Deck 12: Fluids and Minerals Required for Oral Soft Tissues and Salivary Glands

Question 1

Oolong and black teas provide higher levels of polyphenols and flavonoids than green teas do, because oolong and black teas are oxidized or fermented.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Answer 1

The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.

Question 2

Dissolved substances that freely cross cellular membranes are:

A) osmoreceptors.
B) solutes.
C) renin.
D) cations.

Answer 2

solutes.

Question 3

Loss of 1 pound of body weight during exercise means that at least 2 cups of water have been lost. High protein diets during exercise retain more water than do diets high in fruits and vegetables.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 3

The first statement is true; the second is false.

Question 4

Each of the following interferes with zinc absorption except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Calcium
B) Fiber
C) Higher quality protein
D) Phytate
E) Phosphate salts

Question 5

Water loss can occur from each of the following except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Respiration inflammation
B) Strenuous exercise
C) Diarrhea
D) Perspiration
E) Metabolism of fat

Question 6

Calcium and magnesium are among the nutrients added to sports drinks to restore fluid balance during exercise, because these minerals are not readily available in a well-balanced diet.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 7

Excess water is eliminated by the kidneys because antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is increased when osmoreceptors detect excess water.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 8

Approximately 25% of reputable producers of bottled water use groundwater as their water source. Plain tap water is the most natural source of fluids.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 9

The approximately 75% to 80% of sodium that is consumed from processed foods can be reduced by using sea salt, because the natural ingredients of sea salt provide more flavor, less sodium, and more minerals than table salt do.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 10

A person with a large amount of fat has a higher percentage of total body water than average because adipose tissue absorbs and retains water.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 11

The body's hydration status depends on an electrolyte balance of equal concentrations of solutes to kilocalories. Electrolytes are an important in water balance and acid-base (pH) balance.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 12

Sodium deficiency can lead to an increased salivary flow rate. High levels of sodium (greater than 2 g/day) cause calcium retention in the kidneys.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 13

Each of the follow is a classic sign of fluid volume deficit (FVD) except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Longitudinal fissures in dry tongue
B) Sunken eyes
C) Orthostatic hypotension
D) Hypotension
E) Pale urine

Question 14

Water losses result in increased kidney output because increased kidney function stimulates thirst and encourages fluid intake.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 15

Equalization of solute concentration of intracellular fluids (ICFs) and extracellular fluids (ECFs) is accomplished by:

A) semipermeable membranes.
B) hydration.
C) osmotic pressure.
D) perspiration.

Question 16

High pH levels of sports and energy drinks resulting from hydrochloric acid content causes irreversible damage to teeth in just 5 days. Energy drinks cause twice as much damage to teeth as sports drinks do.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 17

Each of the following describes physiological roles of water except one. Which one is the exception?

A) Acts as a solvent for chemical reactions
B) Maintains stability of body fluids
C) Enables transport of nutrients and excretion of waste
D) Regulates temperature by pooling as perspiration on skin

Question 18

During heat exhaustion, a sodium deficit results in hyponatremia. Early symptoms include nausea, abdominal cramps, headache, hyperactivity, and excessive talking.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 19

The RDA is higher for premenopausal women than for men or postmenopausal women because of the blood loss during menstruation.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 20

Cellular edema is present during hypernatremia because when sodium losses exceed water losses, sodium moves from the ECF to the ICF, and water enters the ICF.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 21

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Bacterial indicator of sanitation

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 22

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Absorption of iron at an increased rate

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 23

Which of the following accurately describes requirements of fluids? (Select all that apply.)

A) An adequate intake (AI) for total fluid for men is 15 to 16 cups (3.7 L) daily.
B) Women require 11 to 12 (2.7 L) cups per day.
C) An upper limit (UL)of 22 cups of fluid per day has been established.
D) It takes approximately 5 days to compensate for loss of 1% of body fluid.

Question 24

Zinc is a component in more than 200 enzymes. Which of the following is true of physiologic roles, requirements, and hypo and hyper states of zinc? (Select all that apply.)

