Deck 10: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Children with high self-esteem are more likely to have authoritarian parents.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Students do not perform well when teachers rely heavily on criticism, ridicule, threats, or punishment.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Children between ages 8 and 11 are unlikely to recognize the importance of friends meeting each other's needs.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Separation anxiety disorder usually becomes a significant problem in middle childhood because that is when children are expected to adjust to school.

Question 5

Children and parents spend more time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.

Question 6

Teachers, like parents, set limits, make demands, communicate values, and foster development.

Question 7

Most children live with their mothers after a divorce.

Question 8

Conflicts among friends tend to be very intense and mostly remain unresolved.

Question 9

As children undergo the cognitive developments of middle childhood, their self-concepts focus exclusively on concrete external traits, such as appearance, activities, and living situations.

Question 10

When children share troubling ideas and experiences with peers, they realize they are normal and not alone.

Question 11

In middle childhood, children depend more on external rewards and punishments and struggle to regulate their own behavior.

Question 12

According to a research by Charlotte Patterson, lesbians and gay men are as likely to sustain positive family relationships as heterosexual men.

Question 13

Researchers have found that even when boys perform as well as girls in math and science, they have less confidence in their ability.

Question 14

The children of divorce are more likely to have conduct disorders, to abuse drugs, and to have poor grades in school.

Question 15

Children of working mothers tend to be inflexible in their gender role stereotypes.

Question 16

According to Freud, children in the middle years are in the oral stage.

Question 17

A conduct disorder is characterized by anxiety about separating from parents and may be expressed as school phobia.

Question 18

The development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others is called emotional quotient.

Question 19

Certain attributional styles can contribute to helplessness and hopelessness and hence to depression.

Question 20

Children with conduct disorders have a high tolerance for frustration.

Question 21

_____ refers to the development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others.

A) Coregulation
B) Social stratification
C) Resocialization
D) Social cognition

Question 22

According to research by Tobin et al. in 2010 and Underwood & Rosen in 2011, in middle childhood, girls tend to have more positive self-concept regarding _____ than boys.

A) general academics
B) mathematics
C) physical ability
D) physical appearance

Question 23

Jack, a seven-year-old, did not eat his lunch at school. He knew that his mother will be angry if he did not explain why he did not eat his lunch. However, Jack believed that his mother will understand if he told her that the food was stale. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates _____.

A) level 0 of perspective-taking skills in childhood
B) level 1 of perspective-taking skills in childhood
C) the latency stage
D) the oral stage

Question 24

Samuel is a nine-year-old boy with a favorable self-image and has confidence in his abilities. He believes that hard work is the key to success. According to research by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, Samuel's parents are most likely to be:

A) authoritarian, dominating, and strict.
B) lenient, ignorant, and negligent.
C) negligent, rejecting, and rigid.
D) restrictive, involved, and loving.

Question 25

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 1:

A) realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B) understand that more than one perspective can be correct.
C) are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D) understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 26

According to research by Tobin et al. in 2010 and Underwood & Rosen in 2011, in middle childhood, boys tend to have more positive self-concept regarding _____ than girls.

A) helping others
B) reading
C) physical appearance
D) general academics

Question 27

According to social cognitive theory, in middle childhood, children:

A) concentrate on external traits and not on abstract internal traits.
B) are exposed to an increasing variety of models.
C) fail to regulate their own behavior.
D) depend more on external rewards and punishments.

Question 28

Rashida, an 11-year-old girl, has not completed her math homework. She anticipates a reprimand from the teacher but believes that if she told the teacher that she was busy playing with her new toy and forgot all about her homework, the teacher would understand and forgive her. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates _____.

A) level 0 of perspective-taking skills in childhood
B) the phallic stage
C) the latency stage
D) level 1 of perspective-taking skills in childhood

Question 29

Identify a true statement about children in middle childhood.

A) By middle childhood, children can compare themselves with other children and, unlike preschoolers, can arrive at a more honest and critical self-appraisal.
B) Children's self-esteem rises throughout middle childhood, reaching a peak at 12 or 13.
C) Children with low self-esteem tend to have parents who are restrictive, while children with a favorable self-image are more likely to have authoritarian parents.
D) During middle childhood, girls tend to have more positive self-concepts in math and physical appearance than boys.

Question 30

According to Piaget, middle childhood is partly characterized by:

A) a decline in egocentrism.
B) failure to acknowledge others' perspectives.
C) suppression of sexual feelings.
D) anxiety about separation from parents.

