Deck 6: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

According to studies conducted by Bales et al. in 2013 and Sayal et al. in 2013, difficult children in general are at greater risk for developing psychological disorders and adjustment problems later in life.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Infants who display disorganized-disoriented attachment may show contradictory behaviors, such as moving toward their mother while looking away from her.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to Kochanska's study on emotional development, at 33 months of age, securely attached children were more likely to show fear and anger when they were exposed to situations designed to elicit these emotions.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Infants are incapable of recovering from social deprivation.

Question 5

Autistic infants are known to babble excessively by one year of age.

Question 6

In Kochanska's study on emotional development, resistant children were found to be most fearful and they frequently responded with distress even in episodes designed to evoke joy.

Question 7

Physiologically, when emotions are strong, our hearts beat less rapidly.

Question 8

Mutism is a disorder characterized by extreme aloneness, communication problems, preservation of sameness, and ritualistic behavior.

Question 9

Abused children show a low incidence of personal and social problems.

Question 10

Adults, especially fathers, show more positive reactions when girls play with boys' toys and boys play with girls' toys.

Question 11

Scientific evidence suggests that vaccinations are the leading cause of autism.

Question 12

Infants are capable of displaying certain behaviors to control unpleasant emotional states.

Question 13

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, emotional abuse involves the failure to provide adequate nurturance and emotional support.

Question 14

According to studies conducted by John et al. in 2013 and Paquette & Dumont in 2013, parents, especially fathers, are more likely to encourage rough-and-tumble play in sons than daughters.

Question 15

Contact comfort is the pleasure derived from physical contact with another.

Question 16

According to research by Brooker et al. in 2013, children with stranger anxiety are less fearful when they are in familiar surroundings, such as their homes, rather than in the laboratory.

Question 17

In the context of the mirror technique designed to assess the development of self-concept among infants, nose touching suggests that children recognize themselves and that they perceive that the dot of rouge is an abnormality.

Question 18

Children from high-quality day-care centers are less likely to be disruptive than children cared for in homes.

Question 19

According to the classification by Thomas and Chess, an easy child has irregular sleep and feeding schedules.

Question 20

A mother's social response to her infant's face can reliably produce infant smiling by eight months of age.

Question 21

Tricia, an infant, starts moving toward her mother when she calls her after being away for a while. However, Tricia moves toward her looking in the opposite direction and bumps into things on her way. In the context of attachment styles in infants, Tricia is displaying _____.

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) fearful-avoidant attachment
D) disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 22

According to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment is characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver, usually the mother?

A) The attachment-in-the-making phase
B) The clear-cut-attachment phase
C) The initial-preattachment phase
D) The indiscriminate-attachment phase

Question 23

In the context of infants, which of the following is a difference between avoidant attachment and ambivalent/resistant attachment styles?

A) Infants who show avoidant attachment are least distressed by their mother's departure, while infants who display ambivalent/resistant attachment are severely distressed when they are separated from their mothers.
B) Infants who show avoidant attachment cling to their mothers upon reunion after being separated, while infants who display ambivalent/resistant attachment ignore their mothers upon reunion after being separated.
C) Infants who show avoidant attachment are more emotional than infants who display ambivalent/resistant attachment.
D) Infants who show avoidant attachment display contradictory behavior toward an attachment figure unlike infants who show ambivalent/resistant attachment.

Question 24

Which of the following is a difference between secure attachment and insecure attachment?

A) Secure attachment is characterized by severe distress at leave-takings by the primary caregiver and ambivalent behavior at reunions, whereas insecure attachment is characterized by the display of attachment behaviors toward any person.
B) Secure attachment is characterized by avoiding one's caregiver, excessive clinging, or inconsistency, whereas insecure attachment is characterized by mild distress when one's caregiver leaves.
C) Infants and toddlers who are secure are less happy, less sociable, and less cooperative than infants and toddlers who are insecure.
D) At ages five and six, secure children get along better with peers and are better adjusted in school than insecure children.

