Deck 24: Control of Infectious Diseases

Question 1

Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic derivative of penicillin G.Ampicillin is acid-resistant,whereas penicillin G is not resistant to acid.Why is this important?

A) Ampicillin is resistant to β-lactamases.
B) Ampicillin can be taken orally.
C) Ampicillin is effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
D) Ampicillin is less toxic.
E) Ampicillin is more stable in solution.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Metronidazole or "Flagyl" is commonly used to treat some _____________ infections.

A) viral
B) fungal
C) protozoan
D) intracellular bacterial
E) ear

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target protein synthesis?

A) aminoglycosides
B) macrolides
C) tetracylcines
D) rifamycins
E) chloramphenicols

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Mutational resistance to an antimicrobial drug usually occurs _____.

A) only in the presence of the drug.
B) spontaneously in the absence of the drug.
C) in the presence of the drug and a mutagen.
D) as a result of horizontal gene transfer.
E) only in the presence of a mutagen.

Question 5

The mode of action of aminoglycosides is to inhibit __________ synthesis.

A) protein
B) RNA
C) DNA
D) membrane
E) peptidoglycan

Question 6

Azidothymidine (AZT)is an antiviral drug used to treat HIV infections.AZT is somewhat selective for use in HIV treatment because it has an affinity for the viral enzyme

A) RNA polymerase.
B) DNA polymerase.
C) topoisomerase.
D) reverse transcriptase.
E) neuraminidase.

Question 7

The mode of action of β-lactam antibiotics in bacteria is directed against _____.

A) cell membrane synthesis.
B) peptidoglycan synthesis.
C) protein synthesis.
D) transcription.
E) DNA replication.

Question 8

Many antibiotics that are used today are semi-synthetic.Modification of the original antibiotic is done to improve one or more of the following characteristics except _____.

A) increased stability.
B) improved resistance to modifying enzymes.
C) decreased toxicity.
D) decreased absorption.
E) increased spectrum of activity.

Question 9

The two most common ways drug resistance bacteria may develop in a person taking an antimicrobial drug are _____.

A) the bacteria acquire an R-plasmid during this period of time and some of the bacteria developed a resistance mutation.
B) the bacteria acquire an R-plasmid during this period of time and the person may be immunocompromised.
C) some of the bacteria develop a resistance mutation and the person may be immunocompromised.
D) the person may be immunocompromised and the person did not properly take the antimicrobial drug.
E) the person did not properly take the antimicrobial drug and some of the bacteria developed a resistance mutation.

Question 10

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)has acquired the mecA gene from an unknown source.This gene encodes for a methicillin resistant _____.

A) efflux protein.
B) penicillin-binding protein.
C) β-lactamase.
D) acetyltransferase.
E) porin.

Question 11

The original meaning of antibiotic was _____.

A) any compound that will kill viruses or bacteria.
B) any compound that will kill microbes.
C) any compound produced by a microbe that will kill another microbe.
D) any compound produced by a microbe that will kill a virus.
E) any compound that will only kill bacteria.

Question 12

Azoles are a class of antifungal drugs that target ___________ biosynthesis,causing cell membrane disruption.

A) sterol
B) glycerol
C) fatty acid
D) transport protein
E) folic acid

Question 13

The mode of action of quinolones is to inhibit _____.

A) protein synthesis.
B) DNA synthesis
C) cell wall synthesis.
D) amino acid transport.
E) transcription.

Question 14

Which one of the following is not a mechanism of antimicrobial drug resistance?

A) enzymatic inactivation of the drug
B) removal of the drug from inside the cell
C) blocking the uptake of the drug into the cell
D) incorporation of the drug into cell material
E) alteration of the drug's target site

Question 15

An R-plasmid was found in a strain of Salmonella typhi that conferred resistance to a β-lactam antibiotic.Most likely,this plasmid contained a gene that encoded for a/an _____.

A) penicillin binding protein.
B) β-lactamase.
C) efflux pump.
D) phosphotransferase enzyme.
E) acetyltransferase enzyme.

Question 16

The enzyme chloramphenicol _______________ is encoded by a gene commonly found on some R-plasmids and covalently modifies chloramphenicol so it can longer bind to its target site.

A) phophoryltransferase
B) hydrolase
C) dehydrogenase
D) isomerase
E) acetyltransferase

Question 17

β-lactam antibiotics bind to proteins located within the cell wall known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).The enzymatic action of PBPs is to function as a(a)_____.

A) ATP kinase.
B) dehydrogenase.
C) transpeptidase.
D) hydrolase.
E) isomerase.

Question 18

Acyclovir is a commonly used anti-herpes drug.It is a structural analog of dideoxyguanine.You would expect this drug to interfere with _____.

A) viral capsid assembly.
B) viral capsid synthesis.
C) viral DNA replication.
D) transcription of viral DNA.
E) the entry of the virus into the cell.

Question 19

Many aminoglycosides are toxic to humans because they _____.

A) interfere with lipid synthesis in human cells.
B) disrupt kidney function.
C) interfere with protein synthesis in human cells.
D) cause the heart to beat abnormally.
E) block DNA replication in human cells.

Question 20

The mode of action of sulfa drugs is to inhibit _____.

A) peptidoglycan synthesis.
B) folic acid biosynthesis.
C) transcription.
D) tryptophan biosynthesis.
E) protein synthesis.

