Deck 14: Politics Power and Violence

Question 1

In which form of political organization do we find a redistributive exchange involving tribute?​

A)​tribe
B)​band
C)​state
D)​chiefdom

Answer 1

​chiefdom

Question 2

Which of the following characteristics does not describe an uncentralized political system?​

A)​large population
B)​high levels of individual freedom
C)​leaders with no formal political power
D)​subsistence economy

Answer 2

​large population

Question 3

Among the Kapauku, who has the ultimate authority to confiscate property?​

A)​grandfather
B)​army
C)​headman
D)​priest

Answer 3

​headman

Question 4

Which of the following is not a common mechanism used in tribal societies as a means of political integration?​

A)​racial typing
B)​common-interest groups
C)​age grades
D)​age sets

Question 5

Between the polarities of kin-ordered and state-ordered varieties, there are numerous types of:​

A)​political systems
B)​violent movements
C)​cultural controls
D)​diplomatic treaties

Question 6

In an uncentralized political system, the principal means of social organization is:​

A)​institutions
B)​class strata
C)​religion
D)​kinship

Question 7

Political assemblies known as jirgas, where tribal leaders make joint decisions by consensus are found among the:​

A)​Kpelle
B)​Kapauku
C)​Pashtun
D)​Ju/'hoansi

Question 8

The process of determining who gets what, when, where, and how is called:​

A)​politics
B)​determination
C)​centralization
D)​power

Question 9

A prime technique for resolving disputes in a band is:​

A)​warfare
B)​imprisonment
C)​strong leadership
D)​mobility

Question 10

Which of the following pairs are examples of uncentralized systems?​

A)​chiefdoms/tribes
B)​states/tribes
C)​tribes/bands
D)​bands/chiefdoms

Question 11

Which is likely to be the oldest form of political organization?​

A)​chiefdom
B)​band
C)​tribe
D)​state

Question 12

The ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes is called:​

A)​sanctions
B)​resistance
C)​power
D)​laws

Question 13

What is the primary reason for lower incidences of warfare among food foragers?​

A)​frequent mobility
B)​little occupational specialization
C)​significant role of the family lineage
D)​small amounts of food surplus

Question 14

An individual's status within the chiefdom is determined to the greatest extent by:​

A)​where they live in relationship to the paramount chief
B)​the amount of resources available for the group as a whole
C)​closeness of their relationship with the chief
D)​the individual's skills and accomplishments

Question 15

In which form of political organization do we find class ranking?

A)​tribe
B)​band
C)​state
D)​chiefdom

Question 16

Political organization is associated with each of the following except:​

A)​how a society creates and maintains social order
B)​the way power is arranged and executed
C)how decision making is structurally embedded in society
D)​the means to eradicate all forms of power

Question 17

How do tribal leaders customarily enforce their authority?​

A)​through cunning and manipulation
B)​through fines and taxes
C)​through military action
D)​through imprisonment and legal sanctions

Question 18

In a kin-ordered society, leaders:​

A)​are always the eldest son of the family
B)​must rule through state leaders
C)​have little or no influence
D)​lack formal political power

Question 19

In what country have we recently seen the emergence of Boko Haram as a response to political power shifts?​

A)​Nigeria
B)​Kenya
C)​Egypt
D)​Madagascar

Question 20

Among the Kapauku, the tonowi, or "rich one," is the:​

A)​shaman
B)​ancestor
C)​king
D)​"big man"

Question 21

Authority is associated with each of the following except:​

A)​imposing obedience or submission
B)​based on socially accepted rules
C)​binding people together as a society under codified law
D)​creating the basis for legitimacy

Question 22

Traditionally, chiefdoms have been extremely:​

A)​unstable
B)​small
C)​aggressive
D)​stable

Question 23

Why were Igbo female-headed institutions destroyed?​

A)​because women were needed to head up economic enterprises
B)​because of threats from Igbo men
C)​because of internal warfare among the various tribes
D)​because of colonial pressures and cultural differences

Question 24

A state governed by a priestly elite headed by a priest claiming divine descent is called a(n):​

A)​theocracy
B)​democracy
C)​monarchy
D)​aristocracy

Question 25

Which of the following forms of political organization is considered to be the most stable?​

A)​chiefdom
B)​tribe
C)​state
D)​band

Question 26

Why does every society develop sanctions?​

A)​because internalized controls are not sufficient
B)​because they are threatened by other groups at all times
C)​because sanctions provide structure to social institutions
D)​because sanctions allow societies to compete with each other

Question 27

When an elected president serves as head of a state, it is called a(n):​

A)​autocracy
B)​monarchy
C)​republic
D)​theocracy

Question 28

"Sitting on a man" is:​

A)​how Taino women pressure men to acknowledge their rule
B)​how Igbo women sanction men for misbehavior
C)​a Pashtun man's way of discerning male political leadership potential
D)​a Kpelle form of legitimizing male political rule

