D)​a religious movement that styles itself on communistic structures

Question 73

In the United States, which of the following revitalization movements occurred?​

A)​Asatru
B)​cargo cults
C)​Mau Mau uprising
D)​Sun Dance

Question 74

Loas are Vodou:​

A)​saints
B)​altars
C)​priestesses
D)​shamans

Question 75

In which religion do we find "whirling dervishes"?​

A)​Sikhism
B)​Sufism
C)​Buddhism
D)​Taoism

Question 76

The hajj is a pilgrimage associated with:​

A)​Christianity
B)​Islam
C)​Hinduism
D)​Shintoism

Question 77

The largest practiced religion in the world is Hinduism.​

Question 78

A revitalization movement includes all of the following except:​

A)​collective feelings of stress
B)​financial and social security
C)​calls for radical cultural reform
D)​social movement

Question 79

Navajo skinwalkers are:​

A)​diviners
B)​sorcerers
C)​priests
D)​shamans

Question 80

Which of the following is not a common place for pilgrimages across religions?​

A)​burials of saints
B)​summits of mountains
C)religiously historical places
D)​residences of current religious leaders