Deck 6: The Human Population and Urbanization

Question 1

Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children out of 1,000 that die

A) before birth
B) in their first month
C) in the first half-year of life
D) by their first birthday
E) by their fifth birthday

Answer 1

by their first birthday

Question 2

Which of the following statements about China is not accurate?

A) In the 1960's, the population was growing so fast there was a serious threat of mass starvation.
B) It is the most populous country in the world.
C) The average number of children born per woman is currently 2.1.
D) Over a 20 year period, the number of people living in extreme poverty has been reduced by almost 500 million.
E) Couples pledging to only have one child receive financial incentives and rewards.

Answer 2

The average number of children born per woman is currently 2.1.

Question 3

Which of the following statements are true about China's one-child population policy?

A) Government officials say the alternative was mass starvation.
B) The fertility rate dropped from 5.7 to 5.5 over a period of about 40 years.
C) The policy has reduced the population by as much as 400 million people.
D) The government say the alternative was mass starvation and the fertility rate dropped from 5.7 to 1.5 over about 40 years.
E) Government officials say the alternative was mass starvation, the fertility rate dropped from 5.7 to 1.5, and the population was reduced by as much as 400 million people.

Answer 3

Government officials say the alternative was mass starvation, the fertility rate dropped from 5.7 to 1.5, and the population was reduced by as much as 400 million people.

Question 4

The crude birth rate is the number of live births per _____ persons in a given year.

A) 50
B) 100
C) 500
D) 1,000
E) 10,000

Question 5

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of a couple having a child?

A) The child is part of the family labor pool.
B) Contraceptives are not available.
C) They have no public or private pension.
D) Women have many opportunities to participate in the work force.
E) Infant mortality rates are high.

Question 6

China has

A) enough natural resources to support continued population growth of any size.
B) a smaller population than India.
C) a current population just under one billion people.
D) the world's most extensive and intrusive family planning and birth control program.
E) a family planning program that is widely accepted and acclaimed as successful and yet minimal in its control over citizens' lives.

Question 7

Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are

A) birth rate and death rate
B) replacement-level fertility rate and total fertility rate
C) life expectancy and infant mortality rate
D) life expectancy and death rate
E) life expectancy and population growth rate

Question 8

A high infant mortality rate is usually associated with

A) a high standard of living
B) Undernutrition
C) Malnutrition
D) undernutrition or malnutrition
E) Affluence

Question 9

All of the following reasons help explain why the United States has one of the highest infant mortality rates of developed countries except

A) lack of health care for children of the poor after birth
B) the older age of pregnant women as a result of many women delaying having children
C) lack of health care for poor women while they are pregnant
D) high birth rate for teenage women
E) drug addiction among pregnant women

Question 10

Which of the following countries has the fastest growing population?

A) China
B) United States
C) France
D) Great Britain
E) Germany

Question 11

The average number of children born to women in a population during their reproductive years is the

A) crude birth rate
B) total birth rate
C) total fertility rate
D) crude fertility rate
E) population's natural rate of increase

Question 12

Currently, legal and illegal immigration account for _____ of U.S. population growth.

A) 16%
B) 26%
C) 36%
D) 46%
E) 56%

Question 13

Which of the following is a major factor in human population increase in the last 200 years?

A) Humans have developed the ability to expand into almost all of the planet's climate zones.
B) Early and modern agriculture has allowed more people to be fed per unit of land area.
C) Improved health and sanitation has lowered the death rate.
D) All of these are correct answers
E) Only two of these choices are correct answers

Question 14

The age structure of a population is the number or percentage of

A) females under reproductive age
B) females at reproductive age
C) males age 15 to 44
D) persons of each sex in young, middle, and older age groups
E) persons of each sex age 15 to 44

Question 15

Between the years 1955 and 2011, the total fertility rate in the world

A) increased from 2.8 to 6.5
B) decreased from 5.0 to 2.5
C) decreased from 2.5 to 1.6
D) increased from 1.6 to 2.5
E) increased from 2.5 to 2.8

Question 16

How extensive are the effects of human activities on the planet?

