Deck 5: Infancy: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Piaget's sensorimotor stage refers to the first six years of cognitive development in children.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Mirror neurons in humans are connected with emotions such as happiness.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Mirror neurons are found only in humans.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The angular gyrus "translates" auditory information, such as spoken words, into visual information.

Question 5

Cognitive development proceeds in the same way and at the same pace for all infants.

Question 6

According to research by Imuta et al. in 2013, infant memory can be improved if infants receive a reminder before their memory is tested.

Question 7

The Bayley scales is the only test that has been developed to screen infants for sensory or neurological problems.

Question 8

Secondary circular reactions focus on an infant's own body rather than on the external environment.

Question 9

The mean length of utterance is the average number of morphemes that communicators use in their sentences.

Question 10

Memory improves dramatically between five to ten years of age and then again by the age of 18.

Question 11

In the context of infant development, extinction is the increase in frequency of a response due to absence of reinforcement.

Question 12

Children learn many vocabulary words, especially nouns and verbs, by imitation.

Question 13

Screening infants does not help detect early signs of sensory or neurological problems.

Question 14

Infants' first sentences are typically one-word utterances.

Question 15

True words are symbols of objects and events.

Question 16

According to studies conducted by Arbib in 2015 and Brucker et al. in 2015, mirror neurons are connected with gender differences in empathy and the instinctive human ability to acquire language.

Question 17

By about eight months of age, cooing decreases markedly.

Question 18

Cooing decreases when parents respond positively to cooing.

Question 19

In secondary circular reactions, the focus shifts to objects and environmental events.

Question 20

Syntax refers to the rules in a language for placing words in order to form sentences.

Question 21

Emma is a seven-month-old infant. She repeatedly shakes her rattle because she likes the noise it makes. This is an example of a _____.

A) simple reflex
B) secondary circular reaction
C) primary circular reaction
D) tertiary circular reaction

Question 22

Which of the following questions is the primary focus of cognitive development?

A) How children perceive and mentally represent the world?
B) How children enter puberty and undergo physical changes?
C) How children deal with infectious diseases?
D) How children with developmental disorders behave?

Question 23

Chanel is a six-month-old baby. Her mother shows her a teddy bear and she giggles. However, when her mother hides the teddy bear behind her back, Chanel makes no attempt to search for it. From the given information, it can be concluded that Chanel has not yet developed:

A) deferred imitation.
B) object permanence.
C) the rooting reflex.
D) a simple reflex.

Question 24

Paul is a six-month-old infant. He has a toy that makes a sound when pressed. He repeatedly presses the toy to hear the sound. This is an example of _____.

A) the Moro reflex
B) a secondary circular reaction
C) a primary circular reaction
D) the Babinski reflex

Question 25

Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary circular reactions?

A) Primary circular reactions involve only reflexes, while secondary circular reactions involve only thoughts.
B) Primary circular reactions involve complex actions, while secondary circular reactions involve simple actions.
C) Primary circular reactions focus on an infant's own body, while secondary circular reactions focus on the environment.
D) Primary circular reactions involve voluntary actions, while secondary circular reactions involve involuntary actions.

Question 26

Benjamin is a two-month-old baby who accidentally discovers his thumbs. He waves them around for a while and then sticks one of them in his mouth. He repeats this for a few times. Benjamin's behavior is an example of:

A) a primary circular reaction.
B) deferred imitation.
C) a tertiary circular reaction.
D) echolalia.

Question 27

The fifth substage of the sensorimotor stage, characterized by tertiary circular reactions, lasts from _____ months of age.

A) one to four
B) four to eight
C) eight to twelve
D) twelve to eighteen

Question 28

Tertiary circular reactions are first witnessed during the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) preoperational
D) formal operational

Question 29

Which of the following is an accurate statement about object permanence?

A) It is the recognition that an object or a person continues to exist even when out of sight.
B) It is the absorption of new events into existing schemes.
C) It is the modification of existing schemes to accommodate novel objects.
D) It is the imitation of people and events that occurred in the past.

Question 30

Which of the following substages of the sensorimotor stage serves as a transition between sensorimotor development and the development of symbolic thought?

A) The fifth substage
B) The fourth substage
C) The sixth substage
D) The second substage

Question 31

In which of the following substages of the sensorimotor stage does an infant begin to show intentional, goal-directed behavior?

