Deck 8: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Children with high self-esteem are more likely to be securely attached and have parents who are attentive to their needs.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Preoperational children tend to be able to see things from the vantage point of others.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Fear of social disapproval is the most common fear among preschoolers.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Firstborn and only children show somewhat lower anxiety levels than later-born children.

Question 5

Children of authoritative parents are highly motivated to achieve and do well in school.

Question 6

Permissive-indulgent parents are high in their attempts to control their children and in their demands for mature behavior.

Question 7

According to a study by Patterson in 2005, children who are physically punished are more likely to be aggressive themselves than children who are not physically punished.

Question 8

According to a study by Hilliard & Liben in 2010, children become increasingly traditional in their stereotyping of activities, jobs, and personality traits between the ages of three and nine or ten.

Question 9

The sense of self emerges during children's preschool years.

Question 10

Preschool boys tend to show more empathy and to report more fears than girls.

Question 11

In middle childhood, girls spend more time than boys in play groups of five or more children and in competitive play.

Question 12

According to Erik Erikson, children in the stage of initiative versus guilt test themselves.

Question 13

Preschoolers are less likely to fear animals, imaginary creatures, the dark, and personal danger.

Question 14

Friendship is characterized by shared positive experiences and feelings of attachment.

Question 15

According to gender-schema theory, once children come to see themselves as female or male, they begin to seek information concerning gender-typed traits and try to live up to them.

Question 16

Parents of prosocial children are less likely to expect mature behavior from their children.

Question 17

Children from permissive-indulgent homes, unlike those from neglectful homes, are fairly low in social competence and self-confidence.

Question 18

According to a study by Yaros et al. in 2014, children who believe in the legitimacy of aggression are less likely to behave aggressively when they are presented with social provocations.

Question 19

Firstborn children, as a group, are somewhat less highly motivated to achieve than later-born children.

Question 20

Older siblings tend to be more caring but also more dominating than younger siblings.

Question 21

Permissive-indulgent parents are:

A) easygoing and unconventional.
B) low in showing warmth to their children.
C) high in their attempts to control their children.
D) generally cold and rejecting.

Question 22

Warm parents:

A) are likely to impose unreasonable rules and to watch their children closely.
B) are more likely than cold parents to complain about their children's behavior.
C) tend to hug and kiss their children and smile at them frequently.
D) enjoy being with their children but do not communicate their feelings to them.

Question 23

Cold parents are:

A) likely to complain about their children's behavior, saying they are naughty.
B) caring, supportive, and affectionate toward their children.
C) less likely than warm parents to use physical discipline.
D) likely to communicate their enjoyment in being with their children.

Question 24

John, a seven-year-old boy, is a student of the third grade. Whenever he gets poor grades, his mother hits him with a ruler. In this scenario, John's mother uses the method of _____ to enforce restrictions on him.

A) deduction
B) induction
C) power assertion
D) withdrawal of love

Question 25

Which of the following is a positive outcome of permissive-indulgent parenting?

A) Children tend to be fairly high in self-confidence.
B) Children are less likely to engage in substance abuse.
C) Children show high levels of activity and exploratory behavior.
D) Children are highly motivated to achieve and do well in school.

Question 26

A difference between permissive parents and restrictive parents is that permissive parents are:

A) less likely to let their children do what is "natural."
B) more likely to use power-assertive techniques when dealing with aggressive behavior.
C) likely to supervise their children less closely than restrictive parents.
D) more likely to use physical discipline than restrictive parents.

Question 27

Martha notices that her five-year-old child is sitting very close to the screen and watching television. She says to her, "Please do not watch television from such a short distance. It may damage your eyes." In this scenario, Martha used the method of _____ to enforce restrictions on her child.

A) deduction
B) induction
C) power assertion
D) withdrawal of love

Question 28

The children of _____ parents are the least competent in school.

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) neglectful
D) authoritative

Question 29

Two-year-old Matt reaches over and pulls his mother's hair. She responds by saying, "Please do not do that. It hurts!" Which of the following restrictive techniques employed by parents is shown in the given scenario?

