Deck 10: Microbial Genomics

Question 1

An open-reading frame (ORF)is the non-translated part of a gene.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

What are paralogs?

A) Genes that arise from a duplication event in an organism.
B) Mutant genes in an organism.
C) Genes that are seldom expressed in an organism.
D) Genes that are expressed at a high level in an organism.
E) Genes that have no function in an organism.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Suppose it is observed that a small section of a microorganism's chromosome varies significantly in GC content from the majority of the chromosome.What likely caused this?

A) spontaneous mutations
B) induced mutations
C) horizontal gene transfer
D) vertical gene transfer
E) site-directed mutagenesis

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The Sanger method of sequencing uses ALL of the following EXCEPT:

A) dideoxynucleotides.
B) DNA polymerase.
C) a short oligo primer.
D) deoxynucleotides
E) restriction enzymes.

Question 5

Which of these can be used to determine protein structure?

A) amino acid sequencing
B) X-ray crystallography and NMR
C) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)
D) denaturing gel electrophoresis
E) mass spectrometry

Question 6

Microarray analysis may be used to study:

A) gene expression in cells grown under different conditions.
B) protein expression in cells grown under different conditions.
C) rate of chromosomal replication in cells.
D) enzyme activity in cells.
E) growth rate of cells when grown under different conditions.

Question 7

The Sanger method of DNA sequencing has been automated and uses a(n):

A) thermal-stable DNA polymerase to allow for multiple rounds of DNA synthesis.
B) trideoxynucleotides in the synthesis reactions.
C) radiolabeled nucleotides for fragment detection.
D) agarose gel electrophoresis for fragment separation.
E) chemical digestion method for fragment generation.

Question 8

A transcriptome refers to all the proteins produced in a single cell.

Question 9

Which of these is another term for the Sanger method of DNA sequencing?

A) chemical degradation method
B) dideoxy sequencing.
C) restriction method
D) label method
E) gel method

Question 10

What is metagenomics?

A) A culture-dependent method that may be used to determine genome sequences.
B) A culture-dependent method that may be used to find new enzymes.
C) A culture-dependent method that may be used to study groups of microbes in an ecosystem.
D) A culture-independent method that may be used to document microbial community composition.
E) A culture -independent method that may be used for the isolation of different organisms.

Question 11

What was the Northern blot hybridization technique used to measure?

A) The transcriptional expression of a specific gene.
B) The translational expression of a specific gene.
C) The the frequency of transcription initiation.
D) The amount of DNA in a cell.
E) The rate of chromosomal replication.

Question 12

Many scientists deposit their gene sequences in GenBank to make them publicly available to other scientist via the internet.Approximately how many base pairs have been deposited thus far?

A) 10,000
B) 100,000
C) 1 million
D))10 million
E) greater than 10 million

Question 13

What is an open-reading frame?

A) A non-translated region on the chromosome.
B) an unknown gene.
C) A gene that no longer has a function.
D) The protein encoding sequence of a gene.
E) The intron region of a gene.

Question 14

Which of these is TRUE regarding horizontal gene transfer?

A) It does not result in permanent change.
B) It does not play a role in microbial evolution.
C) It does not result in any significant consequences for the organism involved.
D) It is always occurring in nature.
E) It does not alter the genome of the organism.

Question 15

The Southern blot uses a DNA probe to hybridize to DNA fragments that have been separated by electrophoresis.

Question 16

What is a transcriptome?

A) The coding region on the chromosome.
B) The coding region on the chromosome minus the introns.
C) The coding region on the chromosome plus the control regions.
D) The transcripts encoded for by the genes within a genome.
E) The mount of mRNA in the cell.

Question 17

The Sanger method of DNA sequencing requires an oligonucleotide primer.

Question 18

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE)separates proteins based on what property?

A) size
B) charge
C) hydrophobicity
D) size and charge
E) size and hydrophobicity

Question 19

Term for genes from different organisms that encode for proteins that carry out the same function but have different sequences.

A) homologs
B) paralogs
C) orthologs
D) metalogs
E) semilogs

Question 20

What is the isoelectric point of a protein?

A) The pH at which the protein has the greatest charge.
B) The pH at which a protein has a negative charge.
C) The pH at which a protein has no charge.
D) The proton potential of a protein in an acrylamide gel.
E) The proton potential of a protein in a cell.

Question 21

The Northern blot uses a DNA probe to hybridize to DNA fragments that have been separated by electrophoresis.

Question 22

Paralogs are genes that arose from a duplication event in the cell.

Question 23

A gene in a cell undergoes duplication.This gene may evolve a novel function while the original gene encodes for a protein with normal function.These genes would be considered ____________.

Question 24

A technique used to examine all mRNA production in the cell simultaneously for any set of growth conditions is called a/an ________________.

Question 25

Orthologs are genes that arose from a duplication event in the cell.

Question 26

DNA microarray technology allows a researcher to analyze gene expression in an organism cultured under different growth conditions.

Question 27

Analysis of the genome sequence of an organism shows that an area of the genome contains stretch of several thousand base pairs that differ significantly in % G + C content from the rest of the genome.Most likely this DNA was originally obtained from another organism.

Question 28

Dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs)are used in the Sanger sequencing method.What are ddNTPs,and what is the explanation for the theory behind this method?

Question 29

The isoelectric point is the pH at which a protein has zero charge.

Question 30

A culture-independent method that is used to study genomes from microbial communities in their natural environments is called _______________ .

Question 31

Genes from different organisms that differ significantly in their sequence but encode for proteins that perform identical functions are called ________.

Question 32

The Sanger method of sequencing used special nucleotides that are called ________ nucleotides.

Question 33

Metagenomics uses a culture-independent based genomic analysis of microbial communities to determine community composition.

Question 34

___________________ gene transfer occurs when an organism acquires a gene from another organism and incorporates the genetic information into its genome.

Question 35

Explain how % G + C analysis of a genome can detect horizontal gene transfer.

Question 36

Horizontal gene transfer occurs when an organism acquires genetic information from another organism in its own generation.

Question 37

In analyzing a genome sequence,a computer program identifies the beginning and the end of a protein encoding sequence.This sequence is referred to as a(n)_______ _______ frame.

Question 38

The pH at which a protein's charge is completely neutral is the protein's ______________ point.

Question 39

The complete complement of proteins in the cell that results from the translation of all the mRNA transcripts is called the ____________.