A) The second substage
B) The fourth substage
C) The first substage
D) The third substage

Question 32

Lauren learns what a fish looks like from a book. Her mother buys her a goldfish which she keeps in a fishbowl. She then learns that fish swim in water. Lauren tries to incorporate this new event into her scheme of fish. This is an example of _____.

A) divergence
B) assimilation
C) differentiation
D) conditioning

Question 33

Which of the following is an example of a simple reflex?

A) Reaching for an object
B) Crawling toward a bright object
C) Searching for an object behind an obstacle
D) Turning toward the source of a noise

Question 34

According to studies conducted by Kibbe in 2013 and Yermolayeva & Rakison in 2014, the development of object permanence is tied into the development of infants' _____.

A) locomotive ability
B) reflex action
C) reasoning ability
D) motor ability

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of a tertiary circular reaction?

A) Kala accidentally touches her nose with her thumb and feels ticklish.She then repeats the action.
B) Jose turns toward the phone when it starts ringing.He also turns and looks at his mom when she speaks.
C) Lorenzo's mother shakes an object to make it rattle and then gives the object to Lorenzo.He immediately shakes the object in a similar manner.
D) After many tries, Megan turns her toy sideways so she can pull it into her crib.Now, whenever she wants the toy, she turns it sideways to pull it through.

Question 36

The fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage lasts from _____ months of age.

A) one to four
B) four to eight
C) eight to twelve
D) twelve to eighteen

Question 37

According to Piaget, children's cognitive processes:

A) develop only after the second year.
B) develop in an orderly sequence of stages.
C) develop only after the first year.
D) begin from the preoperational stage.

Question 38

Latifa knows that kittens are animals. Her mother tells her that puppies are also animals. Latifa then modifies her existing scheme of animals to include puppies. This is an example of _____.

A) assimilation
B) conditioning
C) differentiation
D) accommodation

Question 39

Which of the following represents a primary circular reaction?

A) Kala accidentally touching her nose with her thumb and then repeating it
B) Jose turning toward the sound of his mother's voice
C) Lorenzo flinching when his brother pinches him
D) Megan reaching out for her teddy bear

Question 40

According to the first substage of the sensorimotor stage, reflexes are _____ at birth.

A) absent.
B) flexible.
C) stereotypical.
D) complex.

Question 41

Apart from being activated when an individual performs a motor act or observes another individual engaging in the same act, mirror neurons in humans are also connected with _____.

A) hunger pangs that one experiences while on a diet
B) physical growth
C) problem solving
D) emotions such as disgust

Question 42

Which of the following is an accurate statement on the evaluation of Piaget's theory on cognitive development?

A) Piaget emphasized the role of maturation, almost to the point of excluding adult and peer influences on cognitive development.
B) Piaget believed that deferred imitation in babies appears as early as nine months.
C) The pattern and sequence of events described in Piaget's theory were restricted only to American infants.
D) Piaget's theory overestimated infants' competence.

Question 43

Which of the following is true of infant memory?

A) Infants demonstrate memory of experiences they had while still in the womb.
B) Infants demonstrate memory for stimuli to which they have been exposed previously only after four months of age.
C) Memory does not improve much between two and six months of age.
D) Memory improves dramatically between two and six months of age and the development slows down at 12 months of age.

Question 44

A researcher who contradicts Piaget's theory on cognitive development is most likely to state that:

A) infants show deferred imitation as early as nine months of age.
B) deferred imitation appears at about 18 months after birth.
C) the sensorimotor stage is the first stage of cognitive development.
D) the second substage of the sensorimotor stage lasts from about one to four months of age.

Question 45

In the context of Piaget's theories of cognitive development, which of the following statements is true of the pattern and sequence of events related to the cognitive development of a child?

A) Most researchers now agree that cognitive development is tied to discrete stages as Piaget suggested.
B) Piaget believed that deferred imitation in babies appears as early as nine months.
C) The pattern and sequence of events Piaget described were noticed more clearly in boys than girls.
D) The pattern and sequence of events Piaget described have been observed in children cross-culturally.

Question 46

According to studies conducted by Pelphrey et al. in 2004 and Rose et al. in 2011, memory improves dramatically between _____.

