Deck 18: The Endocrine System

Question 1

When a hormone is present in excessive levels,the number of target-cell receptors may decrease.This is called

A)receptor recognition.
B)sensory adaptation.
C)paracrine regulation.
D)up-regulation.
E)down-regulation.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

A)Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B)Testosterone
C)Insulin
D)Calcitonin
E)Calcitriol

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone,it is called a(n)

A)synergistic effect.
B)permissive effect.
C)antagonistic effect.
D)circulating effect.
E)local effect.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?

A)Muscle contraction
B)The peripheral nervous system
C)Hormones released from the hypothalamus
D)Action potentials from the thalamus
E)Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 5

Which of the following pairs of hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A)Prolactin and growth hormone
B)Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin
C)Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
D)Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
E)Prolactin and ACTH

Question 6

The amount of ADH that is secreted by the posterior pituitary glands varies with

A)blood osmotic pressure.
B)blood calcium levels.
C)blood oxygen levels.
D)blood glucose levels.
E)All of these choices.

Question 7

How many hormones do the five types of anterior pituitary cells secrete?

A)5
B)7
C)10
D)12
E)unlimited

Question 8

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth?

A)Growth hormone
B)Prolactin
C)Thyrotropin
D)Luteinizing hormone
E)Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?

A)Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
B)Regulates metabolism
C)Regulates glandular secretions
D)Produces electrolytes
E)Controls growth and development

Question 10

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?

A)Luteinizing hormone
B)Prolactin
C)Thyrotropin
D)Melanocyte stimulating hormone
E)Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 11

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the gonads to secrete progesterone and/or testosterone?

A)Luteinizing hormone
B)TSH
C)Corticotropin
D)Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
E)Growth hormone

Question 12

Which of the following are a group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol?

A)Steroids
B)Thyroid hormones
C)Nitric oxide
D)Amine hormones
E)Peptide hormones

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a common method of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell?

A)Signals from the nervous system
B)Chemical changes in the blood
C)Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell
D)Releasing hormones.
E)Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

Question 14

Which of the following is an eicosanoid??1.Prostaglandin?2.Leukotriene?3.Glycoprotein

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)Both 1and 2
E)All of these choices

Question 15

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?

A)Leutinizing hormone
B)Prolactin
C)Insulin-like growth factors
D)Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
E)Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 16

The pars distalis and the pars tuberalis comprise the

A)anterior pituitary gland.
B)hypothalamus.
C)posterior pituitary gland.
D)adrenal gland.
E)thyroid gland.

Question 17

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a step in the synthesis and secretion of T₃ and T₄?

A)Iodide trapping
B)Oxidation of iodide
C)Coupling of T₁ and T₂
D)Synthesis of calcitonin
E)Iodination of tyrosine

Question 18

Which of the following statements correctly compares water-soluble hormones with lipid-soluble hormones?

A)Both types of hormone are carried in the blood attached to a carrier protein.
B)Both types of hormone almost always stimulate increases in mRNA transcription.
C)Only water-soluble hormones use second messengers.
D)Only water-soluble hormones require a receptor.
E)Lipid-soluble hormones are not found in the bloodstream.

Question 19

A type of hormone that acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream.?1.Local hormone?2.Paracrine?3.Autocrine?4.Circulating hormone

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)4 only
E)Both 1 and 2

Question 20

Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone?

A)Thyrotrophs
B)Gonadotrophs
C)Somatotrophs
D)Lactotrophs
E)Corticotrophs

Question 21

Which of the labeled steps in the diagram represents coupling of T₁ and T₂?

A)2
B)3
C)5
D)6
E)7

Question 22

Which of the following hormones is an amine hormone derived from serotonin?

A)Melatonin
B)Melanin
C)Glucose
D)Glucocorticoid
E)Eicosanoid

Question 23

Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A)Insulin
B)Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C)Glucagon
D)Thyroid hormone
E)Calcitonin

Question 24

Which zone of the adrenal gland secretes androgens?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)None of the zones

Question 25

Which of the following hormones play key regulatory roles in the body's long-term response to stress?

A)Insulin,Glucagon,Thyroid hormone
B)hGH,Insulin,Aldosterone
C)Cortisol,hGH,Thyroid hormone
D)Parathyroid hormone,Cortisol,hGH
E)Calcitonin,Thyroid hormone,Insulin

Question 26

Which of the labeled steps in the diagram represents the synthesis of thyroglobulin (TGB)within the follicular cells?

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)6
E)7

Question 27

Which zone of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)None of the zones

Question 28

Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?

A)Insulin
B)Luteinizing hormone
C)Glucagon
D)Parathyroid hormone
E)Calcitonin

Question 29

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes steroid hormones in response to long-term stress?