Question 21

The use of antimicrobial drugs is directly linked to the development of antibiotic resistance.

Question 22

The World Health Organization has targeted this disease for eradication through vaccination programs in small pockets of the world where the disease is still present.

A) AIDS
B) malaria
C) tuberculosis
D) yellow fever
E) polio

Question 23

The original polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk in 1952 was a(n)_____.

A) subunit vaccine.
B) acellular vaccine.
C) killed virus vaccine.
D) attenuated virus vaccine.
E) conjugate vaccine.

Question 24

All of the following are approaches used to help reduce the incidence of antimicrobial drug resistance except _____.

A) the use of very high concentrations of the drug.
B) use of a narrow spectrum antibiotic to treat a specific infection.
C) use of a combination of antibiotics.
D) good hygiene, such as frequent hand washing to prevent the spread of drug resistant microbes.
E) the use of antibiotics only when absolutely necessary.

Question 25

Cephalosporins are a type of β-lactam antibiotic.

Question 26

Subunit vaccines are generally considered safer than attenuated vaccines because _____.

A) subunit vaccines do not require booster shots.
B) attenuated vaccines may cause disease in some individuals.
C) attenuated vaccines only elicit a humoral immune response.
D) attenuated vaccines elicit a weak immune response.
E) subunit vaccines elicit both a humoral and cell-mediated immune response.

Question 27

Bloodletting,or the intentional draining of blood from an ill individual,was a method commonly used in the middle ages to cure disease.

Question 28

For an antimicrobial drug to work properly,a person's acquired immune response must be functioning properly.

Question 29

Antimicrobial drug resistance due to the acquisition of new genes occurs in bacteria by the following mechanism(s):

A) conjugation.
B) conjugation and transposition.
C) conjugation and transduction.
D) transduction and transposition.
E) conjugation, transposition, and transduction.

Question 30

Environmental microbes that do not cause disease are always sensitive to antimicrobial drugs because they were never exposed to these drugs.

Question 31

Control strategies that may be used to control yellow fever are _____.

A) vaccination and destruction of mosquito breeding grounds.
B) use of antibiotics and vaccination.
C) use of antibiotics and destruction of mosquito breeding grounds.
D) frequent hand washing and vaccination.
E) frequent hand washing and use of antibiotics.

Question 32

The best way to prevent a cholera epidemic is _____.

A) prophylactic use of antibiotics.
B) frequent hand washing.
C) proper drinking water treatment.
D) quarantine of infected individuals.
E) vaccination.

Question 33

Unlike bacteria,viruses do not develop resistance to antiviral drugs.

Question 34

Modern vaccines elicit effective immune responses in everyone that is vaccinated.

Question 35

If ninety percent of a population is immune to a particular disease they protect the susceptible ten percent by a concept known as _____.

A) acquired immunity.
B) herd immunity.
C) natural immunity.
D) artificial immunity.
E) passive immunity.

Question 36

Conjugate vaccines are composed of ______________ linked to an immunogenic protein.

A) toxins
B) polysaccharide antigens
C) protein antigens
D) lipid antigens
E) DNA fragments

Question 37

The smallpox vaccination used by Jenner is best described as a(an)_____.

A) attenuated vaccine.
B) subunit vaccine.
C) polysaccharide vaccine.
D) killed vaccine.
E) DNA vaccine.

Question 38

The three main factors associated with the development of an epidemic are _____.

A) host factors, agent factors, and treatment factors.
B) host factors, treatment factors, and environmental factors.
C) treatment factors, agent factors, and environmental factors.
D) host factors, agent factors, and environmental factors.
E) host factors, agent factors, and risk factors.

Question 39

The use of antibiotics in farm animals may contribute to the increased number of antibiotic resistant microbes observed in human infections.

Question 40

The first pertussis vaccine produced used killed whole cells of Bordetella pertussis.A major problem with this vaccine was it _____.

A) would only produce weak immunity against the pathogen.
B) would only produce a cell-mediated immune response.
C) caused severe side-effects in some individuals.
D) required yearly booster shots.
E) was only effective in about half the population.

Question 41

Some Gram-negative bacteria are able to block the transport of β-lactam antibiotics across the outer membrane through the mutational alteration of _____________ which previously allowed the transport of the antibiotic across the outer membrane.

Question 42

The mode of action for aminoglycoside antibiotics is to inhibit _____________ synthesis.

Question 43

A person is prescribed antibiotics for a bacterial infection.After taking the drug for a few days the person stops taking the drug.Two weeks later the person develops the same infection.This time the bacterial isolate is resistant to the antibiotic.What type of resistance,mutational or acquired has occurred,and why?

Question 44

Tetracylines are considered to be __________-_______________ antibiotics because they show activity against a wide range of bacteria.

Question 45

The Sabin polio vaccine was a(n)________________ vaccine.

Question 46

Azidothymidine (AZT)is an antiviral drug used to treat a(n)_________ infection.

Question 47

Gram-negative bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibacterial drugs because the drug is unable to cross the __________ ______________ of the microbe.

Question 48

Describe two unique targets for antimicrobial drugs in bacteria.

Question 49

A person with an impaired immune system is given a bacteriostatic drug to treat a bacterial infection.After ending antibiotic therapy the person redevelops the same infection.Explain what may have gone wrong.

Question 50

Proteins that remove antimicrobial drug from a cell by pumping them out are called ___________ pumps.