A) one and two months of age
B) two and six months of age
C) one and eight months of age
D) six and eight months of age

Question 47

The Bayley scales primarily measure:

A) mental and motor abilities of infants.
B) environmental influences on intelligence.
C) genetic influences on intelligence.
D) the development of a fetus.

Question 48

Which of the following is an accurate statement about neonates?

A) They continuously lose weight for almost one month.
B) They do not show a tendency to respond to objects that are not within their immediate sensory grasp.
C) They are capable of searching for hidden objects.
D) They cannot move their heads to the side but are capable of tracking things with their eyes.

Question 49

_____ is best described as the imitation of an action that may have occurred hours, days, or even weeks earlier.

A) Deferred imitation
B) Subconscious imitation
C) Mirroring
D) Conditioning

Question 50

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's theory on cognitive development?

A) It did not focus on adult and peer influences on cognitive development.
B) It focused almost exclusively on learning processes.
C) It did not explain the cognitive development of infants aged 12 months and above.
D) It did not estimate the abilities of infants.

Question 51

Desmond is playing with his seven-month-old son. He places a large bowl in front of his son and hides his cell phone under the bowl. His son manages to retrieve the cell phone and laughs in delight. He repeats this over a few days. One day, he keeps the bowl in front of his son but holds the cell phone behind his back. Although his son sees him hide the phone behind his back, he still lifts up the bowl to look for the cell phone. Desmond's son is displaying _____.

A) a lack of mental representation
B) a primary circular reaction
C) the A-not-B error
D) deferred imitation

Question 52

Piaget believed that deferred imitation appears at about _____ months of age.

A) 18
B) 15
C) 12
D) 10

Question 53

According to Imuta's research in 2013, infant memory can be improved if infants _____ before their memory is tested.

A) receive a reminder
B) eat some food
C) drink their mother's milk
D) sleep for two hours

Question 54

In researches conducted by DeCasper & Fifer in 1980 and DeCasper et al. in 2011, it was found that neonates adjusted their rate of sucking to hear a recording of their mother reading a story she had read aloud during the last weeks of pregnancy. This provides evidence that:

A) neonates demonstrate memory for stimuli to which they have been exposed previously.
B) a neonate's mind is a
)
C) neonates develop object permanence long before they are born.
D) a neonate's cognitive development is tied to discrete stages.

Question 55

The motor scale in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development assesses _____.

A) attention span
B) goal directedness
C) standing skills
D) emotional development

Question 56

Which of the following is true of mirror neurons?

A) They are activated when people gaze at their reflection in a mirror.
B) They are not connected with human emotions.
C) They are present in the frontal lobe of the brain.
D) They are present in all mammals except monkeys.

Question 57

Jamie, an infant, sticks his tongue out when he sees his father do the same. While doing this, which of the following is most likely to have occurred?

A) Jamie's mirror neurons must have been activated.
B) Jamie's body must have stopped the production of dopamine for a while.
C) Jamie must have engaged in prelinguistic vocalizations.
D) Jamie must have engaged in deferred imitation.

Question 58

Julia was working on her laptop one day and her 18-month-old daughter was sitting on her lap. A week later, when she was working on her laptop again, her daughter reached out from her lap and started pressing the keys of the laptop. In this scenario, Julia's daughter is displaying:

A) echolalia.
B) deferred imitation.
C) a primary circular reaction.
D) object permanence.

Question 59

During a study, Rovee-Collier and her colleagues tied one end of a ribbon to a brightly colored mobile and the other end to an infant's ankle. Which of the following did this study measure?

A) Object permanence
B) Habituation
C) Memory in infants
D) Primary circular reactions in infants

Question 60

Which of the following represents the A-not-B error that infants make?

A) Some infants do not search for hidden objects unless given an incentive.
B) Infants often randomly search for hidden objects but quickly become frustrated and give up.
C) Infants often search for a hidden object in a familiar hiding place even after seeing the object being hidden in a new place.
D) Some infants do not search for a hidden object for more than five to ten seconds and quickly become distracted by other, more interesting objects.

Question 61

Larry is talking to his ten-month-old son. He wants his son to call him "daddy" and he keeps repeating the word "daddy" to his son. He is delighted when his son responds with "dada." In this scenario, Larrys's son is:

A) cooing.
B) babbling.
C) humming.
D) murmuring.

Question 62

The behavior rating scale in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development assesses _____.