A) The method of induction
B) The method of ignoring
C) The method of power assertion
D) The method of withdrawal of love

Question 30

Janet tells her son to finish a school assignment before going to bed. However, he wants to sleep right away. Janet says, "I know you are very tired, but the assignment is really important. How about I help you with the assignment so that you can finish it early? May be you can sleep an extra hour in the morning as well, all right, honey?" In this scenario, Janet uses the _____ parenting style.

A) rejecting-neglecting
B) permissive-indulgent
C) authoritarian
D) authoritative

Question 31

A difference between warm and cold parents is that warm parents are:

A) more likely to have children who behave aggressively throughout the school years.
B) less likely to tolerate aggressiveness in their children.
C) more likely to complain about their children's behavior.
D) less likely to use physical discipline.

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of inductive techniques employed by parents to enforce restrictions on their children?

A) Gina, a single mother, explained to Alan, her four-year-old son, that he should not pull her hair as it is not appropriate behavior.
B) Lily, a single mother, beat Jack, her nine-year-old son, because he got poor grades at school.
C) Clive ignored his eight-year-old son, Jack, for a week because he was misbehaving in school.
D) Susan complained about her five-year-old daughter, Tanya, to her husband because she was not listening to Susan's instructions.

Question 33

Which of the following restrictive techniques used by parents involves explaining why one kind of behavior is good and another is not?

A) The method of power assertion
B) The method of withdrawal of love
C) The method of ignoring
D) The method of induction

Question 34

Stephanie sees her six-year-old boy, Max, misbehaving with a guest. Stephanie warns Max that if he continues misbehaving with guests, she will stop talking to him. In this scenario, Stephanie uses the method of _____ to enforce the restriction on Max.

A) deduction
B) induction
C) power assertion
D) withdrawal of love

Question 35

Parents who are restrictive:

A) allow their children to do what is "natural."
B) tend to impose rules and to watch their children closely.
C) allow their children to show some aggression, intervening only when another child is in danger.
D) always communicate their enjoyment in being with their children.

Question 36

James asks his father for money to buy tickets to the final of a world cup tournament. His father asks him why he plans to attend the world cup final in the stadium when he can watch it on television. James replies that the adrenalin rush he gets with the 100,000 live audience in the stadium cannot be replicated if he watches it on television. His father laughs and gives him the money, telling him to have a great time. In this scenario, James's father uses a(n) _____ parenting style.

A) rejecting-neglecting
B) permissive-indulgent
C) authoritarian
D) power-assertive

Question 37

Permissive parents:

A) are most likely to use power-assertive techniques when dealing with aggressive behavior.
B) have strict guidelines for right and wrong and demand that their children accept them without question.
C) tend to impose rules and to watch their children closely.
D) allow their children to show some aggression, intervening only when another child is in danger.

Question 38

Which of the following techniques of enforcing restrictions on children includes physical punishment and denial of privileges?

A) The method of power assertion
B) The method of withdrawal of love
C) The method of ignoring
D) The method of induction

Question 39

Mathew tells his son to switch off the television and to water the plants in the garden. When his son says that he will water the plants after the T.V. program finishes, Mathew reacts aggressively by saying, "You better go to the garden now, or you will not receive your monthly allowance." In this scenario, Mathew uses a(n) _____ style of parenting.

A) rejecting-neglecting
B) permissive-indulgent
C) authoritarian
D) authoritative

Question 40

Which of the following techniques of enforcing restrictions on children includes isolating or ignoring misbehaving children?

A) The method of power assertion
B) The method of withdrawal of love
C) The method of deduction
D) The method of induction

Question 41

Functional play begins in the _____ stage of development.

A) preoperational
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 42

Rejecting-neglecting parents are:

A) high in their attempts to control their children.
B) low in support and responsiveness.
C) high in their demands for mature behavior.
D) communicative and warm.

Question 43

A child playing hopscotch with a friend is engaged in _____.

A) formal games
B) symbolic play
C) functional play
D) board games

Question 44

Robin, an infant, is given a rattle. He shakes his rattle and giggles. He repeats this action a couple of times. It is evident that Robin is engaged in _____.

A) functional play
B) symbolic play
C) constructive play
D) formal play

Question 45

In formal games, children:

A) do not use their motor skills.
B) invent or enhance games with rules.
C) indulge exclusively in solitary play.
D) observe other children who play games.