Question 29

An aristocracy is a government in which:​

A)​the priestly elite are in charge
B)​the state is headed by a single leader
C)​the general population is represented in leadership
D)​the governing noble elite claims legitimacy as rulers

Question 30

Which type of political organization is least ordered by kinship?​

A)​band
B)​state
C)​tribe
D)​chiefdom

Question 31

A society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state even while maintaining their cultural differences is known as what type of society?​

A)​multicultural
B)​pluralistic
C)​ethnically plural
D)​bicameral

Question 32

What is unique about the Kpelle chiefdoms?​

A)​The paramount chiefs tax their citizens to generate revenue.
B)​The paramount chiefs do not represent the people.
C)​The paramount chiefs receive a salary from the state government.
D)​The chiefs are paramount and each rules a separate country.

Question 33

Approximately how many internationally recognized states, as defined in the text, exist today?​

A)​500
B)​130
C)​75
D)​200

Question 34

What is the primary difference between a rule of law and a rule of custom?​

A)​Laws employ overt coercion.
B)​Customs employ overt coercion.
C)​Laws involve few legal claims.
D)​Customs involve legal sanctions.

Question 35

How is the leader of a chiefdom different from that of a tribe?​

A)​The leader of a chiefdom has a standing military rank.
B)​The leader of a tribe is always patrilineal.
C)​The leader of a tribe rules thorough mediation and informal consensus.
D)​The leader of a chiefdom is a formal authority figure.

Question 36

What method do Inuit societies of northern Canada use to settle disputes?​

A)​verbal insult
B)​whaling competitions
C)​witchcraft charges
D)​song duels

Question 37

All of the following are associated with the means of using religion to legitimize power except:​

A)​In Iran, the country's democratically elected parliament is subordinate to the ayatollah.
B)In the United States, the newly elected president takes the oath of office by swearing on a Bible.
C)​In England, the monarch serves as a nominal head of state and the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
D)Among the Kpelle, the paramount chief is seen as a divinely chosen representative of the church.

Question 38

Approximately how many nations, as defined in the text, exist today?​

A)​50
B)​50,000
C)​500
D)​5,000

Question 39

Self-control is an example of a(n):​

A)​externalized control
B)​internalized control
C)​informal sanction
D)​formal sanction

Question 40

Laws are an example of:​

A)​informal sanctions
B)​formal sanctions
C)​formative sanctions
D)​formational sanctions

Question 41

In uncentralized political systems, the primary goal of judicial proceedings is to:​

A)​reassure the general population
B)​restore social harmony
C)​punish the perpetrator
D)​compensate the victim

Question 42

What did Darwin believe to be the primary purpose of horns and vibrant plumage for male members of a species?​

A)​to draw attention to males and away from females for defense
B)​to serve for group defense purposes
C)​to distract females from male dominance
D)​to aid in the competition for a mate

Question 43

Over the past 200 years, warfare has:​

A)​involved property more than people
B)​been associated solely with religious strife
C)​intensified
D)​decreased

Question 44

The advent of farming provided all of the following risk factors for warfare except:​

A)​increased dependence
B)​increases in surplus
C)​presence of state society
D)​increased mobility

Question 45

Richard Wrangham argues that violence leads to a:​

A)​less aggressive society overall
B)​more united society
C)​female-dominated society
D)​male-dominated society

Question 46

The massive cultural change that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society is called:​

A)​ethnocide
B)​acculturation
C)​enculturation
D)​genocide

Question 47

Disputes may be settled in each of the following ways except:​

A)​adjudication
B)​negotiation
C)​exasperation
D)​mediation

Question 48

According to Ury, what is the "third side"?​

A)​the ability to resolve disputes without the use of legal sanctions and coercion
B)​the role that the surrounding community plays in resolving disputes between parties
C)​the actual conflict resolution itself
D)​the goal of promoting world peace and the elimination of all disputes

Question 49

How long has warfare been a problem for human societies?​

A)​at least since 10,000 years ago
B)​at least since 15,000 years ago
C)​at least since 4,000 years ago
D)​at least since 2,000 years ago

Question 50

In the 20th century alone, approximately how many people have been killed due to human violence?​

A)​15 million
B)​50 million
C)​150 million
D)​1 billion

Question 51

How are offenses viewed differently between a state society and a band society?​

A)​In a state society, there is a distinction between crimes against the state and against individuals; in a band society, there is only transgression against individuals or kin groups.
B)​In a state society, offenses are always viewed as disruptive to society in general, whereas in band societies, the offense may be solely between individuals and contained.
C)​In a band society, no individual is seen as offensive; every action is understood in context through customary law.In state societies, all actions of the individual are considered to be potentially offensive.
D)In band societies, self-control is taught from a young age, whereas in state societies, individuals are never taught any sort of self-control.

