Deck 6: The Emergence of Cities and States

Question 1

Modern cities are uniquely defined by a high level of:​

A)​socialization
B)​exchange
C)​interdependence
D)​independence

Answer 1

​interdependence

Question 2

​The world's first cities developed in:

A)​China
B)​Jordan
C)​Egypt
D)​Mesopotamia

Answer 2

​Mesopotamia

Question 3

The world's first civilization in Mesopotamia developed:​

A)​between 1,000 and 2,000 years ago
B)​between 4,500 and 6,000 years ago
C)​between 7,500 and 10,000 years ago
D)​between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago

Answer 3

​between 4,500 and 6,000 years ago

Question 4

The city of Tikal was:​

A)​occupied for less than 100 years
B)​also a center of domestication for rice and wheat
C)​the center of an extensive regional trade route linking Africa to Asia
D)​one of the largest lowland Maya cities

Question 5

In what modern country is Tikal located?​

A)​Guatemala
B)​Costa Rica
C)​Panama
D)​Turkey

Question 6

What kind of data was collected from the study of nonmonumental structures at Tikal?​

A)​state political interests
B)​trade and exchange routes
C)​site size and population
D)​religious affiliation

Question 7

All of the following are associated with cities and states except:​

A)​organized central governments
B)​monumental structures
C)​warfare
D)​equality

Question 8

The most obvious characteristic of civilization is:​

A)​new technology
B)​food storage
C)​population
D)​private property

Question 9

How did the Maya maximize land available for subsistence?​

A)​They practiced hydroponic farming without soil.
B)​They had gardens inside their homes for subsistence.
C)​They used artificially raised fields in flooded areas.
D)​They created land by diverting rivers into areas away from Tikal.

Question 10

Why did Teotihuacan include residents with foreign affiliation?​

A)​to use as slaves
B)​to rely on for military protection
C)​to consult in spiritual matters
D)​to expand the trade network

Question 11

In a modern city, virtually every institution depends on:​

A)​religious organizations
B)​highways
C)​public utilities
D)​secondary schools

Question 12

The root word civitas of civilization means:​

A)​trade and exchange
B)​refinement and manners
C)​top hierarchy of a city
D)​urban area of dwelling

Question 13

The early city of Mohenjo-Daro, at its peak, had a population of:​

A)​10,000
B)​50,000
C)​20,000
D)​7,000

Question 14

The following are elements of a civilization as defined by anthropologists except:​

A)​large numbers of people living in cities
B)​refinement and progress
C)​social stratification
D)​governing by ruling elite

Question 15

Çatalhöyük is:​

A)​an urban area in the Fertile Crescent where agriculture first developed
B)​an urban center that developed from a very small farming community
C)​the first urban center ever developed, and it subsisted solely on trade
D)​a highly populated town that never developed characteristics of urban centers

Question 16

Archaeologists estimate that, at its height, the population of Teotihuacan reached:​

A)​175,000
B)​250,000
C)​75,000
D)​100,000

Question 17

The early city of Teotihuacan was designed according to:​

A)​a standard Spanish grid pattern
B)​visions and prophecies
C)​regional topography
D)​the solar calendar

Question 18

This city is one of the oldest continually inhabited urban areas worldwide:​

A)​Aleppo, Syria
B)​Paris, France
C)​Jericho, Jordan
D)​Ankara, Turkey

Question 19

The center and most important area of Tikal was:​

A)​the Solar Plaza
B)​the Temple of the Moon
C)​the Street of the Dead
D)​the Great Plaza

Question 20

Following the excavations in the 1960s, archaeologists at Tikal began to focus on:​

A)​dwelling sites around the larger buildings
B)​the temple complex and major buildings
C)​monumental architecture at the site
D)​slave quarters and workers' dwellings on the outskirts

Question 21

Recent doomsday predictions regarding the end of the world were based on modern readings of:​

A)​Maya ceremonial calendars
B)​Lagash hieroglyphics
C)​architecture and astronomy at Tikal
D)​ancient written Chinese scrolls