Question 25

Which of the following children would be the least distressed by the departure of his or her mother from the room in which they are playing?

A) Moira, who displays disorganized-disoriented attachment
B) Charles, who displays ambivalent/resistant attachment
C) Henry, who displays avoidant attachment
D) Lily, who has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder

Question 26

Which of the following is true of secure infants participating in the Strange Situation method of assessing attachment?

A) They seem dazed, confused, or disoriented upon reunion with their mothers.
B) They alternately cling to their mothers and push them away upon reunion after a separation.
C) They are least distressed by their mother's departure.
D) They seek interaction upon reunion with their mothers.

Question 27

According to research by Milan et al. in 2013, which of the following is true of insecure infants?

A) They mildly protest their mother's departure.
B) They tend to suffer from psychological disorders during adolescence.
C) They seek interaction upon reunion with their caregivers after a period of separation and are readily comforted by them.
D) They are happier, more sociable, and more cooperative with caregivers than secure infants.

Question 28

Which of the following methods was developed by Mary Ainsworth to measure the development of attachment in infants?

A) The habituation process
B) The social referencing method
C) The Strange Situation method
D) The mirror technique

Question 29

The Strange Situation method assesses:

A) how an infant responds when his or her mother leaves and when she comes back.
B) how a child recovers after being abused by an unknown adult.
C) problem-solving skills in infants.
D) a neonate's physical health.

Question 30

Unlike parents of insecure infants, parents of secure infants:

A) spend less time tending to their children.
B) are less responsive to their children and report feeling more distant from them.
C) are more affectionate, cooperative, and predictable.
D) respond less sensitively to their infants' smiles and cries.

Question 31

Jeremy, an infant, starts wailing as soon as his mother puts him in his crib. He often shows signs of anger when she returns and refuses to come to her. Sometimes, he clings to his mother and does not let her work. In the context of attachment styles in infants, Jeremy is displaying _____.

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) ambivalent/resistant attachment
D) fearful-avoidant attachment

Question 32

Infants who show avoidant attachment:

A) are most distressed by their mothers' departure.
B) play without fuss when alone and ignore their mothers upon reunion after a separation.
C) alternately cling to their mothers and push them away upon reunion after a separation.
D) seem dazed, confused, or disoriented in the presence of an attachment figure.

Question 33

According to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment?

A) The attachment-in-the-making phase
B) The clear-cut-attachment phase
C) The initial-preattachment phase
D) The avoidant-attachment phase

Question 34

Babies displaying disorganized-disoriented attachment:

A) play without fuss when alone and ignore their mothers upon reunion.
B) are happier and more sociable than babies who show other attachment styles.
C) seem dazed, confused, or disoriented.
D) mildly protest their mother's departure, seek interaction upon reunion, and are readily comforted by her.

Question 35

Which of the following types of attachment between infants and caregivers is characterized by severe distress at leave-takings by caregivers and contradictory behavior at reunions?

A) Avoidant attachment
B) Secure attachment
C) Ambivalent/resistant attachment
D) Fearful-avoidant attachment

Question 36

Which of the following children would be the most emotional and severely distressed by the departure of his or her father from the room in which they are playing?

A) Scott, who shows ambivalent/resistant attachment
B) Jean, who shows disorganized-disoriented attachment
C) Erik, who shows avoidant attachment
D) Lisa, who shows secure attachment

Question 37

The _____ phase of attachment lasts from birth to about three months.

A) insecure
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) initial-preattachment
D) clear-cut-attachment

Question 38

According to studies by Beebe et al. in 2010 and Stupica et al. in 2011, which of the following is true of attachment patterns?

A) They are not influenced by a deterioration in home life.
B) They become unstable when an insecure infant suddenly becomes securely attached over a six-month period.
C) They remain unstable for infants receiving fine care.
D) They tend to persist when caregiving conditions remain constant.

Question 39

According to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment is characterized by preference for familiar figures without any special preference for a primary caregiver?