A)D
B)G
C)H
D)I
E)F

Question 30

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A)C
B)D
C)A
D)G
E)I

Question 31

Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?

A)Insulin
B)Glucagon
C)Somatostatin
D)Thyroid hormones
E)Calcitonin

Question 32

Which of the following conditions would result from hyposecretion of aldosterone?

A)Decreased heart rate
B)Decreased airway dilation
C)Dehydration
D)Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain
E)Metabolic acidosis

Question 33

Which labeled structure in the diagram secretes somatostatin?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a common response of the body to long-term stress?

A)Increased lipolysis
B)Increased glycogenesis
C)Increased gluconeogenesis
D)Increased digestive activities
E)Increased breakdown of proteins

Question 35

Which labeled structure in the diagram secretes glucagon?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 36

Which labeled structure in the diagram secretes a hormone that stimulates events that lower blood glucose concentration?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 37

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the plasma concentration of which of the following ions?

A)Calcium
B)Sodium
C)Potassium
D)Chloride
E)Manganese

Question 38

Which of the following labeled endocrine glands secretes hormones that regulate blood calcium levels?

A)B
B)A
C)H
D)D
E)I

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation?

A)Protein and fat breakdown
B)Glucose formation
C)Depression of immune responses
D)Reduction of inflammation
E)Increased production of all types of blood cells

Question 40

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hGH,TSH,FSH and other hormones?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)I
E)D

Question 41

The disorder shown in one of the identical twins seen in this figure is due to a hypersecretion of hormones by which endocrine gland?

A)Thyroid gland
B)Pineal gland
C)Parathyroid gland
D)Pituitary gland
E)Pancreas

Question 42

What endocrine abnormality does the individual on the left in the picture of identical twins have?

A)Goiter
B)Graves' Disease
C)Type 2 diabetes
D)Cushing's syndrome
E)Gigantism

Question 43

Which of the following hormones is produced in zone of adrenal gland labeled B?

A)cortisol
B)epinephrine
C)norepinephrine
D)glucagon
E)androgens

Question 44

Enuresis,or bedwetting,may be caused by psychological,anatomical or physiological factors.In the latter case,vasopressin is often prescribed and is a very effective treatment.What is vasopressin? How can it prevent enuresis?

Question 45

What is the major function of the hormone produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture?

A)Involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis.
B)Enhances contraction of smooth muscle cells in the uterus during delivery.
C)In females,initiates development of oocytes.In males,stimulates sperm production.
D)Decreases urine volume.
E)Increases blood levels of Na⁺ and water.

Question 46

Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of lipid-soluble versus water-soluble hormones.

Question 47

Which of the following describes a function of a hormone produced in zone of the adrenal gland labeled B?

A)enables body to resist stressors and also increases blood glucose
B)intensifies sympathetic responses in other parts of the body
C)accelerates formation of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis)
D)stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair
E)stimulates breast development and milk secretion

Question 48

Which of the following diseases result when the cells marked in the histology image are destroyed by the immune system?

A)Cushing's disease
B)Addison's disease
C)Acromegaly
D)Type 1 diabetes
E)Diabetes insipidus

Question 49

Which of the following endocrine disorders is the individual shown in this picture suffering from?

A)Acromegaly
B)Graves' Disease
C)Goiter
D)Cushing's syndrome
E)Giantism

Question 50

The patient shown is suffering from a disease called ____________,caused by a pituitary hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood.

A)Goiter
B)Graves' Disease
C)Acromegaly
D)Cushing's syndrome
E)Giantism

Question 51

Compare the metabolic changes that occur during starvation with those that occur in diabetes mellitus.

Question 52

Identify the stalk-like structure labeled A in the diagram.

A)hypothalamus
B)anterior pituitary
C)posterior pituitary
D)infundibulum
E)hypophyseal fossa

Question 53

Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of hormone release from the pituitary gland.

Question 54

Hypothyroidism during adulthood can produce which of the following disorders?

A)Acromegaly
B)Graves' Disease
C)Hypoglycemia
D)Cushing's syndrome
E)Myxedema

Question 55

Which of the following bones (marked in the diagram)contains a depression which houses the endocrine gland shown in the diagram?

A)maxilla
B)sphenoid bone
C)mandible
D)ethmoid bone
E)temporal bone

Question 56

The endocrine gland shown in the diagram is found in a depression in the sphenoid bone (marked in the diagram)called the

A)maxilla.
B)infundibulum.
C)primary plexus.
D)cribiform plate.
E)hypophyseal fossa

Question 57

What is a goiter? Explain how goiters can develop in both hyposecretion and hypersecretion disorders.In these hyposecretion and hypersecretion disorders,would you expect the levels of other regulatory hormones involved in control of thyroid hormone secretion to be high or low? Why?

Question 58

Which of the following hormones is produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture?

