Deck 3: Birth and the Newborn Baby: in the New World

Question 1

Sudden infant death syndrome refers to the death, while sleeping, of apparently healthy babies who stop breathing.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The third stage of childbirth ends with the birth of a baby.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Preterm infants profit from early stimulation.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Women who experience major depression with perinatal onset can benefit from social support and counseling.

Question 5

Prostaglandins cause the cramping that women may feel before or during menstruation.

Question 6

With a pudendal block, anesthesia is injected into the spinal cord, temporarily numbing the entire body.

Question 7

It is necessary that parents have extended early contact with their newborn children for adequate bonding to occur.

Question 8

Transition occurs toward the end of the first stage of labor.

Question 9

Preterm babies have over-developed muscles, so their sucking and breathing reflexes are extremely strong.

Question 10

When a baby is low in birth weight, even though it is born at full term, it is referred to as being small for gestational age.

Question 11

Newborns spend about half their sleep time in rapid-eye-movement sleep during the first fifteen days.

Question 12

The Apgar scale is a measure used to assess the health of a mother after she has given birth.

Question 13

Major depression with perinatal onset, a serious maternal depression following delivery, is characterized by sadness, apathy, and feelings of worthlessness.

Question 14

The strongest predictor of whether a practitioner will choose to use episiotomy during the second stage of childbirth is the condition of the mother and baby.

Question 15

During childbirth, general anesthesia increases the frequency of uterine contractions and increases the responsiveness of the neonate shortly after birth.

Question 16

Prolonged cutoff of a baby's oxygen supply during delivery is associated with problems such as early-onset schizophrenia.

Question 17

According to research by Murphy et al. in 2011, injecting pregnant women at risk for delivering preterm babies with corticosteroids increases the babies' chances of survival.

Question 18

According to studies conducted by Camann in 2014 and Lothian in 2011, women using the Lamaze method often report less pain and ask for less medication.

Question 19

Babies who sleep on a firm sleep surface are most likely to die from sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 20

Adults experience the Babinski reflex.

Question 21

Who among the following women is in the first stage of labor during childbirth?

A) Nita, whose baby is in the breech position
B) Agnes, whose uterine contractions occur every fifteen minutes
C) Julia, whose baby has appeared at the opening of her vagina
D) Miriam, whose umbilical cord has been clamped and severed

Question 22

Identify a true statement about the Lamaze method of childbirth.

A) In the Lamaze method, there is reduced responsiveness of the baby shortly after birth.
B) It is preferred only when a normal delivery may threaten the mother or the child.
C) In the Lamaze method, women engage in breathing and relaxation exercises.
D) Women who give birth according to the Lamaze method do not experience pain.

Question 23

Which of the following events occurs early in the last month of pregnancy?

A) The head of the fetus settles in the pelvis.
B) The amniotic sac bursts.
C) The hormone oxytocin is secreted by the pituitary gland.
D) The placenta is discharged through the birth canal.

Question 24

Oxytocin, which stimulates contractions powerful enough to expel a baby from a mother's uterus during childbirth, is released from the:

A) mammary gland.
B) pituitary gland.
C) pineal gland.
D) sebaceous gland.

Question 25

Which of the following is a similarity between an epidural block and a spinal block employed during childbirth?

A) Both temporarily numb the mother's body below the waist.
B) Both produce depressing effects on infants that last for a long time.
C) Both are forms of general anesthetics.
D) Both reduce the chances of infection during delivery.

Question 26

Maya is in labor and her obstetrician decides to use a local anesthetic to help her cope with the pain. The obstetrician injects an anesthetic into her Alcock's canal and her external genitals become numb. The obstetrician has most likely used a(n) _____.

A) epidural block
B) pudendal block
C) spinal block
D) femoral nerve block

Question 27

Which of the following events occurs in the second stage of labor?

A) The uterine contractions stretch the skin surrounding the birth canal and propel the baby along.
B) The placenta and uterus secrete prostaglandins that stimulate uterine contractions.
C) The placenta separates from the uterine wall and is expelled through the birth canal.
D) The blood vessels in the birth canal rupture leading to the appearance of blood in vaginal secretions.