A) The attachment-in-the-making phase
B) The clear-cut-attachment phase
C) The initial-preattachment phase
D) The indiscriminate-attachment phase

Question 40

Betty, a two-month-old infant, is not afraid when strangers pick her up and play with her. She is also equally comfortable when familiar people pick her up. Betty is showing _____.

A) insecure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) indiscriminate attachment
D) clear-cut attachment

Question 41

According to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment occurs at about six or seven months?

A) The attachment-in-the-making phase
B) The clear-cut-attachment phase
C) The initial-preattachment phase
D) The indiscriminate-attachment phase

Question 42

Which of the following is true of abused children?

A) They have low self-esteem and perform poorly in school.
B) They are more intimate with peers.
C) They are likely to be diagnosed with Down syndrome later in life.
D) They are unlikely to act aggressively toward their intimate partners when they reach adulthood.

Question 43

Which of the following views of the development of attachment first suggested that attachment is learned through conditioning?

A) The biological view
B) The psychoanalytic view
C) The cognitive view
D) The behavioral view

Question 44

Who among the following infants is a victim of educational neglect?

A) Amin, who regularly skips school four days a week and his parents are fine with it
B) Mia, who gets bullied by her classmates every day and her teachers are fine with it
C) Wendy, who is regularly punished by her teacher
D) Kathy, who consistently scores low grades in mathematics

Question 45

Aiden, a 3-year-old, is severely malnourished and constantly falls ill. His mother does not take care of his personal hygiene and makes him wear unwashed clothes for weeks. In this scenario, Aiden is a victim of _____.

A) physical abuse
B) childhood molestation
C) physical neglect
D) sexual abuse

Question 46

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, an infant's attachment to his or her mother in the first year is primarily a result of:

A) the fulfillment of oral needs.
B) genetic similarities.
C) the reinforcement and shaping of the infant's behavior by the mother.
D) the achievement of object permanence on the part of the mother.

Question 47

Johnson is a socially awkward teenager and talks to everyone he meets in the same monotonous way. He has difficulty understanding emotions. On being examined, it was found that Johnson did not have the significant cognitive or language delays associated with autism. In this scenario, Johnson is most likely suffering from _____.

A) Asperger's syndrome
B) Turner syndrome
C) Huntington's disease
D) Tay-Sachs disease

Question 48

The Harlows and their colleagues conducted studies of rhesus monkeys that were "reared by" wire-mesh and terry-cloth surrogate mothers. According to this study, rhesus infants reared in solitary confinement:

A) fended off attacks by other monkeys.
B) later avoided other monkeys.
C) only extended their social contacts to older monkeys.
D) were overprotective of their offspring.

Question 49

Aaron's mother refuses to send him to school. She says, "Schools do not have anything good to teach children nowadays." In this scenario, Aaron is a victim of _____.

A) physical abuse
B) emotional neglect
C) educational neglect
D) sexual abuse

Question 50

Who among the following children is a victim of physical abuse?

A) Aman's parents do not hospitalize him when he sustains a burn injury.
B) Mia's father beats her with a belt for disobeying his instructions.
C) Wendy's mother does not admit her into a school despite her father's protests.
D) Kathy's parents do not stop her when she smokes cigarettes in front of them.

Question 51

Liam's father is an alcoholic. He hits Liam and his mother every night after getting drunk. In this scenario, Liam is a victim of _____.

A) sexual assault
B) childhood molestation
C) physical neglect
D) physical abuse

Question 52

If caregivers are to be missed when absent, infants must perceive that they continue to exist. This statement reflects the concept of _____.

A) object permanence
B) classical conditioning
C) primary circular reaction
D) secondary circular reaction

Question 53

Asperger's disorder is characterized by:

A) a range of physical, behavioral, motor, and cognitive abnormalities.
B) abnormal functioning and the loss of previously acquired skills.
C) significant cognitive or language delays associated with autism.
D) social deficits and stereotyped behavior.