Question 31

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 0:

A) realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B) understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas.
C) are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D) understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 32

According to research by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, children with low self-esteem are likely to have _____.

A) authoritarian parents
B) permissive-indulgent parents
C) restrictive parents
D) loving parents

Question 33

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 2:

A) realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B) understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas.
C) are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D) do not understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 34

According to research by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, children with a favorable self-image tend to have parents who are _____.

A) authoritarian
B) careless
C) negligent
D) restrictive

Question 35

Juan, a nine-year-old boy, wanders away from his father during a visit to the supermarket. After being found 30 minutes later, he tells his father that he wanted to look at the Halloween decorations a little longer. Although he expects his father to be angry with him, he believes that his father would stop being upset if he saw the decorations were attractive. He fails to consider that his father might feel differently. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates _____.

A) level 1 of perspective-taking skills in childhood
B) the phallic stage
C) the latency stage
D) level 0 of perspective-taking skills in childhood

Question 36

Emily is an 11-year-old girl with an inferiority complex. She believes herself to be a good-for-nothing and views the world as cold and unfair. According to research by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, Emily's parents are most likely to be:

A) nurturing.
B) authoritarian.
C) protective.
D) restrictive.

Question 37

Isabel is an 11-year-old girl. Her parents are loving and nurturing, and they encourage her to study as well as pursue her hobbies. They also allow her to ask questions and try their best to answer them. However, Isabel is expected to follow certain rules set by her parents. In the context of studies by Chan & Koo in 2011 and Scales in 2014, Isabel is most likely to have _____.

A) a low intelligence quotient
B) high self-esteem
C) totalitarian parents
D) authoritarian parents

Question 38

Which of the following theories focuses on the importance of rewards and modeling in middle childhood?

A) Gender schema theory
B) Psychoanalytic theory
C) Cognitive-dissonance theory
D) Social cognitive theory

Question 39

In which of the following perspective-taking levels described by Robert Selman does a child realize that apart from the mutual perspectives of individuals, the perspectives of the larger social group must also be considered?

A) Level 4
B) Level 3
C) Level 2
D) Level 1

Question 40

Andrew is a 10-year-old boy. His parents often scold and humiliate him. They also expect Andrew to obey strict rules without asking questions. In this scenario, Andrew is most likely to have _____.

A) no emotional quotient
B) confidence in his abilities
C) low self-esteem
D) positive self-concepts

Question 41

According to research by El-Sheikh in 2007, when children are exposed to adult or marital conflict, they display a biological "alarm reaction,":

A) their heart rate rises sharply.
B) their blood pressure decreases drastically.
C) their bodies stop producing dopamine.
D) their bodies stop producing norepinephrine.

Question 42

Ginny's mother accompanied her to parks and playgrounds when she was younger. Now that Ginny is 11 years old, her mother allows her to go out alone. Ginny remembers to follow safety rules taught by her mother. In this scenario, Ginny is involved in _____.

A) learned helplessness
B) resocialization
C) coregulation
D) social stratification

Question 43

According to research by Grusec & Davidov in 2015, because of their developing cognitive ability, 10- to 12-year-olds:

A) are more receptive to direct feedback from parents than they did in the preschool years.
B) rate their peers as their best source of emotional support.
C) evaluate their parents more harshly than they did in early childhood.
D) seek to spend more time with their fathers than with their mothers.

Question 44

Ross is 14 years old and plays great soccer. He likes to practice with his team and loves to coach younger boys. He is known to help out around the neighborhood, especially senior citizens. He is always surrounded by friends. Which of the following descriptions best suits Ross?

A) Egocentric
B) Introvert
C) Sentimental
D) Popular

Question 45

According to research by Rodkin et al. in 2013 and Xie et al. in 2006, socially speaking, popular children:

A) have low self-esteem.
B) are nurturant, cooperative, and helpful.
C) are more likely to be rejected by their peers.
D) remain on the fringes of peer groups.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of peer relationships?

A) Acceptance or rejection by peers is unlikely to be important in childhood.
B) As children move into middle childhood, peers become less influential.
C) Peers afford practice in cooperating, relating to leaders, and coping with aggressive impulses.
D) Peers exert the most powerful influence on a child during his or her first few years.

Question 47

According to research by Steca et al. in 2014, a child with low self-esteem in academics tends to:

A) change his or her strategy for achieving success.
B) make persistent effort to overcome obstacles.
C) quit following failure.
D) show more confidence in his or her ability.

