Deck 10: Social Identity Personality and Gender

Question 1

"Feral" children are best described as:​

A)​children who were raised by animals and not within a nuclear family
B)​children who are wild and not tamed
C)​children who grew up deprived of human contact and culture
D)​children who grew up unable to understand human language

Answer 1

​children who grew up deprived of human contact and culture

Question 2

Teknonymy is when:​

A)​people receive an honorific name
B)​a male child is named after his father
C)​a child receives the family's surname as a first name
D)​the parents are named after the child

Answer 2

​people receive an honorific name

Question 3

Among more traditional Navajo Indians, a child receives an ancestral clan name after:​

A)​it demonstrates self-awareness
B)​it walks
C)​it speaks for the first time
D)​it laughs for the first time

Answer 3

​it laughs for the first time

Question 4

Culture is:​

A)​socially constructed and known by instinct
B)​both biologically and socially constructed at birth
C)​socially constructed and learned
D)​biologically inherited before it is learned

Question 5

The transmission of culture from one generation to another within a society is known as:​

A)​acculturation
B)​enculturation
C)​diffusion
D)​cultural relativism

Question 6

Which of the following statements about self-awareness is correct?​

A)​Human do not have the ability for self-awareness at birth.
B)​Self-awareness does not develop as fully in less technologically advanced societies.
C)​Self-awareness is the ability to advocate the moral importance of one's actions.
D)​Not all humans have self-awareness; it is culturally conditioned.

Question 7

One of the most important sources of self-identity throughout human cultures is:​

A)​type of shelter used
B)​adherence to a social class conduct
C)​ability to speak early
D)​a personal name

Question 8

What was the primary argument of John Locke's tabula rasa theory?​

A)​that natural selection favors individuals who have adaptive personalities
B)​that the mind of children is born empty and cannot develop until adolescence
C)​that we are very different at birth and that our individualities are genetically programmed
D)​that we are biologically identical at birth in the potential for personality development

Question 9

The ability to identify oneself as an individual is called:​

A)​personality
B)​self-awareness
C)​temporal orientation
D)​normative orientation

Question 10

Researchers have found that in large-scale industrialized countries, children's self-awareness develops:​

A)​less fully
B)​more fully
C)​more rapidly
D)​less rapidly

Question 11

Based on recent breakthroughs in human genetic research, anthropologists have come to recognize that:​

A)​we are born with culture already encrypted in our biology and there is only a little that we must learn
B)​an identifiable portion of our behavior is genetically influenced
C)​biology and culture are one and the same and cannot be separated
D)​large aspects of our genetic makeup are behaviorally influenced

Question 12

Which cultural group/national group gives a child its father's last name differently depending on the gender of the child?​

A)​Finland
B)​Aymara
C)​Iceland
D)​Nigeria

Question 13

Teknonymy normally occurs in societies where:​

A)​only close relatives can use someone's personal name
B)​the same names are never used from one generation to another
C)​naming ceremonies occur several times over the course of an individual's life
D)​children are named prior to being born

Question 14

Tuareg children normally receive names from:​

A)​the Bible
B)​the Koran
C)​a shaman
D)​an ancestor spirit

Question 15

The Aymara Indians in the Bolivian community of Laymi do not consider an infant to be human until:​

A)​it receives a name
B)​it is designated with a gender
C)​it is able to speak
D)​it develops a specific personality

Question 16

Among the Khanty in northwestern Siberia, infants not yet named are believed to be:​

A)​deities that must be worshipped
B)​evil spirits that must be named as soon as possible
C)​reincarnated ancestors who can talk to shamans
D)​nonhuman animals who must be lured into human cultural life

Question 17

All of the following statements about personal naming are correct except:​

A)​Personal names are important in all cultures.
B)​Through naming, a social group acknowledges a child's social identity.
C)​Names often express multiple aspects of one's group identity.
D)​Names are always recycled and used multiple times in a family.

Question 18

Which of the following plays the least important role in personality development?​

A)​gender
B)​genetics
C)​culture
D)​climate

Question 19

Which of the following statements about naming and identity politics is not true?​

A)​Within minority groups, naming can be used as a way to assert cultural pride.
B)​Names are used to express an individual's self-worth.
C)​Sometimes immigrants change their names to better adapt to a new culture.
D)​Names usually cease to be important after self-awareness develops fully.