Question 22

For the Aztecs and Maya, obsidian was:​

A)​extracted from deep mining pits
B)​easy to work with
C)​readily available
D)​a symbol of wealth

Question 23

What was the primary purpose of Maya record keeping?​

A)​to keep records and lists for tax purposes
B)​to keep lists of land titles and ownership
C)​to keep records on the great accomplishments of the rulers
D)​to keep records for food storage and storehouses

Question 24

The Maya kept records of political and economic history through the use of:​

A)​glyphs
B)​abaci
C)​syllabaries
D)​pictograms

Question 25

The Code of Hammurabi includes detail and procedure regarding all of the following except:​

A)​medical malpractice procedure
B)​educational law
C)​family rights
D)​trade and commerce

Question 26

Bronze was associated with early cities in every area except:​

A)​Asia
B)​Europe
C)​Africa
D)​Mesoamerica

Question 27

In 2003, in the Henan Province of China, archaeologists discovered evidence of writing in the form of:​

A)​signs carved into tortoise shells
B)​knotted strings
C)​clay tablets
D)​bark etchings

Question 28

All of the following are basic changes that mark the transition from Neolithic village life to the advent of urban areas except:​

A)​agricultural innovation
B)​social stratification
C)​uncentralized government
D)​diversification of labor

Question 29

The Maya developed each of the following modifications to address food production needs except:​

A)​low-lying areas converted into reservoirs to hold water for irrigation of fields
B)​raised fields constructed to take advantage of periodic flooding in the area
C)​fruit production carried out near housing zones to make use of human wastes as fertilizer
D)​underground pits dug so that farming could occur during the dry season by taking advantage of damp soils

Question 30

Which of the following represents the earliest kind of recordkeeping?​

A)​bark paper
B)​cloth paper
C)​tokens
D)​clay tablets

Question 31

The initial motive for the development of writing in Mesopotamia was for:​

A)​writing letters
B)​recordkeeping
C)​religious documentation
D)​storytelling

Question 32

The advent of bronze metallurgy primarily created advances in:​

A)​social structure and architecture
B)​warfare and farming
C)​religious practice
D)​hunting and diversification of labor

Question 33

In the ancient Babylonian city of Lagash, all of the following were documented specialized laborers except:​

A)​barbers
B)​babysitters
C)​potters
D)​cabinetmakers

Question 34

King Hammurabi's reign was especially accomplished in the areas of:​

A)​development of legal system and religious institutions
B)​organization of government and legal system
C)​administration of legal system and trade organizations
D)​social organization and political administration

Question 35

In Uruk, about 5,100 years ago, the reed stylus was used to make:​

A)​monosyllabic markings
B)​monosyllabic letters
C)​polysyllabic markings
D)​polysyllabic letters

Question 36

Bronze is made from:​

A)​copper and tin
B)​iron and lead
C)​lead and copper
D)​tin and gold

Question 37

Which of the following had the most advanced political system of its time?​

A)​Aztec
B)​Inca
C)​Maya
D)​Toltec

Question 38

For ceremonial objects, the Aztecs and Maya used:​

A)​emeralds, rubies, and gold
B)​copper, silver, and gold
C)​silver, gold, and lapis lazuli
D)​silver, gold, and bronze

Question 39

The Bronze Age was marked by:​

A)​the earliest human migrations
B)​the development of seafaring trade
C)​the rapid decrease of specialized labor
D)​increasingly specialized tool production

Question 40

Egyptian kings sent trading expeditions to Lebanon primarily for:​

A)​wine and funerary oils
B)​lapis lazuli
C)​ivory and cattle
D)​gold and copper

Question 41

The hydraulic theory is an example of what kind of approach?​

A)​action
B)​ecological
C)​political
D)​symbolic

Question 42

The settlement and city architecture of Ani was distinct for all of the following reasons except:​

A)​It was built with major monumental architecture along the borders of the urban area instead of solely in the downtown center.
B)​The city is geographically located in a triangular promontory within the Caucasus Mountain range.
C)​Because of the diverse range of materials used to construct the monuments, the city is extremely colorful.
D)​The city is surrounded by fortifications all along the neighboring mountain ranges, leaving it ringed in fortresses.