Question 48

Charlene was born a girl, but she feels that she should have been a boy as she prefers to engage in activities for boys. She is considering undergoing sex reassignment surgery and plastic surgery. Charlene belongs to the category of _____.

A) homosexual people
B) transgendered people
C) heterosexual people
D) bisexual people

Question 49

According to research by Amato & Anthony in 2014 and Hicks et al. in 2013, the children of divorce are:

A) more likely to have good grades in school.
B) more likely to have conduct disorders.
C) less likely to abuse drugs.
D) unlikely to rebound even after many years.

Question 50

In the context of socialization influences during childhood, peers, _____.

A) like parents, set limits, make demands, communicate values, and foster development.
B) like parents, help children learn what types of impulses they can express safely.
C) unlike parents, do not reject children who are aggressive.
D) unlike parents, can be important influences in matters related to one's career.

Question 51

Jerome is 10 years old. When he was younger, his mother cooked healthy food for him at home and chose healthy meals at restaurants as well. Jerome now picks healthy meals and snacks as taught by his mother. In this scenario, Jerome is involved in:

A) social stratification.
B) coregulation.
C) learned helplessness.
D) resocialization.

Question 52

A difference between children in middle childhood and children in their preschool years is that:

A) children and parents spend less time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.
B) children evaluate their parents less harshly in middle childhood than they did in preschool years.
C) parents provide more direct feedback in middle childhood than they did in the preschool years.
D) parents do more monitoring of children's activities in middle childhood than they did in the preschool years.

Question 53

According to research by Greene et al. in 2013, daughters of employed women:

A) exhibit strong delinquent behavior.
B) have more rigid views of gender role stereotypes.
C) have higher goals for themselves.
D) tend to be less prosocial and more anxious.

Question 54

According to research by Maughan in 2011, the gradual transfer of control from parent to child during middle childhood is known as _____.

A) regression
B) social cognition
C) coregulation
D) learned helplessness

Question 55

Ameena is a 14-year-old girl with many friends in school and in the neighborhood. She easily strikes up conversations with peers and is known to be very helpful. Her friends admire and emulate her. Which of the following descriptions best suits Ameena?

A) Coy
B) Emotional
C) Popular
D) Introvert

Question 56

Roger was born a boy, but he feels trapped in the male body and longs to be a girl. He likes and engages in feminine activities like dressing up and applying makeup. He is considering undergoing sex reassignment surgery and plastic surgery to become a girl. Roger belongs to the category of _____.

A) homosexual people
B) transgendered people
C) heterosexual people
D) bisexual people

Question 57

According to research by Steca et al. in 2014, children who experience learned helplessness:

A) believe that success is based on effort.
B) believe that success is based on ability.
C) obtain the rewards they seek.
D) change their strategies to attain success.

Question 58

In the context of research conducted by Grusec & Davidov in 2015, which of the following is true of middle childhood?

A) Mothers' interactions with school-age children continue to revolve exclusively around recreation.
B) Parent-child interactions focus on assignment of chores and peer activities.
C) Parents provide more direct feedback than they did in the preschool years.
D) Children evaluate their parents less harshly than they did in early childhood.

Question 59

According to research by Goldberg et al. in 2012 and Greene et al. in 2013, children of working mothers tend to be:

A) less prosocial and more anxious.
B) strongly delinquent in their behavior.
C) less achievement oriented.
D) flexible in their gender role stereotypes.

Question 60

Which of the following is true of parent-child relationships in middle childhood?

A) Children spend more time with their mothers than with their fathers.
B) Children and parents spend more time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.
C) Parents provide more direct feedback than they did in the preschool years.
D) Parents monitor their children's activities most closely during middle childhood.

Question 61

According to research by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013, children with depression may:

A) eat excessively.
B) experience insomnia.
C) develop a keen interest in people of the same age.
D) exhibit traits associated with extraversion.

Question 62

A child with _____ is most likely to voice concerns about death and dying and insist that someone stay with him or her at bedtime.

A) conduct disorder
B) separation anxiety disorder
C) narcissistic personality disorder
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true of depressed children?

A) Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize testosterone.
B) Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize serotonin.
C) Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize progesterone.
D) Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize dopamine.

Question 64

In the context of child development, a similarity between teachers and parents is that both:

A) refrain from setting limits on behavior.
B) act as important confidants.
C) communicate values and foster development.
D) discourage empowerment of students at a young age.