Question 20

At what age is self-awareness typically established in postindustrial societies such as our own?​

A)​1 year old
B)​2 years old
C)​3 years old
D)​5 years old

Question 21

What do the textbook authors mean by a generalized "cultural personality"?​

A)​a society that is defined by a single overriding personality shared by all members of society
B)​a personality that all enculturated humans share cross-culturally regardless of society
C)​a society in which individuals within a society have a common personality during ritual events
D)​a society that is composed of individuals who acquire distinct personalities yet share some common characteristics

Question 22

Psychological anthropologists have distinguished three general patterns of child rearing. Which of the following is not one of them?​

A)​interdependence training
B)​dependence training
C)​independence training
D)​imitation training

Question 23

Ranges of acceptable behavior for an individual within society are part of:

A)​normative orientation
B)​object orientation
C)​spatial orientation
D)​temporal orientation

Question 24

An individual's cognitive map over time is also called a/an:​

A)​behavior
B)​orientation
C)​name
D)​personality

Question 25

What is a major conclusion that we can make from the Ju/'hoansi data regarding traditional versus settled lifestyles?​

A)​Economy structures childrearing and affects the adult personality.
B)​Social structures are overbearing for children.
C)​Religious beliefs can affect the way a child develops over time.
D)​Traditional people have gender difficulties.

Question 26

Under what kind of training is a child encouraged to seek help and attention?​

A)​dependence training
B)​independence training
C)​interdependence training
D)​solitary training

Question 27

In which kind of household would you expect boys to be more involved in sibling child-rearing tasks?​

A)​agricultural
B)​foraging
C)​industrial
D)​polygamous

Question 28

Mead found that the Arapesh:​

A)​have similar male-female roles
B)​exhibit primarily aggressive tendencies
C)​raise their children to have gender-neutral traits
D)​do not exhibit any specific gender traits

Question 29

An individual's sense of place in time is termed his/her:​

A)​normative orientation
B)​object orientation
C)​spatial orientation
D)​temporal orientation

Question 30

In what kind of society do we normally find rather egalitarian gender roles?​

A)​chiefdom
B)​industrialized
C)​tribal
D)​hunting-gathering

Question 31

To structure the individual's psychological field, self-awareness includes each of the following orientations except:​

A)​normative orientation
B)​object orientation
C)​temporal orientation
D)​emotive orientation

Question 32

The Beng in West Africa believe in reincarnation and cherish their children as "old souls" returning home. With which type of child-rearing training are they associated?​

A)​interdependence training
B)​imitation training
C)​dependence training
D)​independence training

Question 33

Dependence training is mostly associated with what type of economy?​

A)​industrial
B)​global
C)​market
D)​subsistence

Question 34

Under which form of childrearing would you expect the most obedience?​

A)​interdependence training
B)​dependence training
C)​independence training
D)​imitation training

Question 35

Francis Hsu defines core values as:​

A)​specific values promoted by particular cultures
B)​central core, human values
C)​values significant in the process of enculturation
D)​values that are fundamental to the development of self-awareness

Question 36

Independence training is associated with all of the following except:​

A)​extended families
B)​self-reliance
C)​aggressiveness
D)​competition

Question 37

What was Margaret Mead's most important contribution to our understanding of gender?​

A)​that gender does not exist outside of the United States and European countries
B)that gender is socially constructed and learned, and it varies cross-culturally
C)​that gender is biologically fixed and individuals cannot change who they are
D)​that gender and sex are different, and no society has core values associated with these

Question 38

Which anthropologist pioneered studies of cross-cultural personality and gender?​

A)​Irving Hallowell
B)​Emily Martin
C)​Francis Hsu
D)​Margaret Mead

Question 39

Beng babies are raised with a child-rearing training that is midway between the extremes. It is associated with all of the following except:​

A)​They are held and breast-fed by more than just their mother.
B)​They appear generally free of stranger anxiety.
C)​They are made to appear very attractive to adults.
D)​They are taught to listen and be very obedient to their parents.

