Deck 14: Nutritional Requirements During Growth and Development and Eating Habits Affecting Oral Health

Question 1

Soy protein-based formulas are considered superior to cow's milk protein-based formulas for managing infantile colic, fussiness, and prevention of atopic disease. Comparisons of various commercial formulas with human breast milk consistently indicate that breastfed infants had a slight advantage offer all other types of artificial formulas.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 1

The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 2

Human breast milk contains omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Compared with cow's milk, human milk is low in lactose and relatively high in protein.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 2

The first statement is true; the second is false.

Question 3

Each of the following is true except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Infant formulas should be discontinued at approximately 1 year of age.
B) Vitamin D-fortified whole milk should not be provided until 2 years.
C) Low-fat milk is not recommended for children younger than 2 years.
D) Special toddler formulas are available, but are unnecessary.

Answer 3

Vitamin D-fortified whole milk should not be provided until 2 years.

Question 4

Each of the following is true of human breast milk except one. Which one is the exception?

A) It is normally thin with a slightly bluish color.
B) It contains long-chain fatty acids.
C) It is low in cholesterol.
D) Fat digestion cannot occur for several months after birth.
E) Although iron content is low, it is utilized efficiently.

Question 5

Soy protein-based formulas are appropriate for each of the following except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Galactosemia
B) Hereditary lactase deficiency
C) Vegetarian dietary preference
D) Cow's milk protein allergy

Question 6

Fluoride supplementation is recommended for all infants older than 6 months and children because this mineral increases the strength and acid resistance of developing tooth enamel.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 7

An appropriate caloric concentration of infant formula that provides adequate nutrients for full-term infants is approximately _____ kcal/oz.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30

Question 8

The most powerful predictor for how much children eat is how much food is put on their plate. The MyPlate sections for kids are different from those of adults.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 9

Each of the following is true of iron requirements except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Healthy, full-term infants require minimal iron during the first 6 months.
B) Breastfed infants do not require iron supplementation until 4 to 6 months.
C) Iron supplementation is recommended after 4 months for formula-fed, healthy infants.
D) Preterm infants should receive iron supplements after 6 months.
E) Iron supplementation is usually given as liquid drops.

Question 10

Infants both with cleft palates are high risk of developmental delays. While holding the infant in the sitting position during feeding may be easier, it results in nasal regurgitation.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 11

Maxillary molars are affected first by early childhood caries. Artificial infant milk is more cariogenic than human breast milk.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 12

The birth weight of an infant doubles in 3 months, and it has quadrupled by 1 year of age. Length or height increases by 50% by year of age.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 13

What percentage of infants and young children are affected by cow's milk allergy?

A) 2% to 3%
B) 5%
C) 5% to 10%
D) 18% to 20%

Question 14

Well-conducted trials support probiotics in infant formulas for their role in preventing:

A) allergic diseases.
B) food reactions.
C) anemia.
D) necrotizing enterocolitis.

Question 15

To help prevent early childhood caries (ECC), the dental hygienist should recommend he infant:

A) not be given nighttime bottles.
B) drink pasteurized skim milk.
C) eat iron-rich foods.
D) drink fruit juice.

Question 16

A mother's food choices during pregnancy will affect her child's health, but have little bearing on later preferences because flavors from the mother's diet rarely transmit through amniotic fluid.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 17

Iron-rich food or a daily low-dose oral iron supplement should be initiated at what age?

A) 2 to 3 months
B) 4 to 6 months
C) 5 to 6 months
D) 6 months

Question 18

Human breast milk provides distinct advantages over commercially produced formulas because the infant's system is not fully developed.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 19

Infants who are given artificial infant milk tend to weigh less than breastfed infants. No artificial infant milk can match the benefits of breast milk.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 20

Because of increasing cases of fluorosis, low levels of fluoride are added to commercial infant formula. Breast milk provides low levels of fluoride.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 21

The best way to prevent osteoporosis is through building bone mass during what stage of life?

A) Infancy
B) Early childhood
C) Adolescence
D) Young adulthood

Question 22

Dental hygienists working with new parents, infants, and children should be familiar with normal growth and development patterns and effectively communicate nutritional needs. Match each nutritional and oral term with its most appropriate description.
Cellular dead patches in intestines

A)DHA
B)Necrotizing enterocolitis
C)Omega-3 fatty acids
D)Innate desire
E)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
F)Bruxism
G)Sealants

Question 23

Dental hygienists working with new parents, infants, and children should be familiar with normal growth and development patterns and effectively communicate nutritional needs. Match each nutritional and oral term with its most appropriate description.
Caries protective physical barrier

A)DHA
B)Necrotizing enterocolitis
C)Omega-3 fatty acids
D)Innate desire
E)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
F)Bruxism
G)Sealants

Question 24

The slow childhood growth rate accelerates with pubescence until the rate is as rapid as that of early infancy. During pubescence, growth of long bones, secondary sexual maturation, and fat and muscle deposition create an increased nutrient requirement.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 25

Each of the following feeding tips provided by the dental hygienist are considered sound except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Parents should assume control of food portions and not rely on the child's internal hunger cues.
B) Family mealtime is essential for children's nutrition, health, and overall well-being.
C) Children should play actively every day.
D) Smaller plates should be used for children.
E) Diets high in fat, sugar, and processed content may be associated with reduction in IQ.

Question 26

Each of the following is helpful information for the dental hygienist to convey regarding iron consumption and prevention of anemia except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Iron deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants is rare.
B) The incidence of anemia usually declines with age.
C) Anemia is observed more often in African American children than in white or Asian children.
D) Consuming vitamin C with iron-rich foods diminished absorption of iron.
E) Milk is a poor source of iron.