Question 54

Who among the following children is a victim of sexual abuse?

A) Benjamin, whose parents do not hospitalize him when he sustains a severe burn injury
B) Mindy, whose father beats her with a belt for disobeying his instructions
C) Riyadh, whose mother neglects him and refuses to admit him to a school
D) Andressa, whose neighbor rapes her when her parents are not at home

Question 55

Anna is a 7-month-old baby. Her mother is a drug user, and she often leaves her infant unattended for several hours whenever she is under the influence of drugs. Anna is a victim of _____.

A) emotional abuse
B) emotional neglect
C) educational neglect
D) sexual abuse

Question 56

Who among the following children is a victim of physical neglect?

A) Andrew, who regularly skips school four days a week but his parents do not correct him
B) Matthew, who is severely underweight because of his mother's failure to meet his food requirements
C) Carla, who is regularly punished by her teacher
D) Jasmine, who is a 12-year-old with a smoking problem like her father

Question 57

In a classic study, René A. Spitz found that institutionalized children who receive little or no social stimulation from caregivers:

A) appear depressed and withdrawn.
B) show great interest in adults when given more stimulation.
C) are responsive to strangers.
D) can speak by ten months of age.

Question 58

Who among the following children is most likely a victim of emotional abuse?

A) Simon, who regularly skips school four days a week and his parents are fine with it
B) Carlson, a two-month-old, who is severely malnourished and underweight as his mother is a drug addict and neglects him
C) Samantha, who is regularly punished by her teacher
D) Clark, a 12-year-old, who does not interact much with people as his father often criticizes him and calls him a "good-for-nothing fellow"

Question 59

Which of the following statements would a person who propagates the behavioral view of attachment most likely support?

A) Infants associate their caregivers with gratification and learn to approach them to meet their needs.
B) A caregiver becomes not just a reinforcer but also a love object who forms the basis for all later attachments.
C) Infants become emotionally attached to their mothers during the first year because they share genetic similarities.
D) If caregivers are to be missed when absent, infants must perceive that they continue to exist.

Question 60

Amy, a two-year-old, is often hit by her father who has a violent temper. Her father is a successful lawyer who provides his family with a decent lifestyle. However, he cannot control his anger and often lashes out on his family members. Amy is a victim of _____.

A) physical abuse
B) educational neglect
C) physical neglect
D) sexual abuse

Question 61

Which of the following is true of stranger anxiety in children?

A) It peaks at nine to twelve months of age.
B) It appears at about three months of age.
C) It declines at six months of age.
D) It ends after one year of age.

Question 62

Which of the following is a characteristic of Rett's disorder?

A) The loss of previously acquired skills, such as the ability to walk and to communicate after three years of apparently normal development
B) Stereotyped behavior from birth
C) A loss of hearing at birth
D) A range of physical, behavioral, motor, and cognitive abnormalities that begin after a few months of normal development

Question 63

Which of the following is a difference between children with day-care experience and home-reared children?

A) Children placed in day care are always less aggressive toward peers and adults than home-reared children.
B) Children with day-care experience are more peer oriented and play at higher developmental levels than home-reared children.
C) Children in high-quality day care are less likely to share their toys than home-reared children.
D) Children from high-quality day-care centers are less likely to be disruptive than home-reared children.

Question 64

Osmund, a 12-year-old, refuses to speak to anyone, pushes his mother away when she tries to hug him, and avoids all forms of social contact. Osmund is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

A) phenylketonuria
B) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
C) autism
D) Huntington's disease

Question 65

Which of the following is true of children with fear of strangers?

A) They show more anxiety when their mothers are present.
B) They are less fearful in a laboratory setting.
C) They show distress by crying, whimpering, gazing fearfully, and crawling away.
D) They develop the fear around one to three months of age.

Question 66

Young Mathias responds to his mother's question, "Good morning, honey. How did you sleep?" by repeating what she says instead of answering her question. He responds in a similar manner to other questions as well. This form of language disturbance is called:

A) pronoun reversal.
B) echolalia.
C) mutism.
D) deferred mirroring.