A) Humans have indirectly affected about 75% of the earth's land surface.
B) Humans have caused great harm in the world's oceans, but not so much on land surfaces.
C) Humans have directly affected about 75% of the earth's land surface.
D) Humans have directly affected about 83% of the earth's land surface, including Greenland and Antarctica.
E) Humans have directly affected about 83% of the earth's land surface, excluding Greenland and Antarctica

Question 17

How many people are estimated to live in acute poverty today in developing countries?

A) 1.4 billion
B) 1.4 million
C) 140,000
D) 82 million
E) 1.8 billion

Question 18

The cultural carrying capacity is the

A) number of humans the planet can support with consumptive lifestyles
B) maximum number of people the Earth can support at a reasonable level of comfort and freedom without impairing the planet's ability to sustain future generations in the same way
C) the maximum number of people that can be supported in a fashion that allows them to pursue culturally satisfying forms of social interaction
D) the degree to which an urban area can support a variety of cultural entities such as museums and symphony orchestras
E) same thing as the standard, typical carrying capacity in any population of plants or animals in nature

Question 19

The actual average replacement-level fertility for the whole world is slightly higher than

A) one child per couple
B) two children per couple
C) three children per couple
D) four children per couple
E) six children per couple

Question 20

Over a period of 100 years, life expectancy in the United States change in which of the following ways?

A) It increased from 47 years to 77 years.
B) It remained stable at 65 years.
C) It increased from 50 years to 65 years.
D) It actually declined because of all the environmental problems on the planet in the year 2000.
E) There is no real accurate count of life expectancy in the United States

Question 21

Age structure diagrams

A) show only two age groups: reproductive and not reproductive
B) show the number of males and females in the reproductive age categories only
C) are strictly for present use and do not provide insight into future trends
D) are useful for studying developing countries but not developed countries
E) are useful for predicting population momentum

Question 22

China's population policy has included all of the following except

A) encouraging later marriages
B) health, pension, and employment benefits for a one-child pledge
C) urging couples to have no more than one child
D) free access to birth control
E) banning abortion

Question 23

There are currently a number of megacities on the planet, with populations greater than 10 million. The most populous hypercity on the planet, with a population of 35 million people, is

A) Mumbai in India
B) Tokyo in Japan
C) New York City in the United States
D) Moscow in Russia
E) Montreal in Canada

Question 24

Women possess ____ of the world's land.

A) less than 2%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 50%
E) 75%

Question 25

Rapidly growing countries have an age structure that

A) forms an inverted pyramid
B) has a broad-based pyramid
C) shows little variation in population by age
D) has a narrow pyramid
E) has a relatively large postreproductive population

Question 26

In the demographic transition model, birth and death rates are high during

A) the preindustrial stage
B) the industrial stage
C) the postindustrial stage
D) the transitional stage
E) the preindustrial stage and the transitional stage

Question 27

The urban growth occurring in the developing countries is

A) generally well planned and orderly
B) helping to eliminate urban poverty
C) generally offset by migration to rural areas
D) caused by both immigration and natural increase
E) stabilizing and expected to decline in the next decade

Question 28

In the demographic transition model, death rates fall while birth rates remain high during

A) the preindustrial stage
B) the industrial stage
C) the postindustrial stage
D) the transitional stage
E) the pre and postindustrial phases

Question 29

It can be said that poverty is becoming _____ urbanized, mostly in _____ countries.

A) less, developing
B) increasingly, developed
C) increasingly, developing
D) less, developed
E) somewhat, both developed and developing

Question 30

The term demographic transition refers to

A) a requirement for a population to reach a specific size before it becomes stable
B) the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches the carrying capacity
C) the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates when a country becomes industrialized
D) the decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates that occurred when the germ theory of disease was discovered
E) a stabilization of crude birth rates

Question 31

One of the cultural preferences driving couples to continue having children in India is

A) the preference for female children
B) the desire to have both male and female children
C) the preference for male children
D) the perceived need for children to care for them in old age
E) more than one of these answers

Question 32

Population age structure diagrams can be divided into all of the following categories except

A) Infant
B) Prereproductive
C) Reproductive
D) Postreproductive
E) The choice of answers does not represent age structure diagram categories.

Question 33

Which of the following implies the greatest built-in momentum for population growth?