A)calcitonin
B)vasopressin
C)triiodothyronine (T₃)
D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
E)calcitriol

Question 59

Which of the following conditions could potentially result from hyposecretion of a hormone released by the portion of the marked gland in the diagram?

A)tetany
B)acromegaly
C)diabetes insipidus
D)goiter
E)Cushing's syndrome

Question 60

Which of the following hormones is produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture?

A)calcitonin
B)vasopressin
C)triiodothyronine (T₃)
D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
E)calcitriol

Question 61

Since insulin released from the pancreas is carried in the bloodstream to distant target cells,like muscle cells,it is considered to be a(n)

A)local hormone.
B)circulating hormone.
C)paracrine.
D)autocrine.
E)neurotransmitter.

Question 62

A condition characterized by excessive development of mammary glands in a male is called

A)acromegaly.
B)pheochromocytoma.
C)hirsutism.
D)gynecomastia.
E)myxedema.

Question 63

Seasonal affective disorder is due to hypersecretion of which following hormones by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram?

A)testosterone
B)glucagon
C)melatonin
D)aldosterone
E)vasopressin

Question 64

Endocrine tissues that secrete steroid hormones all are derived from

A)mesoderm.
B)endoderm.
C)ectoderm.
D)a combination of two or more layers.
E)none of the layers that are listed.

Question 65

Which of the following hormones is produced by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram?

A)testosterone
B)glucagon
C)melatonin
D)thymopoietin
E)vasopressin

Question 66

Hypersecretion of a hormone by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram results in a type of depression that affects some people during the winter months,when the day length is short,known as

A)thyroid crisis (storm).
B)general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
C)seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
D)Addisonian crisis.
E)posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Question 67

The following is a possible progression of which of the following disorders: Inadequate dietary iodine intake → low level of thyroid hormone in blood → increased TSH secretion → thyroid gland enlargement.

A)Acromegaly
B)Tetany
C)Goiter
D)Cushing's syndrome
E)Addison's disease

Question 68

Which of the following is an abnormal condition of excess androgen secretion,observed primarily in women,that is characterized by the presence of excessive body and facial hair in a male pattern?

A)Acromegaly
B)Tetany
C)Hirsutism
D)Gynecomastia
E)Myxedema

Question 69

Which of the following germ layers does the thyroid gland develop from during embryonic development?

A)Mesoderm
B)Endoderm
C)Ectoderm
D)A combination of two of the layers
E)None of the answer selections are correct

Question 70

Which of the following glands is NOT an endocrine gland?

A)pituitary gland
B)thyroid gland
C)adrenal gland
D)sebaceous gland
E)pineal gland

Question 71

Which of the following is an example of hormone that is secreted from an endocrine gland in response to a chemical change in the blood?

A)Parathyroid hormone release from the parathyroid gland.
B)Insulin release from the pancreas.
C)Glucagon release from the pancreas.
D)ADH release from the posterior pituitary gland.
E)All the answer selections are correct.

Question 72

Which of the following hormones commonly increases in the plasma of older individuals due to an inadequate dietary intake of calcium?

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)parathyroid hormone
D)calcitonin
E)insulin

Question 73

Leptin is a hormone produced by the

A)placenta.
B)ovaries.
C)testes.
D)pituitary gland.
E)adipose tissue.

Question 74

Which of the following germ layers does the anterior pituitary gland develop from during embryonic development?

A)Mesoderm
B)Endoderm
C)Ectoderm
D)A combination of two of the layers
E)None of the answer selections are correct

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of an exocrine gland?

A)Initially secretes its products into a duct.
B)Secretes materials onto outer surface of the body.
C)Secretes materials into the lumen of hollow organs.
D)Its secretory products are carried in body fluids to distant target cells.
E)All the answer selections describe characteristics of exocrine glands.

Question 76

All the following hormones are produced and secreted by the ovaries EXCEPT

A)estradiol.
B)estrone.
C)progesterone.
D)inhibin.
E)follicle-stimulating hormone.

Question 77

Which of the following germ layers does the adrenal medulla develop from during embryonic development?

A)Mesoderm
B)Endoderm
C)Ectoderm
D)A combination of two of the layers
E)None of the answer selections are correct

Question 78

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)is produced by the

A)placenta.
B)ovaries.
C)testes.
D)pituitary gland.
E)hypothalamus.

Question 79

Which of the following is a protein hormone produced by the testes that inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland?

A)chorionic gonadotropin
B)testosterone
C)estradiol
D)inhibin
E)relaxin

Question 80

All prostaglandins are derived from a 20-carbon precursor molecule called

A)thromboxane.
B)intrinsic factor.
C)thymopoietin.
D)arachidonic acid.
E)cholesterol.