Question 46

Laika is in the beginning of the sensorimotor stage of development. He often runs in circles and giggles. Laika is most likely engaged in _____.

A) functional play
B) symbolic play
C) constructive play
D) formal games

Question 47

Cynthia's daughter asks her if she can go out to play with a friend. Cynthia says, "Do whatever you want. I have work to finish. Do not bother me." In this scenario, Cynthia uses a(n) _____ parenting style.

A) rejecting-neglecting
B) permissive-indulgent
C) authoritarian
D) authoritative

Question 48

Bridgette and Ben have created a game in which they race their bicycles through an obstacle course, and they have rules for how many points you lose if you deviate from the course or knock something over. According to Piaget, Bridgette and Ben are involved in _____.

A) functional play
B) formal games
C) symbolic play
D) destructive games

Question 49

A child playing a board game is engaged in _____.

A) functional play
B) constructive play
C) prosocial behaviors
D) formal games

Question 50

Christine and Julia study in a kindergarten. They play "hospital" at the kindergarten, wherein Christine assumes the role of a doctor and Julia assumes the role of a nurse. It is evident that Christine and Julia are engaged in _____.

A) onlooker play
B) dramatic play
C) nonsocial play
D) solitary play

Question 51

Older siblings:

A) are more aggressive than younger siblings.
B) are more self-reliant than younger siblings.
C) tend to imitate younger siblings and accept their direction.
D) tend to be more caring but also more dominating than younger siblings.

Question 52

Firstborn children:

A) are more highly motivated to achieve than later-born children.
B) show lesser anxiety levels than later-born children.
C) act more aggressively compared to younger siblings.
D) tend to be somewhat more rebellious and liberal than later-born children.

Question 53

April, Katy, and John study in the third grade. They regularly play a game they call "Shopping," wherein April assumes the role of a shopkeeper, Katy assumes the role of April's assistant, and John acts as a customer. Although they do not follow any rules, they have a script, and they play according to it. It is evident that April, Katy, and John are engaged in _____.

A) functional play
B) symbolic play
C) constructive play
D) formal games

Question 54

Which of the following is a difference between later-born children and firstborn children?

A) Later-born children are more highly motivated to achieve than firstborn children.
B) Later-born children perform better academically and are more cooperative than firstborn children.
C) Later-born children show somewhat greater anxiety levels than firstborn children.
D) Later-born children are more rebellious and liberal than firstborn children.

Question 55

In symbolic play, children:

A) engage in mindless repetitive motor activity.
B) play alone with their toys and do not share them.
C) engage in games with rules, such as board games.
D) create settings, characters, and scripts.

Question 56

Jack and Vanessa are kindergarten students at Global Kindergarten School. They play "house" in school and pretend to be husband and wife. This scenario is an example of _____.

A) onlooker play
B) solitary play
C) nonsocial play
D) dramatic play

Question 57

Parents prefer power assertion to induction for imposing restrictions on children when:

A) they believe that children understand the rules they have violated and are capable of acting appropriately.
B) they seek to help their children understand moral behavior and foster prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing.
C) they deal with less aggressive children.
D) they have to explain why one kind of behavior is good and another is not.

Question 58

Andria makes different figures such as a tower, a building, and even a toy slide with her Lego kit. It is evident that Andria is engaged in _____.

A) functional play
B) symbolic play
C) constructive play
D) onlooker play

Question 59

Russel's mother recently gave birth to a boy, Jason. Since then, Russel has become excessively clingy toward his mother. He cries whenever she attends to Jason and sometimes even wets his pants. In this scenario, Russel displays _____.

A) habituation to the enlarged family.
B) regression to baby-like behaviors.
C) prosocial behaviors.
D) maturity in light of his newly born brother.

Question 60

Which of the following kinds of play is characterized by the use of objects or materials by children to draw something or make something, such as a tower of blocks?

A) Functional play
B) Symbolic play
C) Constructive play
D) Formal games

Question 61

Aggressive children appear to be:

A) more empathic than their peers.
B) more accurate in interpreting the intentions of others.
C) lacking in the ability to see things from the perspective of others.
D) less egocentric than their peers.