Question 67

Which of the following factors is most likely to heighten the risk of autism?

A) Advanced maternal age
B) The use of vaccines
C) Improper child rearing
D) Very high birth weight

Question 68

Cliff, a five-year-old, sits on a see-saw for the first time and does not know what to do. He sees another boy sitting on the opposite end of the see-saw laughing and smiling. After a while, Cliff starts laughing and smiling just like the other boy. Cliff's behavior illustrates _____.

A) social referencing
B) indiscriminate attachment
C) contact comfort
D) stranger anxiety

Question 69

Which of the following is true of self-awareness?

A) It forces an infant to seek out another person's perception of a new situation before giving a reaction.
B) It facilitates the development of emotions such as embarrassment and envy.
C) It prohibits a child from developing notions of sharing and cooperation.
D) It has no effect on an infant's social and emotional development.

Question 70

Which of the following is true of autistic children?

A) They have slanted eyes, poor muscle tone, and flat noses.
B) They actively seek eye contact.
C) They show deficits in peer play, imaginative play, imitation, and emotional expression.
D) They tend to seek affectionate contacts such as hugging, cuddling, and kissing.

Question 71

Which of the following is true of emotional regulation?

A) Children displaying emotional regulation look toward a disturbing event or suck their thumbs.
B) Children of secure mothers are less likely to regulate their own emotions in a positive manner.
C) Infants learn to regulate their emotions with help from their caregivers.
D) Insecure infants show greater emotional regulation during adolescence than secure infants.

Question 72

Betty gets upset when her brother snatches her doll. As explained to her by her mother, Betty knows that her brother is just an infant and she should not get angry with him. She picks up a different toy and starts playing with it. Betty's action illustrates _____.

A) insecure attachment
B) emotional regulation
C) indiscriminate attachment
D) social referencing

Question 73

According to research by Kochanska, at the age of 14 months, resistant children:

A) are unlikely to be emotional.
B) frequently respond with distress even in episodes designed to evoke joy.
C) are characterized by an indifferent attitude toward caregivers.
D) are less likely to show fear and anger.

Question 74

Kai developed normally until the age of two. After the age of two, he began to lose the skills that he had previously acquired. Kai may be suffering from:

A) childhood disintegrative disorder.
B) dyslexia.
C) multiple sclerosis.
D) Down syndrome.

Question 75

One-year-old Mathew observes his father behaving comfortably in the presence of a stranger. Seeing this, Mathew also stops being afraid of the stranger. This is an example of:

A) insecure attachment.
B) secure attachment.
C) social referencing.
D) deferred imitation.

Question 76

Infants who display social referencing:

A) form their own view of a situation or person.
B) always look away from a disturbing event or suck their thumbs.
C) use caregivers' facial expressions or tone of voice as clues on how to respond.
D) are indifferent to new situations or persons as long as their caregivers are present.

Question 77

Lucy has regular sleep and feeding schedules, approaches new situations with enthusiasm and adapts to them easily, and is generally cheerful. In terms of temperament, Lucy is a(n) _____

A) insecure child
B) slow-to-warm-up child
C) difficult child
D) easy child

Question 78

Research indicates that children in day care:

A) are less independent, self-confident, and outgoing than children who do not attend day care.
B) show better academic performance in elementary school than children who do not attend day care.
C) are less aggressive than children who do not attend day care.
D) physically grow slower than children not placed in day care.

Question 79

Home-reared children are:

A) more helpful and cooperative with peers and adults than children placed in day care.
B) more independent, self-confident, outgoing, and affectionate than children placed in day care.
C) less likely to bully other children in school than children placed in day care are.
D) less peer oriented and play at higher developmental levels than children placed in day care.

Question 80

A(n) _____ is best described as a state of feeling with physiological, situational, and cognitive components.

A) emotion
B) outlook
C) quality
D) trait