A) a large population size
B) a large number of people age 29 to 44
C) a large number of people under age 34
D) a large number of people under age 15
E) a large number of people over the age of 45

Question 34

Women receive about ____ of the world's income.

A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 50%
E) 75%

Question 35

Between 1850 and the present time, the global urban revolution resulted in urban population increasing from

A) 2% to 50%
B) 7% to 62%
C) 14% to 43%
D) 15% to 92%
E) 25% to 95%

Question 36

Scientific studies and experience have shown that the most effective ways to slow or stop population growth are

A) government intervention such as seen in China
B) reduction of poverty
C) elevating the status of women
D) elevating the status of women and family planning and reproductive health care
E) reduction of poverty, family planning and reproductive health care, and elevating the status of women

Question 37

As the number of working adults in the United States declines in proportion to the number of senior citizens so will

A) the process called the graying of America
B) the tax revenues necessary for supporting the growing senior population
C) the need for Medicare
D) the crude birth rate
E) the crude death rate

Question 38

Which of the following statements about women's employment/economic status is false?

A) Women do more than half of the work gathering fuelwood.
B) Women do more than half of the work involved in producing food.
C) Women have more than half of the world's assets.
D) Women provide more of the world's health care than all of the world's organized health services put together.
E) Women do almost all domestic work and child care.

Question 39

The demographic transition model helps to explain why

A) Death rates rise in industrializing nations.
B) Industrialization leads to population growth.
C) Development requires large populations.
D) Birth rates fall before death rates.
E) Death rates fall before birth rates.

Question 40

India ____ family-planning program.

A) had the world's first national
B) has the world's most successful
C) has the world's only national
D) has the world's largest
E) all of these answers

Question 41

The world's most populous cities, in order, from largest to smallest are:

A) Mumbai, Beijing, Mexico City, New York City, Sao Paulo
B) Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Mumbai, Beijing, Seoul
C) Cairo, Tokyo, Seoul, Mumbae, Mexico City
D) Tokyo, Beijing, Seoul, Mexico City, New York City
E) Mexico City, Beijing, Seoul, New York City, Tokyo

Question 42

Full-cost pricing of gasoline refers to taxing gasoline by the gallon, as it is purchased, to cover the estimated harmful costs of driving. This tax has been estimated to be:

A) $2.90 per gallon
B) $12.00 per gallon just for the tax
C) $12.00 per gallon when combined with the cost of the gas itself
D) $4.00 per gallon
E) $4.00 per liter

Question 43

Urban populations occupy only about 2% of Earth's land area, but they consume ____ of its resources.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 45%
D) 55%
E) 75%

Question 44

A city can be described as a

A) cool pocket
B) dust bowl
C) heat island
D) wind tunnel
E) heat island and wind tunnel

Question 45

Smart growth or new urbanism tools include greenbelts around cities, high density cluster housing, and

A) extensive freeway networks to provide efficient travel to and from work
B) taxing buildings
C) taxing land instead of buildings
D) no construction of expensive mass transit systems
E) use of only fuel efficient personal transportation

Question 46

Breathing the air of Mexico City is like smoking _____ pack(s) of cigarettes each day.

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five

Question 47

Which of the following statements about Curitiba, Brazil, is false?

A) Day care centers are free for low-income parents.
B) Recycled old buses are used as health clinics and soup kitchens.
C) 95 percent of the citizens can read.
D) 70 percent of the paper used is recycled.
E) Each household owns one very fuel-efficient car.

Question 48

Since 1980, the U.S. population has

A) shifted to the north and east
B) shifted to the north and west
C) shifted to the south and east
D) shifted to the south and west
E) shifted to the north as people seek cooler areas because of global warming

Question 49

"Fecal snow" is characteristic of

A) Sao Paulo
B) Mexico City
C) Calcutta
D) Rio de Janeiro
E) Bombay

Question 50

In the future, coastal cities will likely be faced with

A) severe water shortages when the mountaintop glaciers that feed the watersheds coming into these cities are reduced by global warming
B) flooding as sea levels rise secondary to global warming
C) higher populations as people move from arid areas because of droughts
D) no major changes in water availability or population size
E) changes in water availability, but no changes in population size

Question 51

Which of the following statements is false?

