Deck 3: The Alimentary Canal: Digestion and Absorption

Question 1

The maxilla and mandible need the forces of chewing to prevent calcium absorption. Chewing firm food helps to maintain a proper balance between bone breakdown and new bone formation within the alveolar process.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 1

The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 2

Gluten sensitivity, an allergic condition, is an example of a systemic condition. Gluten sensitive patients develop impairment of the small intestine.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 2

Both statements are false.

Question 3

Each of the following is a function of saliva except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Saliva is essential to gustatory sensations.
B) Saliva lubricates oral tissues.
C) Saliva provides antibacterial action.
D) Saliva buffers bacterial acids.
E) Saliva replaces calcium and phosphate in demineralized tooth surfaces with collagen.

Answer 3

Saliva replaces calcium and phosphate in demineralized tooth surfaces with collagen.

Question 4

Food-drug interactions have the potential to cause nutritional problems. For example, consuming milk or milk products while taking amoxicillin decreases the amount of antibiotic and calcium available to the body.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 5

Each of the following is true of enzymes except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Enzymes are complex proteins that are very specific.
B) Enzymes regulate metabolic reactions so that they proceed slowly and thoroughly.
C) Enzymatic reactions require a substrate.
D) Only small amounts of an enzyme is needed to complete a reaction.

Question 6

The small intestine is comprised of the cecum, colon, and rectum. The large intestine includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 7

Each of the following is a portion of the alimentary canal except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Oral cavity
B) Pharynx
C) Larynx
D) Esophagus
E) Small intestine

Question 8

During peristalsis, doorlike mechanisms called valves or sphincter muscles perform all of the following functions except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Retain food in each segment until mechanical actions is complete.
B) Allow measured amount of food to pass to next segment.
C) Synthesize dietary enzymes necessary for chemical digestion.
D) Prevent food from "backing up" into the preceding area.

Question 9

Taste buds, receptors of taste located in the oral cavity, play an important role in the digestive system. Food choices are influenced by gustatory or visual sensations, taste, and smell.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 10

Saliva is supersaturated with bacterial by-products that allow demineralized areas of hydroxyapatite in enamel to be remineralized. Demineralization occurs when calcium, phosphate, and other minerals migrate from the enamel surface into the dentin.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 11

Gustatory and olfactory disorders can result in deterioration of a patient's general condition or nutritional status. Potentially adverse compensatory habits can contribute to dental caries and systemic conditions.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
B) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
C) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
D) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 12

The use of over-the-counter enzyme tablets might not be beneficial to patients because the enzymes within the product are digested before they can be used.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 13

It is not uncommon for an elderly patient to state that food "just doesn't taste good," because the impairment of the olfactory nerves is prevalent in older adults.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 14

The accessory organs include the large and small intestine. The role of accessory organs is to store foodstuffs during the digestive process.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 15

Demineralization is a result of acids produced by fermentable carbohydrates combining with proteins to form prebiotics. Demineralization is caused by a lack of calcium intake or a calcium deficiency.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 16

Hydrolysis of a starch begins with which enzyme?

A) Salivary amylase
B) Pepsin
C) Pancreatic amylase
D) Sucrase

Question 17

Digestion is accomplished solely through chemical activities on food because peristalsis permits blending of foodstuffs with digestive secretions.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 18

Mechanical aspects of digestion include chewing and hypergeusia. Mechanical actions involve peristalsis, voluntary waves of contraction traveling the whole length of the alimentary tract.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 19

Loss of smell results in a condition that limits capacity to detect flavor of food and beverages called:

A) hypergeusia.
B) dysgeusia.
C) anosmia.
D) phantom taste.
E) peristalsis.

Question 20

Each of the following descriptions of taste papillae is true except one. Which one is the exception?

A) A taste bud consists of 30 to 100 papillae.
B) Taste papillae appear on the tongue as large red spots or small bumps.
C) Taste papillae are most numerous on the dorsal epithelium of the tongue.
D) Taste papillae replace themselves every 3 to 10 days.

Question 21

Intestinal digestion of fats and insoluble molecules is enhanced because emulsification by bile salts facilitates breakdown of such substances in to smaller particles.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 22

Missing teeth increase the potential for food obstruction in the airway, because an inability to masticate food can result in larger chunks of food being swallowed.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 23

Each of the following accurately describes aspects of the villi except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Fingerlike projections called villi rise from the intestinal lumen.
B) Villi decrease the surface area of the alimentary tract by contraction and compression.
C) Each villus is covered with a layer of epithelial cells called microvilli.
D) The brush border of cells is formed by microvilli.