Question 28

_____ refers to the typical 9-month period from conception to childbirth.

A) Preterm
B) Postpartum period
C) Term
D) Critical period

Question 29

Alley is in labor and says that the pain is unbearable. Her obstetrician tells her that the pain might be caused by some complications in the delivery. The obstetrician informs Alley that he would perform a cesarean section to be safe. He injects Alley with something that puts her to sleep. In this scenario, which of the following was likely to be used by Alley's obstetrician to put her to sleep?

A) A rapid-acting insulin
B) A pudendal block
C) A short-acting insulin
D) A general anesthesia

Question 30

During childbirth, with a(n) _____ and a spinal block, anesthesia is injected into the spinal canal or spinal cord, temporarily numbing the body below the waist.

A) epidural block
B) rapid-acting insulin
C) antidepressant
D) short-acting insulin

Question 31

During the first stage of childbirth, the process of transition occurs. Transition lasts for _____.

A) 30 minutes or less
B) a week
C) eight hours or less
D) 60 minutes or more

Question 32

During labor, mucus is suctioned from the baby's mouth in order to:

A) resuscitate the baby back to consciousness.
B) increase the baby's heartbeat.
C) prevent any infection that might affect the baby.
D) clear the passageway for breathing from obstructions.

Question 33

A newborn baby is given a Vitamin K injection to:

A) prevent bacterial infections.
B) regulate its heart rate and pulse.
C) help its blood clot properly if it bleeds.
D) prevent any involuntary bowel movement.

Question 34

_____ would be most effective in preventing the circulatory systems of a mother and baby from mixing during childbirth.

A) The Lamaze method
B) A cesarean section
C) The biofeedback method
D) Hypnosis

Question 35

The term _____ refers to an infant from birth through the first four weeks of life.

A) embryo
B) fetus
C) neonate
D) toddler

Question 36

Which of the following events signals the beginning of childbirth?

A) The emergence of the baby from the birth canal
B) The beginning of the Braxton-Hicks contractions
C) The secretion of dopamine
D) The occurrence of regular uterine contractions

Question 37

One of the reasons for performing a cesarean section during childbirth is to:

A) avoid the use of anesthesia.
B) reduce the use of medication during labor.
C) enable women to control the time of the delivery.
D) prevent any involuntary bowel movement.

Question 38

Which of the following is a disadvantage of performing an episiotomy?

A) It reduces the responsiveness of the baby shortly after birth.
B) The incision made during an episiotomy may cause itching and discomfort as it heals.
C) It leads to the transmission of viruses that cause genital herpes and AIDS.
D) The incision made during an episiotomy often leads to the random tearing of vaginal muscles.

Question 39

Rhonda, the mother of a neonate, developed certain complications during childbirth. Her doctor was forced to cut through her abdomen and uterus and physically remove her baby. Rhonda was asleep during the entire procedure. Her doctor _____.

A) used an epidural block
B) performed a cesarean section to deliver the baby
C) used a spinal block
D) used the Lamaze method to deliver the baby

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of the Braxton-Hicks contractions?

A) They may be experienced as early as the sixth month of pregnancy.
B) They decrease in frequency as the pregnancy progresses.
C) They are always painful.
D) They dilate the cervix to allow the baby to pass during delivery.

Question 41

During a breech presentation, the prolonged constriction of the umbilical cord may occur as the:

A) tiny air sacs in the baby's lungs stick together without expanding.
B) umbilical cord may dry and fall off on its own.
C) baby's body may press the umbilical cord against the birth canal.
D) baby does not receive enough oxygen in utero to develop properly.

Question 42

Which of the following is a similarity between major depression with perinatal onset and postpartum anxiety?

A) Both produce delusional thoughts about an infant in his or her mother's mind.
B) Women suffering from major depression with perinatal onset as well as women suffering from postpartum anxiety have command hallucinations that are dangerous to them as well as to their babies.
C) Both are caused by high levels of estrogen in a mother's body.
D) Women suffering from major depression with perinatal onset as well as women suffering from postpartum anxiety may show obsessive concern for the well-being of their babies.

Question 43

Which of the following terms refers to the absence of oxygen?

A) Hypoxia
B) Anorexia
C) Toxemia
D) Anoxia

Question 44

According to the American Psychiatric Association, which of the following refers to the periods of tearfulness, sadness, and irritability experienced by some mothers following delivery?

A) Baby blues
B) Postpartum psychosis
C) Generalized anxiety
D) Anorexia

Question 45

Mothers suffering from _____ experience command hallucinations.