Question 65

Children with conduct disorders:

A) do not have temper flare-ups.
B) have a high tolerance for frustration.
C) tend to blame other people for their scrapes.
D) avoid indulging in sexual activity before puberty.

Question 66

Which of the following examples illustrates an internal attribution style?

A) Kim quits ballet dancing as she feels clumsy and thinks she will never be able to master it.
B) Rupert is confused and cannot decide whether to take up soccer, swimming, or skating.
C) Kenny decides to try the latest recreational drug popular on the school campus.
D) Ania resolves to study harder after receiving less than average grades at school.

Question 67

Children with _____ are most likely to exhibit behaviors such as lying, stealing, fire setting, truancy, cruelty to animals, and fighting.

A) attention-deficit disorders
B) anxiety disorders
C) conduct disorders
D) depression

Question 68

Which of the following examples illustrates an external attribution style?

A) Ron gives up efforts to lose excess weight after repeated setbacks in his diet and exercise plan.
B) Miguel realizes he lacks the talent to become a successful guitar player and discontinues his guitar lessons.
C) Cynthia collects rare and exotic animal figurines and shows off to friends and family.
D) Maria loses the inter-school swimming competition and agrees that she lost because the competition was challenging and resolves to work harder.

Question 69

According to Robert Selman, in which of the following stages in children's concepts of friendship do children (adolescents, and adults) understand that friendships grow and change as people change and that they may need different friends to satisfy different needs?

A) Autonomous interdependence
B) Momentary physical interaction
C) Fair-weather cooperation
D) Intimate and mutual sharing

Question 70

Children with separation anxiety disorder tend to:

A) explore their environment and become progressively independent when they are separated from their caregivers.
B) display a sense of security when they are separated from parents.
C) plead with their parents to leave the house.
D) cling to their parents and follow them around the house.

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true of depression in children?

A) Perfectionist children are not depressed.
B) Helplessness triggers depression.
C) High self-esteem is linked to depression.
D) Depressed children typically attribute the causes of their failures to internal factors.

Question 72

In 1980, Robert Selman described five stages in children's changing concepts of friendship. In the _____ stage, children remain egoistic. Their concept of a friend is one who likes to play with the same things and lives nearby.

A) autonomous interdependence
B) momentary physical interaction
C) fair-weather cooperation
D) intimate and mutual sharing

Question 73

Jacob is in middle school. He tells his friends that he is worried that he would fail in his biology test because the biology project reviewer deliberately asked him tough questions that he could not answer. This scenario illustrates the _____.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) external attribution style
C) Pygmalion effect
D) boomerang effect

Question 74

According to research by Gehlbach & Robinson in 2016 and Wubbels et al. in 2016, which of the following is a way that teachers can use to help motivate all students to do their best?

A) Making the classroom and the lesson interesting and inviting
B) Minimizing social interactions in the classroom
C) Treating all students similarly and ignoring their backgrounds
D) Helping students to focus on long-term goals instead of short-term goals

Question 75

According to research by Rice in 2014 and Hankin in 2015, on a neurological level, evidence suggests that depressed people "underutilize" the neurotransmitter _____.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) adenosine
D) epinephrine

Question 76

Sarah is a middle school teacher. She believes that Aaron, a fifth grader, is a bright student even though his performance so far has been average. Sarah pays more attention to Aaron, mentors him, and helps him with his lab experiments. As a result, Aaron gets better grades toward the end of the year. This scenario exemplifies _____.

A) the Pygmalion effect
B) learned helplessness
C) classical conditioning
D) the boomerang effect

Question 77

According to Robert Selman, which of the following stages in children's concepts of friendship focuses on the relationship rather than on individuals separately?

A) One-way assistance
B) Momentary physical interaction
C) Fair-weather cooperation
D) Intimate and mutual sharing

Question 78

In the context of child development, a similarity between schools and parents is that both:

A) make demands for mature behavior.
B) act as important confidants.
C) discourage empowerment of students at a young age.
D) refrain from setting limits on behavior.

Question 79

In middle childhood, perceived low levels of competence are linked to _____.

A) high self-esteem
B) depression
C) extraversion
D) egocentrism

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true of teachers' influences on student performance?

A) Students learn more in classes when they work on their own than when they are supervised by teachers.
B) Achievement is enhanced when teachers expect students to master the curriculum.
C) Students do well when teachers rely heavily on criticism and punishment.
D) Teachers' effectiveness increases when they give common feedback to all students.