A) About 1.2 million people are killed worldwide annually in motor vehicle accidents.
B) Motor vehicles are the largest source of air pollution.
C) More Americans have been killed by automobiles than on battlefields in all U.S. wars.
D) In the United States, more than 40,000 people die annually in motor vehicle accidents.
E) Motor vehicles are second only to industry as a source of air pollution in the U.S.

Question 52

An ecocity is

A) car oriented
B) industry oriented
C) profit oriented
D) people oriented
E) family oriented

Question 53

In an ecocity, plants are utilized to provide shade and beauty. Typically, the plants are

A) always fast-growing, broadleaf plants
B) adapted to local climate and soils
C) adapted so they do not use much water
D) resistant to pests
E) always endemic plants

Question 54

Advantages of Mass Transit Rail systems include which of the following?

A) Causes fewer injuries and deaths than cars.
B) Inexpensive to build.
C) Produces less air pollution than cars.
D) All of these answers are correct.
E) Two of these answers choices are correct

Question 55

Which of the following factors can be said to favor urban sprawl?

A) cheap gasoline
B) affordable land and increased prosperity
C) increased prosperity, affordable land and cheap gasoline
D) poor urban planning
E) cheap gasoline, affordable land, increased prosperity and poor urban planning

Question 56

If you visited Curitiba, Brazil, you would expect to find

A) no recycling program
B) a sophisticated bus system
C) very polluted air
D) residents who wish to relocate to other cities
E) no high-rise apartments

Question 57

In the United States, ____ of all urban transportation is by car.

A) 68%
B) 78%
C) 88%
D) 98%
E) 48%

Question 58

Which of the following statements are false?

A) The United States is a car-centered nation.
B) One-third of the world's passenger cars and commercial vehicles are in the United States.
C) Three of every four United States residents drive alone to work every day.
D) All Americans, combined, drive about the same distance in a year as all other drivers in the world combined.
E) About 10% of United States residents drive to work alone every day.

Question 59

Which of the following climate conditions are generally higher in urban areas than in suburbs and rural areas?

A) cloud cover
B) temperature
C) fog and precipitation
D) cloud cover, fog and precipitation
E) temperature, fog, cloud cover and precipitation

Question 60

Which of the following statements about Vauban, a suburb of Freiberg, Germany,is false?

A) A small minority of homeowner own cars
B) Street parking is forbidden.
C) Each home is within walking distance of trains going to and from surrounding areas.
D) Most homes are single family homes.
E) The town has a car-sharing club.

Question 61

Because of the concentration of people, automobiles, business enterprises, and industries in cities, they can never be sustainable.

Question 62

One of the reasons for a lower life expectancy in the United States is the fact that it has one of the world's highest obesity rates.

Question 63

Based on resource use per person, the United States is more overpopulated than China.

Question 64

Megacities have improved significantly over the last decade due to public water supplies and better sanitation.

Question 65

Death rates are very high during the preindustrial stage of demographic transitions.

Question 66

The environmental limits that will control growth of the human population are precisely known by scientists.

Question 67

Birth and death rates generally decline as countries develop economically.

Question 68

Currently there are five hypercities in the world, one of which is Tokyo, Japan.

Question 69

A major factor in human population increase in the last 200 years is the emergence of early and modern agriculture.

Question 70

Mexico City has recently improved its air quality.

Question 71

Women who live in rural areas have a lower total fertility rate than those in urban areas.

Question 72

The availability of, or lack of, private and public pension funds can influence the decision of some couples on how many children to have.

Question 73

The declining economic health of cities often reduces services to their residents: water, electricity, open spaces, timely garbage collection, etc.

Question 74

Most of the increase in the world's population in the last 100 years took place because of a sharp increase in birth rates.

Question 75

Women are now having fewer babies but not few enough to stabilize the world's population.

Question 76

Some analysts believe that because of our technological ingenuity, there are few, if any, limits to human population growth and resource use per person,

Question 77

Car sharing has been tried in Germany, but was not found to be effective or successful.

Question 78

You live in an ecocity where the world's best bus system transports about 72% of all commuters each day. You may be living in_______________.

Question 79

Family planning, economic opportunities for women, and schooling for girls generally produces a higher birth rate.

Question 80

Urban areas are attracting more and more residents, partly because of the hope for employment.