Question 43

The first emperor of which civilization was buried with 7,000 life-size terra-cotta figures?​

A)​Indonesia
B)​Mesopotamia
C)​Japan
D)​China

Question 44

Ani was famous for what trade product?​

A)​silk
B)​spice
C)​tea
D)​incense

Question 45

All of the following are common ways that archaeologists can discern the presence of social stratification except:​

A)​grave goods
B)​laws and documents
C)​skeletal stress
D)​gender

Question 46

In the Inca Empire, information was moved by:​

A)​public records made up of a conventional writing system
B)​imperial administrators whose job was to deliver messages
C)​a system of professional relay runners
D)​announcers on horseback

Question 47

Ani represents the ultimate cultural achievement and is a national historic heritage site for:​

A)​Greece
B)​Turkey
C)​Armenia
D)​Russia

Question 48

Today, archaeologists are working with the U.S. military to:​

A)​show soldiers how to best excavate sites that are located in war zones
B)​train soldiers to become archaeologists after deployment as part of job placement
C)​smuggle artifacts out of war-torn areas so that they can preserve sites that are protected by the United Nations
D)​train soldiers to protect archaeological sites against looting and value world heritage

Question 49

The centralized effort to control the irrigation process during the Neolithic period resulted in all of the following except:​

A)​beginnings of plant domestication
B)​elite social class
C)​development of civilization
D)​emergence of first centralized government

Question 50

A coding system of colored strings with knots was used by what civilization as a form of unconventional writing?​

A)​Mesopotamian
B)​Egyptian
C)​Maya
D)​Inca

Question 51

The hydraulic theory argues that civilizations emerged following the development of farming in which geographic areas?​

A)​savannah areas
B)​river valleys
C)​fertile hillsides
D)​heavily wooded areas

Question 52

What is the primary problem with the hydraulic theory?​

A)​It does not explain every cultural case.
B)​Irrigation was not essential to the earliest civilizations.
C)​Some civilizations developed without farming.
D)​It is skewed to Western case studies.

Question 53

Why was Ani an important occupation site during its population heyday?​

A)​It was located at the intersection point of Christian and Islamic populations..
B)​It was the primary trading port for spices headed to Europe.
C)​It was an important Islamic religious site that unified the Byzantine Empire.
D)​It was the first capital of the Persian Empire.

Question 54

The primary difference between hydraulic and action theories of state development is that:​

A)​action theory does not acknowledge the needs of food production
B)​hydraulic theory does not take into account the effects of individuals and focuses rather exclusively on environment
C)​hydraulic theory does not take into account the role of humans in environmental modification
D)​action theory does not address the importance of water

Question 55

In the Middle East, many national borders were haphazardly drawn to satisfy the imperialistic interests of Britain, France, and Soviet Russia including each of the following except:​

A)​Iran
B)​Turkey
C)​Georgia
D)​Armenia

Question 56

The value of archaeological recovery and analysis in areas such as the Middle East contributes all of the following except:​

A)​it reveals the symbolic impact of major sites over time
B)​it helps disentangle facts and fictions regarding these sites
C)​it provides information on how these sites were occupied and used
D)​it helps modern-day peoples decide which site is more important

Question 57

Which theory of state development argues that forceful leaders play a central role in the development of complex societies?​

A)​political theory
B)​circumscription theory
C)​hydraulic theory
D)​action theory

Question 58

What caused the ancient site of Ani to fall into disrepair and be closed off to archaeologists from 1921 to 2002?​

A)​New national borders drawn between Turkey and Armenia by the Soviet Union left the site divided by two different countries.
B)​Massive earthquakes and landslides caused the instability of the area for several decades.
C)​The Soviet Union and Britain divided Ani between them and would not allow archaeologists to work in either part.
D)​The city of Ani was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1921 and no one was allowed to excavate until the rightful owners were found.