A) attention span
B) perceptual skills
C) learning and memory
D) problem-solving skills

Question 63

Toward the end of the first year, infants use patterns of rising and falling _____ that resemble the sounds of adult speech.

A) echolalia
B) syntax
C) telegraphic speech
D) intonation

Question 64

Paul is a six-month-old baby who loves playing with his toy truck. Every time he picks his truck up, he says "ooh," and every time he drops it back on the floor he says "aah." In this scenario, Paul is:

A) cooing.
B) babbling.
C) murmuring.
D) humming.

Question 65

Infants begin cooing:

A) at birth.
B) during the second month.
C) at one week of age.
D) during the fourth month.

Question 66

Which of the following is used in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

A) A scale measuring the environmental influences on an infant
B) A behavior rating scale
C) A scale measuring the cultural influences on an infant
D) A maternal behavior scale

Question 67

A child is shown two objects for 20 seconds. After this, one of the objects is replaced and the infant spends more time looking at the new object. Which of the following processes does this represent?

A) Visual recognition memory
B) Canalization
C) Centration
D) Deferred imitation

Question 68

According to research by Rose and her colleagues, it was shown that, from age to age, individual differences in capacity for visual recognition memory:

A) are stable.
B) increase dramatically.
C) increase gradually.
D) decrease dramatically.

Question 69

Infants use their _____ when they coo.

A) tongues
B) thumbs
C) feet
D) forefingers

Question 70

According to research by Susan Rose and her colleagues, higher visual recognition scores in infancy are related to:

A) attention deficit disorder in later childhood.
B) poorer memory skills in later childhood.
C) higher emotional quotient scores in later childhood.
D) higher IQ scores in later childhood.

Question 71

One-month-old babies, as parents are well aware, have an unlearned but highly effective form of verbal expression that is _____.

A) crying
B) babbling
C) cooing
D) humming

Question 72

Jim tells his son, "Wear your shoes when you go outside to play." Jim's son cannot produce a sentence like this, but he completely understands his dad and goes to put his shoes on before going outside to play. The fact that Jim's son understands this statement suggests that the words in the sentence fall into his _____.

A) receptive vocabulary
B) expressive vocabulary
C) advanced vocabulary
D) active vocabulary

Question 73

Which of the following is a similarity between cooing and babbling?

A) Both do not represent objects or actions.
B) Both sound like human speech.
C) Both are related to experiences of pain.
D) Both are used to express meaning.

Question 74

In the context of research by Klee & Stokes in 2011, which of the following sentences is true about receptive vocabulary and expressive vocabulary?

A) Children's receptive vocabulary development outpaces their expressive vocabulary development.
B) Children's receptive vocabulary develops only after their expressive vocabulary is completely developed.
C) Children's receptive vocabulary is equal to their expressive vocabulary at any given time.
D) Children's receptive vocabulary is lost if proper reinforcement is not provided, whereas expressive vocabulary is permanent.

Question 75

Infants coo when they are _____.

A) hungry
B) tired
C) hurt
D) happy

Question 76

According to research by Rose et al. in the year 2012, in a continuing effort to find aspects of intelligence and cognition that might remain consistent from infancy through later childhood, a number of researchers have recently focused on _____.

A) visual recognition memory
B) genetic behavioral patterns
C) canalization
D) deferred imitation

Question 77

_____, such as cooing and babbling, do not represent objects or actions, so infant crying is not a primitive form of language.

A) Receptive skills
B) Nonverbal cues
C) Prelinguistic vocalizations
D) Linguistic vocalizations

Question 78

When infants babble, they tend to produce:

A) incomplete sentences.
B) only vowel sounds.
C) complete sentences of five to six words.
D) combinations of consonants and vowels.

Question 79

Which of the following infants is illustrating the presence of visual recognition memory?

A) Janet laughs loudly when her mother tickles her.
B) Percy wriggles his toes when he wants his mother to pick him up and often cries if he is not picked.
C) Pierce spends more time looking at the picture of a new person rather than the familiar picture of his mother.
D) Angelica stacks blocks on top of each other to make a tower.

Question 80

Jay is a 12-month-old infant. He often starts making sounds like "ha-ba-ba-ba-ba-ha." This is an example of _____.

A) intonation
B) echolalia
C) deferred imitation
D) cooing