Question 52

Each of the following is a type of cultural control except:​

A)​self-control
B)​sanctions
C)​laws
D)​genocide

Question 53

The most common approach to justice in state societies has been:​

A)​adjudication
B)​imprisonment
C)​negotiation
D)​trial by ordeal

Question 54

What has most affected the rise of warfare among human societies?​

A)​mobility of individuals
B)​rise of state religions
C)​scare resources
D)​food production

Question 55

The collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality is:​

A)​a worldview
B)​an ideology
C)​a mission
D)​a lifestyle

Question 56

All of the following are key goals of the Program on Negotiation (PON) except:

A)​to implement better dispute resolution practices
B)​to find a way to eliminate all disputes in human society
C)​to promote collaboration among scholars in this area
D)​to increase public awareness of successful conflict resolution efforts

Question 57

Estimates are that large numbers of children are being co-opted into armies as child soldiers today. What is the most reasonable estimate of numbers of children serving today?​

A)​250,000
B)​500,000
C)​125,000
D)​75,000

Question 58

The argument that males are more biologically suited to combat is proposed as an example of:​

A)​natural variation
B)​sexual selection
C)​genetic drift
D)​sexual dimorphism

Question 59

The violent eradication of an ethnic group's collective cultural identity as a distinctive people is called:​

A)​ethnocide
B)​genocide
C)​diffusion
D)​revolution

Question 60

What is a Talking Circle?​

A)​a belief that if aggrieved parties come together in a circle and smoke peace pipes, all disputes are resolved automatically
B)​a means of mediating between two parties and developing a fair sense of formal coercion within the society
C)​a form of dispute resolution that has been developed by Ury to foster greater interaction and understanding among disputing parties
D)​a practice in which disputing parties come together in a circle to express concerns to each other free of interruption

Question 61

Aung San Suu Kyi is a resistance leader who received the Nobel Peace Prize. In which country has she fought for freedom and democracy?​

A)​Tibet
B)​Myanmar
C)​Saudi Arabia
D)​India

Question 62

The creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms is called:​

A)​syncretism
B)​ethnocide
C)​diffusion
D)​acculturation

Question 63

Why are the Aché Indians in Paraguay protesting today?

A)​deforestation and displacement caused by the state
B)​increasing amounts of violence and ethnocide carried out against them
C)​revitalization movement to revive their indigenous religion
D)​rising prices of food and taxation and decreasing wages

Question 64

Which of the following is not a type of domination and repression?​

A)​genocide
B)​ethnocide
C)​acculturation
D)​enculturation

Question 65

Traditions are:​

A)​customary ideas and practices passed on from generations before
B)​creative blending of past and present to create new cultural forms
C)​forms of cultural controls that are from the ancestors and applied to the present
D)​forms of binding agreements between different generations in a culture

Question 66

The hallmark today of long-lasting wars in regions that are strategically important or are rich in natural resources is:​

A)​foreign military intervention
B)​development of cultural pluralism
C)​increasing internalized sanctions
D)rapidly expanding genocide

Question 67

Which of the following is not an example of genocide?​

A)​1994 Rwandan war between the Hutus and Tutsis
B)​1980s government-sponsored terrorism in Guatemala
C)​1980s attacks by Saddam Hussein on the Kurds
D)​1950s attack by Chinese on Tibetans

Question 68

Political organization in the tribe is temporary.​

Question 69

Which of the following is an effort for radical cultural reform in response to widespread social disruption and collective feelings of despair?​

A)​genocide
B)​rebellion
C)​revolutions
D)​revitalization movement

Question 70

Political organization is the way a society creates and maintains social order.​

Question 71

Band societies may have a woman as head.​

Question 72

Armed conflict today primarily occurs in:​

A)​tribal societies
B)​pluralistic countries
C)​developed nations
D)​religious countries

Question 73

Civil disobedience is associated with which type of political organization?​

A)​tribe
B)​state
C)​band
D)​chiefdom

Question 74

In a band society, there is almost never any real conflict.​

Question 75

Which of the following statements is incorrect?​

A)​Rebellions have more impact on society than revolutions.
B)​Revolutions occur when the level of discontent in a society is high.
C)​Rebellions are historically caused by repressive regimes.
D)​Syncretism develops as a form of resistance to domination.

Question 76

Which of the following statements is incorrect?​

A)​Ethnocide is a form of acculturation.
B)​Ethnocide includes everything short of physical extermination.
C)​Ethnocide is a attempt to stamp out a society's cultural heritage.
D)Ethnocide is associated with noncoercive leadership.

Question 77

Mohandas Gandhi's satyagraha movement is an example of:​

A)​nonviolent resistance
B)​genocide
C)​ethnocide
D)​revolution

Question 78

Which of the following has had the most direct impact on the outbreak of revolutions?​

A)​colonialism
B)​religion
C)​lack of resources
D)​labor shortages

Question 79

An organized armed resistance or violent uprising to an established government or authority in power is known as a(n):​

A)​revolution
B)​insurgency
C)​tradition
D)​ethnocide

Question 80

There are no societies left in which political organization consists of flexible and informal kinship systems.​