Question 59

The old capital of Armenia, called Ani, is located today in:​

A)​Iran
B)​Turkey
C)​Romania
D)​Greece

Question 60

The ancient city of Ani was threatened and attacked numerous times. The only thing that forestalled the total destruction of the city after these attacks was its importance as a:​

A)​trade center
B)​religious hub
C)​political center
D)​warrior training facility

Question 61

The frequency of the Tay-Sachs allele increased because of selective pressure caused by:​

A)​affluence
B)​tuberculosis
C)​enamel hypoplasia
D)​edema

Question 62

After de Soto's journey through their territory, the Caddo population declined, likely due to disease, an estimated:​

A)​50 percent
B)​68 percent
C)​84 percent
D)​96 percent

Question 63

What was the primary goal for Hernando de Soto's expedition through the southern part of North America?​

A)​to find gold
B)​to establish an empire
C)​to create a trade network with Europe
D)​to enslave Indians as laborers

Question 64

Some northern Europeans have a mutation at the gene on chromosome 7, which makes them resistant to some types of epidemic disease. However, the side effect found in people who are homozygous is:​

A)​cystic fibrosis
B)​muscular sclerosis
C)​rheumatoid arthritis
D)​color-blindness

Question 65

De Soto is believed to have transmitted disease rampantly through the indigenous groups he encountered. What do scientists believe to be the primary agent of contagion?​

A)​the men themselves
B)​the explorers' dogs
C)​the explorers' pigs
D)​the explorers' horses

Question 66

All of the following were significant challenges to early state societies except:​

A)​waste disposal
B)​infectious disease
C)​warfare
D)​social egalitarianism

Question 67

Çatalhöyük was an early city in China.​

Question 68

Çatalhöyük has no evidence of public architecture.​

Question 69

What is unique about Cairo's "City of the Dead"?​

A)​It has monumental architecture that rivals all other states.
B)​It is located among the pyramids in the historical area.
C)​It is a cemetery in which people currently live because of poverty.
D)​It is a nickname for Cairo because there is so much trafficking in history there.

Question 70

Explanations and theories of state development most likely:​

A)​have multiple causes
B)​will never be identified
C)​are useless to understand historical events
D)​are due to geographical factors

Question 71

Because of the emergence of devastating infectious diseases in Europe, the urban population there was not self-sustaining until which century?​

A)​18th
B)​19th
C)​20th
D)​21st

Question 72

Social media has changed the nature of global interdependence today.

Question 73

In the Biocultural Connection section, how do Ramenofsky and Galloway explain the disappearance of Native American populations between the explorations of Hernando de Soto and the later arrival of French explorers along the Mississippi?​

A)​They argue that Hernando de Soto's runaway pigs carried diseases that infected the local fauna and food source for the Native American of that region.
B)​They argue that Hernando de Soto's army carried diseases that spread to the Native Americans of that region.
C)​They argue that the Native Americans were nomadic and moved to another region by the time the French explorers arrived.
D)​They argue that Native Americans never lived in that region and the sites they found were ceremonial centers visited infrequently.

Question 74

Today, poor individuals are those most likely to become infected with:​

A)​tuberculosis
B)​rabies
C)​influenza
D)​cancer

Question 75

Why is Tay-Sachs allele frequency significantly higher among Ashkenazi Jews?​

A)​a belief system (religion) that prevents use of any medications and treatment
B)​extensive involvement in trading networks in diseased areas
C)​historical crowding in urban areas in western Europe and exposure to tuberculosis
D)​historical crowding in urban ghettos over centuries and high exposure to tuberculosis

Question 76

Urban interdependence creates a basis for stability.

Question 77

Warfare in early civilizations:​

A)​is well documented in the archaeological record
B)​was frequent but rarely involved total physical destruction of buildings
C)​was not common, but occurred in areas that were commercially important
D)​is easy to study as it always leaves physical evidence

Question 78

Pigs can transmit all of the following diseases except:​

A)​trichinosis
B)​anthrax
C)​tuberculosis
D)​smallpox

Question 79

Diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans are called:​

A)​zoonoses
B)​pertoses
C)​viroles
D)​hypoplasias

Question 80

Aleppo, Syria, is marked as a UNESCO Heritage Site because it has the earliest known agricultural fields.​