A) Zinc deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to periodontal disease.
B) Zinc supplements are essential to supplement a well-balanced diet.
C) Flattened filiform papillae are manifestations of zinc deficiency.
D) Zinc deficiency is associated with increased acuity of taste and smell.
E) Zinc performs functions in cell growth and replication, sexual maturation, night vision, and appetite.

Question 25

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Separate fluid compartments

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 26

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Excessive sweating

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 27

Which of the following ingredients in tea are considered beneficial to health? (Select all that apply.)

A) Tannin
B) Polyphenols
C) Flavonoids
D) Theanine

Question 28

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Liberates water

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 29

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Negatively charged electrolytes

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 30

While assessing oral tissues, signs of fluid volume deficit (FVD) that a dental hygienist should look for include: (Select all that apply.)

A) dry tongue with longitudinal fissures.
B) xerostomia.
C) edema of oral mucous membranes.
D) increased salivary flow.
E) use of ma-huang.

Question 31

Which of the following accurately describe thirst as it relates to physiologic aspects of hydration? (Select all that apply.)

A) The early sign of the need for fluid is often mistaken for hunger.
B) Older patients often have a reduced sensation of thirst.
C) Increased blood pressure stimulates release of theanine, which leads to the release of aldosterone.
D) Release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex causes blood pressure to increase.
E) The ability to regulate water balance is not precise in infants and older adults.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of potassium deficiency? (Select all that apply.)

A) Excessive loss or inadequate intake of potassium can result in hypokalemia.
B) Excessive bowel sounds and muscle weakness in legs are associated with potassium deficiency.
C) Vomiting and diarrhea contribute to potassium deficiency.
D) Diminished insulin levels contribute to damage from potassium deficiency.
E) Drugs such as diuretics are major contributors to potassium deficiency.

Question 33

Which of the following accurately describes energy drinks? (Select all that apply.)

A) Energy drinks contain stimulants.
B) Although controversial, megadoses of vitamin B provide energy bursts.
C) The use of energy drinks can increase risk for caffeine overdose.
D) The amount of caffeine within the product is listed on the label.
E) Sales have doubled in the past 5 years.

Question 34

Which of the following statements accurately describes a physiologic role or utilization pattern of iron? (Select all that apply.)

A) Iron is present in every cell including both oral soft and hard tissues.
B) This nutrient is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene to protein.
C) Iron incorporates and distributes lipids within the blood.
D) Approximately 4 g (less than 1 tsp) is present in the body.
E) Lactoferrin, a salivary glycoprotein, is capable of binding iron.

Question 35

Which of the following is true of requirements and regulation of sodium? (Select all that apply.)

A) An RDA has not been established for sodium.
B) The sodium-potassium pump regulates sodium and other electrolytes.
C) Aldosterone released by the pituitary gland controls sodium reabsorption and excretion.
D) The kidneys adjust sodium excretion to match sodium intake.
E) The Dietary Guidelines and MyPlate encourage limiting consumption of sodium to 2300 mg/day.

Question 36

Thyroxine is produced by iron. Thyroxin, produced by the thyroid gland regulates basal metabolic rate.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 37

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Movement of water from area of lower solute to higher solute concentration

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 38

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Primary anion in extracellular fluid

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 39

Which of the following is true of bottled water? (Select all that apply.)

A) Most bottled water contains fluoride.
B) Bottle water also includes flavored and nutrient-added waters.
C) Bottle water is regulated by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
D) The USDA mandates that nutrient-added and flavored waters not contain kilocalories.

Question 40

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Pituitary gland

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 41

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Severe hypothyroidism

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 42

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Fluid retention in legs and feet

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 43

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Elevated serum potassium level

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia

Question 44

The ability to assess and treat soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity demands an understanding of the fluids and minerals necessary for health. Match each item function, process, or element with its most appropriate description.
Elevated serum sodium level

A)Semi-permeable membrane
B)Osmosis
C)Hemochromatosis
D)Metabolism of protein and carbohydrate
E)Antidiuretic hormone
F)Coliforms
G)Chloride
H)Peripheral edema
I)Diaphoresis
J)Anions
K)Hypernatremia
L)Myxedema
M)Hyperkalemia