Question 27

Dental hygienists working with new parents, infants, and children should be familiar with normal growth and development patterns and effectively communicate nutritional needs. Match each nutritional and oral term with its most appropriate description.
Contributes to ongoing cognitive development

A)DHA
B)Necrotizing enterocolitis
C)Omega-3 fatty acids
D)Innate desire
E)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
F)Bruxism
G)Sealants

Question 28

Which snack should the dental hygienist encourage to decrease incidence of dental caries? (Select all that apply.)

A) Cheese cubes
B) Crackers
C) Pastries
D) Raw vegetables

Question 29

Tooth eruption patterns of school-aged children are marked by exfoliation of all or most primary teeth and eruption of permanent teeth. During this period, application of topical fluoride is less effective than systemic fluoride administration.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 30

A mother asks about healthy snacks for her three children under 4 years old. All the following are wise choices the dental hygienist can recommend except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Low-fat milk or yogurt
B) Whole-grain cereals
C) Raw vegetable sticks
D) Cheese cubes
E) Nuts and seeds

Question 31

Early childhood caries causes destruction of tooth surfaces. Which of the following accurately describe aspects of early childhood caries (ECC)? (Select all that apply.)

A) The primary contributing factor to ECC is infection with lactobacilli.
B) Bacterial colonization occurs prior to tooth eruption.
C) Infection occurs through transmission of the pathogen from caregiver to the infant.
D) The addition of frequent or prolonged exposure to a fermentable carbohydrate is an additional factor.
E) Damage from tooth decay can progress to rampant caries and abscesses.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of protein requirements for infants? (Select all that apply.)

A) Adequate intake for protein is 1.52 g/kg from birth to 6 months of age.
B) The recommended dietary allowance for older infants is 1.78 g/kg.
C) Recommended protein intakes are based on mean protein intake of breastfed infants.
D) Recommended protein intakes translate to about 9.1 to 11 g per day.

Question 33

Children with cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and intellectual disabilities are likely to have abnormal sensory input and muscle tone. A small, underdeveloped tongue is common in many such disorders and results in diminished nutritional status.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 34

A mother of a toddler is concerned because her son is not eating well. Each of the following is a sound tip the dental hygienist can provide except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Until age 6, a good rule of thumb is 1 Tbsp of vegetables, fruit, or meat per year of life.
B) Brightly colored foods are especially appealing to children.
C) Food jags should be discouraged with the parent taking charge of food intake.
D) If sufficient amounts are not eaten at meals, snacks should be limited to nutrient-dense selections.
E) If a child has been active, a short rest before a meal improves intake.

Question 35

Which of the following is true of early childhood caries (ECC)? (Select all that apply.)

A) ECC is the current most current term describing this condition.
B) ECC is characterized by early rampant decay.
C) ECC is associated with inappropriate feeding practice.
D) Severe early childhood caries is the preferred terminology by pediatricians.
E) Infants with ECC are typically overweight because of eating patterns.

Question 36

Sticky carbohydrate foods such as candies, cookies, and pastries are cariogenic, but crackers and raisins are not because crackers and raisins contain less processed, more natural ingredients.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 37

When counseling a parent regarding early childhood caries (ECC), advice from the dental hygienist should include the which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A) Limit the child's access to a sippy cup containing milk or juice.
B) If natural fluoride is low, install a home filtration system to add fluoride.
C) During the first year, food that requires chewing should be added based on the number of erupted teeth.
D) Wean the infant from the bottle soon after the first birthday.
E) To encourage more consumption of fluids, add fruit juice to bottle and sippy cup.

Question 38

Which of the following are sound recommendations regarding children's oral health? (Select all that apply.)

A) Water is the ideal beverage between meals.
B) Encourage the use of fluoridate toothpaste once teeth have erupted.
C) Recommendations for fluoride usage should be determined by need and based on risk indicators.
D) Teach children to use a quarter-sized amount of toothpaste to limit the amount accidentally swallowed.
E) Refer low-income patients to appropriate government agencies such as WIC or food stamp programs.

Question 39

Each of the following is commonly deficient in the diet of adolescents except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Fiber
B) Protein
C) Riboflavin
D) Calcium
E) Vitamin D

Question 40

Dental hygienists working with new parents, infants, and children should be familiar with normal growth and development patterns and effectively communicate nutritional needs. Match each nutritional and oral term with its most appropriate description.
Preference for sweet foods

A)DHA
B)Necrotizing enterocolitis
C)Omega-3 fatty acids
D)Innate desire
E)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
F)Bruxism
G)Sealants

Question 41

Dental hygienists working with new parents, infants, and children should be familiar with normal growth and development patterns and effectively communicate nutritional needs. Match each nutritional and oral term with its most appropriate description.
Natural ingredient in breast milk related to brain and retinal development

A)DHA
B)Necrotizing enterocolitis
C)Omega-3 fatty acids
D)Innate desire
E)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
F)Bruxism
G)Sealants

Question 42

Dental hygienists working with new parents, infants, and children should be familiar with normal growth and development patterns and effectively communicate nutritional needs. Match each nutritional and oral term with its most appropriate description.
The most common developmental disorder of children

A)DHA
B)Necrotizing enterocolitis
C)Omega-3 fatty acids
D)Innate desire
E)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
F)Bruxism
G)Sealants

Question 43

Dental hygienists working with new parents, infants, and children should be familiar with normal growth and development patterns and effectively communicate nutritional needs. Match each nutritional and oral term with its most appropriate description.
Involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth

A)DHA
B)Necrotizing enterocolitis
C)Omega-3 fatty acids
D)Innate desire
E)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
F)Bruxism
G)Sealants