A) postpartum anxiety
B) postpartum psychosis
C) depression with perinatal onset
D) postnatal depression

Question 46

Which of the following terms refers to buttocks-first childbirth?

A) Premature birth
B) Breech presentation
C) Prepared childbirth
D) Normal delivery

Question 47

Which of the following disorders refers to the weak and irregular breathing that is typical of preterm babies?

A) Respiratory distress syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Sclerosis
D) Carcinoma of the respiratory tract

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of the kangaroo care given to preterm infants?

A) It stimulates infants and improves their physical and mental health.
B) It requires infants to be provided with a steady supply of oxygen.
C) It intensifies mothers' feelings of incompetence and guilt.
D) It involves placing infants in a temperature-controlled environment.

Question 49

Which of the following scenarios describes a mother suffering from major depression with perinatal onset?

A) Kate, who is in her fifth month of pregnancy, suffering from insomnia
B) Rebecca feeling hopeless and insignificant after delivering twins
C) Angelina giving birth to a premature baby
D) Meera, who is in her third month of pregnancy, fearing that she might have to abort her pregnancy

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true of small-for-gestational-age babies?

A) They are taller than their age-mates.
B) They are more attentive when compared with their age-mates.
C) They show slight delays in learning when compared with their age-mates.
D) They tend to be heavier than their age-mates.

Question 51

Which of the following is a symptom of postpartum psychosis in women?

A) Delusional thoughts about their babies
B) Reduced heart rate and blood pressure
C) An increase in sexual arousal
D) Oversleeping

Question 52

Depression with perinatal onset is caused by:

A) a sudden drop in estrogen levels.
B) a decrease in metabolism levels.
C) an increase in dopamine levels.
D) the use of anesthetics during delivery.

Question 53

_____ enables the body to conserve water by inhibiting urine production when fluid levels are low.

A) Insulin
B) Vasopressin
C) Prolactin
D) Epinephrine

Question 54

In the context of the relationship between parents and preterm infants, which of the following statements is true?

A) The demands of preterm babies are lesser than those of full-term babies.
B) Most mothers of preterm babies report feeling closer and attached to their babies.
C) Fear of hurting preterm babies discourages parents from handling them.
D) Parents typically treat preterm babies better than they treat full-term babies.

Question 55

_____ stimulates the production of milk in women.

A) Insulin
B) Testosterone
C) Prolactin
D) Epinephrine

Question 56

According to research by Korja et al., preterm babies are:

A) less likely to die than full-term babies.
B) round and robust in appearance.
C) less sociable than full-term infants.
D) heavier than full-term babies.

Question 57

According to studies conducted by Keebaugh, A. C., et al. in 2015 and by Young in 2015, increasing _____ levels transform an indifferent male into a caring, monogamous, and protective mate and father.

A) vasopressin
B) testosterone
C) prolactin
D) epinephrine

Question 58

Janice had several complications during her pregnancy and her physician was not sure if the baby would survive the delivery. Later, it was found that Janice was infected with the AIDS virus after she got pregnant. In Janice's situation, it is ideal for her physician to:

A) avoid the use of anesthesia.
B) reduce the use of medication during labor.
C) perform a cesarean section during delivery.
D) use the method of hypnosis.

Question 59

_____ regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals.

A) Insulin
B) Testosterone
C) Prolactin
D) Epinephrine

Question 60

Prolonged cutoff of a baby's oxygen supply during delivery can cause:

A) Turner syndrome.
B) rosacea.
C) Down syndrome.
D) cerebral palsy.

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true of women who experience major depression with perinatal onset?

A) They profit from social support and counseling.
B) They have a high libido.
C) They want to abort their pregnancy.
D) They suffer from bipolar disorder.

Question 62

In the Apgar scale, the criteria of grimace evaluates the _____ of babies.

A) muscle tone
B) reflex irritability
C) heart beat
D) color

Question 63

In the context of research conducted by Klier in 2006, which of the following statements is true of bonding between parents and their newborn children?

A) Serious maternal depression can delay bonding with newborns.
B) An extended early contact between parents and infants is necessary for the development of parent-infant bonding.
C) Parents of adopted children fail to develop a deep bond with them.
D) Parent-infant bonding is a simple process which is limited to the desire to have a child.