Question 62

Solitary play is an example of _____.

A) cooperative play
B) nonsocial play
C) symbolic play
D) associative play

Question 63

Jay, a ten-year-old-boy, is standing on the sidelines of a football pitch and calling out suggestions to his friends who are playing football. In this scenario, Jay is engaged in _____.

A) onlooker play
B) solitary play
C) parallel play
D) associative play

Question 64

_____ refers to behavior intended to hurt or injure another person.

A) Aggression
B) Regression
C) Depression
D) Digression

Question 65

Which of the following types of play involves children interacting and sharing toys?

A) Onlooker play
B) Solitary play
C) Associative play
D) Unoccupied play

Question 66

Children with high self-esteem are:

A) more likely to be desensitized to violence.
B) more likely to have parents who are attentive to their needs.
C) less likely to show prosocial behavior.
D) less likely to be securely attached.

Question 67

Akiva sees a group of three boys playing next to him in class. He does not attempt to join them but simply watches them. According to Mildred Parten, Akiva is involved in _____.

A) onlooker play
B) solitary play
C) formal play
D) associative play

Question 68

Which of the following is true of preoperational children?

A) They tend to be able to see things from the vantage points of others.
B) They tend to be egocentric.
C) They interact with other children to achieve common, group goals.
D) They tend to exhibit empathy.

Question 69

Which of the following is a form of social play?

A) Solitary play
B) Onlooker play
C) Unoccupied play
D) Associative play

Question 70

_____ involves children observing other children who are at play. The observers do not overtly join in.

A) Onlooker play
B) Solitary play
C) Formal play
D) Unoccupied play

Question 71

According to Erik Erikson, the preschool period is marked by a decline in the fear of _____.

A) social disapproval
B) punishment
C) animals and imaginary creatures
D) loud noises

Question 72

Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?

A) It refers to the participation in illegal behavior by minors.
B) It is behavior that is intended to hurt or injure another person.
C) It is behavior that is intended to benefit other people without expectation of reward.
D) It is behavior that is intended to inhibit aggressive thoughts and behavior amongst other people.

Question 73

Which of the following is true of children who are involved in cooperative play?

A) They play with toys by themselves, independently of the children around them.
B) They do not appear to be playing.
C) They only observe other children playing.
D) They interact to achieve common, group goals.

Question 74

Which of the following types of play involves children interacting with each other to achieve common, group goals?

A) Onlooker play
B) Solitary play
C) Associative play
D) Cooperative play

Question 75

Kate, a three-year-old, is playing alone in her room with small plastic blocks. It is evident that Kate is engaged in _____.

A) cooperative play
B) solitary play
C) parallel play
D) associative play

Question 76

According to Erik Erikson, children in the stage of initiative versus guilt:

A) are curious, try new things, and test themselves.
B) tend to be extremely unwilling to learn new skills.
C) believe that all their plans, dreams, and fantasies can be realized.
D) are completely dependent on their parents.

Question 77

According to Erikson, which of the following occurs during the stage of initiative versus guilt?

A) Children learn that not all their plans, dreams, and fantasies can be realized.
B) Children remain ignorant of adult rules.
C) Children lack the urge to achieve independence from their parents.
D) Children are afraid to try new things.

Question 78

Jacob and his friends form a group to play "Treasure Hunt." The game comprises eight groups that have to find a hidden object using the clues given to them in the form of puzzles. Each group member is required to interact with the rest of the group to solve the puzzles and ultimately find the hidden object. It is evident that Jacob is engaged in _____.

A) onlooker play
B) cooperative play
C) associative play
D) parallel play

Question 79

Cindy, a six-year-old girl, is playing with plastic cubes like the rest of the children in her class. In the class, everyone has their individual set of cubes and individual figures to construct. Cindy, however, interacts with her friend to understand how to stack the plastic cubes so that she can construct her own model. In this scenario, Cindy is engaged in _____.

A) onlooker play
B) solitary play
C) associative play
D) unoccupied play

Question 80

A child's sensitivity to the feelings of others is called _____.

A) self-reliance
B) empathy
C) ethnocentrism
D) egotism