Question 40

Which of the following was not an emphasis of the culture and personality movement?​

A)​national character studies
B)​socioeconomic studies
C)​child-rearing studies
D)​culture-at-a-distance studies

Question 41

The Bugis acknowledge multiple genders. Which of the following is not one of the genders they recognize?​

A)​masculine male
B)​feminine female
C)​neither male nor female
D)​both male and female in one

Question 42

If an individual is born with only one X chromosome as a sexual set, this is called:​

A)​intersexuality
B)​Down syndrome
C)​Turner syndrome
D)​androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 43

In what historical period did anthropology see the dominance of the culture and personality theorists?

A)​1920s and '30s
B)​1930s and '40s
C)​1950s and '60s
D)​1980s and '90s

Question 44

People who cross over or occupy an intermediate position in the binary male-female gender construction are called:​

A)​transgenders
B)​intersexuals
C)​eunuchs
D)​castrati

Question 45

Among the Lakota, transgenders:​

A)​dressed as women and were believed to possess both male and female spirits
B)​dressed as men and were believed to possess multiple spirits
C)​dressed as men and worked as slaves for other individuals
D)​were worshipped as gods

Question 46

"Being a man" means:​

A)​having all X chromosomes
B)​having an X and Y chromosome
C)​having sex hormones that are associated with maleness
D)​being defined as male by one's culture

Question 47

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?​

A)​an inability for the individual to respond biologically to male hormones
B)​a syndrome that causes the individual to respond biologically in an abnormal way to female hormones
C)​a syndrome that causes the individual to respond biologically in an abnormal way to male hormones
D)​an inability for the individual to respond biologically to female hormones

Question 48

What is the Yanomamo waiteri?​

A)​public display of masculinity
B)​a public ritual for naming children
C)​a baptismal ceremony for infants
D)​a ritual in which children are initiated into puberty

Question 49

What was the controversy that surrounded Caster Semenya, the South African middle-distance runner?​

A)​He first competed as a man and then had a sex-change operation and competed in the female races
B)​She competed as a woman and the athletic federation discovered that she had internal male sex organs.
C)​She first competed as a woman and then changed into a man and competed in the male races.
D)​Caster would not agree to disclose gender on the race forms.

Question 50

Being intersexed involves all of the following except:​

A)​having genitalia
B)​having reproductive organs
C)​having only male sex chromosomes
D)​involving about 1 percent of the total population

Question 51

Biological sex is determined by which chromosome set?​

A)​19th
B)​14th
C)​23rd
D)​21st

Question 52

What is a sadhu?​

A)​a Hindu holy man
B)​a Muslim cleric
C)​a Greek Orthodox priest
D)​a Shinto god

Question 53

What Native American group was associated with R.K. Williamson's "blessed curse"?​

A)​Assiniboin
B)​Cheyenne
C)​Ojibwa
D)​Cherokee

Question 54

The Ming dynasty in China was believed to include as many as 20,000 castrated males. When the last ruling emperor of China stepped down in 1912, he had how many eunuchs still?​

A)​500
B)​1,500
C)​5,000
D)​15,000

Question 55

Approximately how many sadhus live in India and Nepal?​

A)​150,000
B)​500,000
C)​3 million
D)​5 million

Question 56

In Samoa, boys who take on the identity of females are called:​

A)​winkte
B)​bardah
C)​hemanah
D)​fa'afafines

Question 57

In "The Blessed Curse," how did Williamson's grandmother depict her status as intersexed?​

A)​a gift from the Great Spirit to be given strength and tenderness
B)​a curse from Mother Earth of being between worlds and blessed, but not belonging
C)​a great religious teacher able to counsel both men and women in the Christian church
D)​an agent of Satan come to show people what will happen if they do not care for their families

Question 58

What percentage of individuals worldwide are intersexed in some way?​

A)​about 7
B)​about 5
C)​about 3
D)​about 1

Question 59

Francis Hsu argues that one of the core values of the Chinese is:​

A)​mutual dependence
B)​rugged individualism
C)​aggressive paranoia
D)​passive submission

Question 60

What is the primary value of core value studies?​

A)​It allows for the fact that within a single group, not all personalities conform to cultural ideals.
B)​As an alternative to national character studies, it allows us to fully understand other countries.
C)​It helps us understand the fundamental values that create psychologically healthy human beings.
D)​It provides a basis for teaching groups that are culturally maladaptive.