Question 64

A(n) _____ is defined as an unlearned, stereotypical response to a stimulus.

A) reflex
B) emotion
C) intuition
D) mnemonic

Question 65

According to the American Psychiatric Association, postpartum psychosis affects:

A) all women after delivery.
B) about 1 in 1,000 women.
C) about 2 in 5 women.
D) around 4 in 5 women.

Question 66

Jessica is the mother of a 4-month-old boy. She notices that whenever she picks her baby from his crib, he moves his arms and legs as if he is trying to hug her. The baby moves in this manner due to the _____.

A) rooting reflex
B) Moro reflex
C) grasping reflex
D) Babinski reflex

Question 67

Which of the following is true of visual accommodation?

A) The ability to see as through a fixed-focus camera is referred to as visual accommodation.
B) The degree to which neonates perceive color is referred to as visual accommodation.
C) Neonates show little or no visual accommodation.
D) Neonates are farsighted because the lens in their eyes can adjust to focus on objects.

Question 68

In the palmar reflex, a child:

A) turns the mouth and head toward a stimulus that stokes the cheek or the corner of the mouth.
B) fans the toes when the soles of the feet are stroked.
C) grasps objects that are kept on his or her palms.
D) holds objects kept on his or her palms with five fingers.

Question 69

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the rooting reflex?

A) Jane curling her fingers around her favorite toy
B) Abdul moving his feet forward, one foot at a time
C) Nia turning her head to the left when her cousin touches her left cheek
D) Ruby flinging her arms and drawing them back when she gets startled by the sound of a car horn

Question 70

Which of the following is a similarity between the sucking reflex and the grasping reflex observed in infants?

A) Both can be elicited by loud noises, bumping a baby's crib, or jerking a baby's blanket.
B) Both are replaced by corresponding voluntary actions as an infant grows up.
C) Both facilitate an infant in finding their mother's nipple in preparation for sucking.
D) Both require infants to use only four fingers to respond to stimuli.

Question 71

_____ solutions stimulate spitting, gagging, and sticking out the tongue in infants.

A) Sweet
B) Bitter
C) Salty
D) Sour

Question 72

_____ is a measure of a newborn's overall level of health that assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity level, and respiratory effort.

A) The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment scale
B) The Wechsler scale
C) The Binet-Simon scale
D) The Apgar scale

Question 73

According to research by Fernandes et al. in 2011, _____ solutions have a calming effect on neonates.

A) sweet
B) bitter
C) salty
D) sour

Question 74

Judy has a 3-month-old baby. Whenever someone tickles the baby's cheeks or chin, she moves her head toward that person's fingers and puts them in her mouth. This is most likely due to the _____.

A) rooting reflex
B) Moro reflex
C) tonic-neck reflex
D) Babinski reflex

Question 75

Which of the following features of an infant is assessed using the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale?

A) Adaptive behavior
B) Bowel movement
C) Muscle tone
D) Respiratory effort

Question 76

In which of the following methods of learning are neonates' involuntary responses conditioned to new stimuli?

A) Classical conditioning
B) Social learning
C) Observational learning
D) Operant conditioning

Question 77

Which of the following observations on parent-infant bonding was made in the controversial research led by Klaus and Kennell?

A) Extended parent-infant contact is required during the first hours postpartum in order to foster parent-infant bonding.
B) Parent-infant bonding is a simple process involving just the desire to have a child.
C) Serious maternal depression can delay bonding with newborns.
D) A history of rejection by parents can adversely affect women's bonding with their own children during the first few years.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is true of the palmar reflex observed in infants?

A) It is replaced by voluntary grasping within five to six months of age.
B) It facilitates finding the mother's nipple in preparation for sucking.
C) It begins three months after the birth of the baby.
D) It can be elicited by loud noises and sudden movements.

Question 79

In which of the following reflexes does a baby arch the back, fling out the arms and legs, and draw them back to the chest in response to a sudden noise or change in position?

A) The rooting reflex
B) The Moro reflex
C) The grasping reflex
D) The Babinski reflex

Question 80

Which of the following is true of a neonate's reflexes?

A) They provide information about a neonate's neural functioning.
B) They disappear within hours after birth.
C) They are produced by a neonate's complex thought processes and are conscious.
D) They are replaced by corresponding involuntary actions.