Question 24

A patient who reports stomach ulcers should avoid all the following foods except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Proteins
B) Caffeine
C) Calcium
D) Wheat

Question 25

Each of the following is true of swallowing and processing food except one. Which one is the exception?

A) The swallowing reflex moves a bolus into the esophagus.
B) A bolus is a mass of food.
C) The bolus is transported to the stomach by osmosis and gravity.
D) The bolus penetrates the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus.
E) The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to permit food into the stomach.

Question 26

Pancreatic enzymes enter the colon through the pancreatic duct. Produced and stored in the pancreas, these enzymes hydrolyze carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Note that proteolytic enzymes, specifically designed to hydrolyze proteins, are also produced and stored in the pancreas.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 27

Proteolytic enzymes are most likely to break down which food type?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Fats
D) Lipids

Question 28

Each of the following is true of microflora within the colon except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Approximately 50 different species of microorganisms compose the microflora.
B) Microflora break down substances that human enzymes are unable to digest.
C) Vitamin K and numerous B vitamins are synthesized by the microflora.
D) Microflora inhibit pathogenic bacteria.

Question 29

Most nutrients are absorbed from the small to the large intestine, where the majority of digestion occurs. As the large intestine reabsorbs water and electrolytes, it forms the residue, also called feces.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 30

Masticatory efficiency refers to enhancement of gustatory effects. Even after a patient becomes fully adjusted to well-fitted dentures, masticatory efficiency is reduced compared with that of patients with their natural teeth.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 31

The lower esophageal sphincter is a bony structure located within the stomach. It relaxes to permit food to move within the stomach on its way to the intestines.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 32

Alveolar bone is primarily composed of bony spikes forming a meshwork of spaces within cancellous bone. This spikelike formation is called interdental bone.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 33

Passage of a permeable substance from a more concentrated solution to an area of lower concentration is called osmosis. Transport requiring a carrier and cellular energy is active transport.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 34

In a well-functioning alimentary tract, stomach contents do not "back wash" into the esophagus, because the pyloric sphincter prevents foodstuff from seeping back into the esophagus.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 35

An adult stomach functions as a reservoir to hold an average meal for 6 to 8 hours. The rate of passage through the stomach (fastest to slowest) is liquids, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 36

Each of the following is true of protective elements within the microflora except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Prebiotics are food ingredients that must be digested to stimulate growth and activity of microorganisms.
B) Probiotics are living microorganisms that are considered food or dietary supplements in the United States.
C) Symbiotics are a combination of prebiotics that support growth of probiotics.
D) Probiotics are helpful in managing and treating constipation.

Question 37

Each of the following is true of wheat sensitivity except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by permanent gluten sensitivity.
B) If not treated, celiac disease damages the microvilli in the small intestine.
C) Gluten sensitivity is both an allergic reaction and an autoimmune disorder.
D) Celiac disease is more common in people of European origin.

Question 38

Nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine through the mucosa into the portal circulation. Nutrients are transported through the portal vein to the liver where metabolism is initiated.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 39

Which of the following is most likely to be absorbed within the stomach?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Fats
C) Amino acids
D) Fat-soluble vitamins

Question 40

Most absorption occurs in the stomach because the gastric juices secreted by the stomach effectively hydrolyze and prepare nutrients for absorption.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 41

Each of the following is true of carbohydrate digestion except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Digestion begins with salivary amylase.
B) Hydrolysis begins within the mouth.
C) Ptyalin is an enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion.
D) Xerostomia increases digestive function.

Question 42

Lactose-intolerant individuals have a deficiency of both lactase and sucrase because breakdown of lactose involves conversion into two monosaccharides.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 43

Each of the following statements describes functions of the small intestine except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Complete hydrolysis of most energy-providing nutrients
B) Absorption of most vitamins and minerals
C) Enzymatic breakdown of cellulose
D) Secretion of digestive juices from its luminal wall

Question 44

Bile is produced and secreted by the liver and stored in the small intestine. Production of bile is stimulated by salivary amylase.

A) Both statements are false.
B) Both statements are true.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 45

Which substance is most essential for hydrolyzing large protein molecules?

A) Gastric lipase
B) Pepsin
C) Mucus
D) Intrinsic factor

Question 46

Which enzyme is most essential for digestion of triglycerides found in butterfat?

A) Gastric lipase
B) Pepsin
C) Mucus
D) Intrinsic factor

Question 47

The basic hydrolysis reactions necessary for food digestion depend upon sugars because these complex carbohydrate-based substances enable completion of metabolic reactions at an efficient rate.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.