Question 61

All of the following statements about treatment of psychological disorders are correct except:​

A)​There are commercial pressures that favor a bioscience approach to mental disorders.
B)​Mental health practices in North America are very ethnocentric.
C)​A reductionist biomedical mindset commonly ignores cultural factors in mental disorders.
D)​Mental disorders are always caused by a combination of cultural and biological factors.

Question 62

The Western (meaning European and North American) medical system can best be termed:​

A)​pseudo-science
B)​biomedicine
C)​psychosomatic
D)​homoeopathic

Question 63

Medical mediation is associated with all of the following except:​

A)​challenging negative biases about indigenous health systems
B)​correcting misinformation about non-Western healing approaches
C)suggesting culturally appropriate healing approaches
D)​intervening to remove patients from inappropriate settings

Question 64

When individuals are so disturbed that they cannot measure up to the norms of society and be happy, they are usually labeled as:

A)​psychotic
B)​neurotic
C)​paranoid
D)​bipolar

Question 65

Irving Hallowell found that:​

A)abnormality is the development of a culturally disapproved delusional system
B)​normal is when someone does not stand out as sanctified within a culture
C)​mental illnesses are found primarily in Western cultures and where stress levels are high
D)​individuals in foraging societies have the highest amounts of culture-bound syndromes

Question 66

Windigo psychosis can be compared to the Euro-American equivalent of:​

A)​paranoid schizophrenia
B)​attention deficit disorder
C)​Turner's syndrome
D)​ethnic psychosis

Question 67

When a person's delusional system is so different that it in no way reflects his or her society's norms, the individual can be considered:​

A)​depressed
B)​insane
C)​psychotic
D)​neurotic

Question 68

Bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are associated with all of the following except:​

A)​primarily diagnosed in adults
B)​usually involves females
C)​associated with Western societies
D)​classified as a culture-bound syndrome

Question 69

In the Tuareg naming ceremony, all of the following occur except:​

A)​Women gather around bowls of macaroni.
B)​The children are named on the eighth day after birth.
C)​The father gathers outside for a Muslim ceremony.
D)​The siblings smear their hands and faces with indigo.

Question 70

Gender plays an important role in personality.

Question 71

In the United States, manic depression is now called:​

A)​bipolar disease
B)​attention deficit disorder
C)​ethnic psychosis
D)​deviance

Question 72

A psychosomatic illness can best be described as:​

A)​one that is completely lodged in the mind and has no other symptoms
B)​one that has no identifiable physiological cause identified scientifically
C)​one that has physical symptoms that the individual cannot otherwise detect
D)​one that involves both psychological and physical symptoms

Question 73

As a way of addressing a medical need that is culturally derived or influenced, anthropologists today are increasingly involved in:​

A)​medical school training
B)​medical mediation
C)​osteopathic analyses
D)​psychological approaches

Question 74

Personal names are important in all cultures.​

Question 75

Self-awareness develops more quickly in infants with large amounts of close contact with other humans.​

Question 76

An ethnic psychosis is also known as a(n):​

A)​culture-bound syndrome
B)​culture-marked etiology
C)​cultural psychosis
D)​subcultural conundrum

Question 77

Which of the following is found cross-culturally?​

A)​schizophrenia
B)​windigo
C)​bulimia nervosa
D)​anorexia nervosa

Question 78

Anthropologists now believe that there is very little genetic influence behind personality.​

Question 79

All of the following are accurate statements of biomedicine except:​

A)​It is based on cultural beliefs and practices.
B)​It is based on Western perceptions of science.
C)​It is fundamentally informed by a unified body-mind continuum.
D)​The body is believed to be made of parts that can be healed.

Question 80

Self-awareness comes all at once and allows an individual to begin functioning as a member of society.​