Deck 7: Education

Question 1

Current research seems to indicate that the education system in ______ focuses too much on memorization and test-taking skills and not enough on critical thinking and creativity skills.

A)Germany
B)the United States
C)Finland
D)Japan

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Theories that best explain cultural,racial,family,and social class differences in education are considered ______ theories.

A)conflict
B)feminist
C)symbolic interactionist
D)cultural differences

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Research about how teacher expectations of students affect students' perceptions of themselves and their achievement is most closely associated with ______.

A)Karl Marx and Max Weber
B)Randall Collins
C)Willard Waller
D)Raymond Rist

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Basil Bernstein argues that because schools rely on a ______ code for instruction and for organizing interactions between students and teachers,______children are disadvantaged.

A)middle-class;working-class
B)working-class;upper-class
C)upper-class;middle-class
D)middle-class;upper-class

Question 5

______ is a system in which talent and hard work are expected to determine the allocation of individuals to positions.

A)Meritocracy
B)Plutocracy
C)Democracy
D)Aristocracy

Question 6

Functionalists do not believe a meritocracy should guarantee ______,only that the role of schooling is to provide ______ to compete for unequal results.

A)equal cohesion;shared ability
B)equal opportunity;equal outcomes
C)equal outcomes;equal opportunity
D)shared ability;equal cohesion

Question 7

The theory that the rise in credentials is a result of status competition among groups battling over scarce rewards is most closely associated with ______.

A)Karl Marx and Max Weber
B)Randall Collins
C)Willard Waller
D)Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis

Question 8

Research suggests that school teachers in ______ have the highest rates of job satisfaction,more autonomy in their teaching practices,and are treated as respected professionals.

A)Germany
B)Ghana
C)the United States
D)England

Question 9

In his research on language,Basil Bernstein found that working-class children used primarily ______ in stories,while middle-class children used more ______.

A)descriptive nouns;pronouns
B)pronouns;descriptive nouns
C)compound sentences;fragments
D)fragments;pronouns

Question 10

Code theory was developed by ______.

A)Basil Bernstein
B)Randall Collins
C)Willard Waller
D)Raymond Rist

Question 11

The idea that schooling corresponds to society's dominant interests and upper- and middle-class values is known as ______.

A)code theory
B)cultural deprivation theory
C)the institutional theory
D)cultural capital

Question 12

______ was the primary piece of federal legislation designed to address educational achievement gaps in the United States from 1965 to 2001.

A)Elementary and Secondary Education Act
B)No Child Left Behind Act
C)Race to the Top
D)School Deficit Awareness Act

Question 13

______ is the most comprehensive federal education policy in U.S.history.

A)Every Student Succeeds Act
B)Elementary and Secondary Education Act
C)Race to the Top
D)No Child Left Behind

Question 14

The theory that there is a direct correspondence between the organization of schools and the economic organization of capitalist society is most closely associated with ______.

A)Karl Marx and Max Weber
B)Randall Collins
C)Willard Waller
D)Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis

Question 15

Empirical research indicates that low educational performance among some groups in the United States is due to ______.

A)cultural bias of IQ test questions
B)genetic differences
C)the quality of the school administering standardized tests
D)flaws within the test questions

Question 16

Which sociologist theorized that education established a modern system of meritocracy?

A)Émile Durkheim
B)Talcott Parsons
C)Karl Marx
D)Randall Collins

Question 17

Approximately ______ of American adults possess only the most basic levels of literacy.

A)31%
B)22%
C)17%
D)25%

Question 18

Bernstein describes working-class students' language codes as ______.

A)understood only by those with a similar background
B)just as complex as the language codes used by middle-class students
C)understood by those with similar as well as different backgrounds
D)unrelated to parent's occupation

Question 19

As a consequence of state legal reforms efforts,______ states now have financing plans in which schools in low-income districts receive an average of ______ more funding than higher-income districts.

A)31;10%
B)27;8%
C)16;5%
D)20;7%

Question 20

Which school of thought is most likely to focus on how schools socialize students with the appropriate values and sort and select them according to their abilities?

A)functionalism
B)conflict theory
C)symbolic interaction
D)reproduction theory

Question 21

According to David Baker and Gerald LeTendre (2005),all of the following beliefs have influenced the development of mass schooling EXCEPT that ______.

A)children should be educated
B)nations should invest in schooling
C)education is not required to benefit the collective good of society
D)children should receive early and ongoing schooling

Question 22

When boys flaunt their lack of preparation and assert that common sense and street-smarts trump book smarts,they are demonstrating ______.

A)meritocracy
B)animated laissez-faire
C)contrived carelessness
D)genetic difference theory

Question 23

All of the following theorists argued that there is a direct correspondence between the organization of schools and the economic organization of capitalist society EXCEPT ______.

A)Samuel Bowles
B)Émile Durkheim
C)Karl Marx
D)Herbert Gintis

Question 24

The rise in credential requirements in many occupations today is a result of middle-class professionals' attempts to raise their ______.

A)status
B)salary
C)social class
D)self-image

Question 25

The 1982 U.S.Supreme Court case ______ determined that undocumented students have the right to a free K-12 public education in the United States.

A)Roe v.Wade
B)Brown v.Board of Education
C)Plyler v.Doe
D)Rodriguez v.San Antonio

Question 26

The belief that schools function to reproduce rather than eliminate inequality is most closely associated with ______.

A)functionalism
B)conflict theory
C)institutional theory
D)symbolic interaction

Question 27

Which of the following would be considered to be an inferior school?

A)a school that spends less money on each student
B)a school that had unqualified teachers
C)a school that spends its resources on improvement
D)a school that spends less money on each student,materials,and bad teachers

Question 28

According to Pierre Bourdieu,knowledge about music,art,and literature are examples of ______ capital.

A)economic
B)social
C)cultural
D)symbolic

Question 29

What was the name of the documentary that filmed two Black children and their educational experience?

A)American Dream
B)American Promise
C)Idris and Seun
D)American Life

Question 30

Geoffrey Canada's programs use a "cradle to college" approach to improve students' academic outcomes by utilizing all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)tracking the child to provide the best academic outcome
B)teaching parents how to provide children with a healthy home environment
C)teaching acceptable forms of discipline
D)distributing household items that promote health and well-being

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of a school-centered factor contributing toward some children doing better than others?

A)sense of self-identity
B)learning disabilities
C)social class
D)ability grouping

Question 32

Research on summer learning loss suggests that less-advantaged students lose upward of ______ of learning during the summer due to the absence of reading material at home.

A)2 months
B)3 months
C)1 month
D)6 months

Question 33

The Supreme Court's 1973 decision ______ declared there is no constitutional right under the Fourteenth Amendment to an equal education.

A)Roe v.Wade
B)Brown v.Board of Education
C)Abbott v.Burke
D)Rodriguez v.San Antonio

Question 34

Research suggests that there are many benefits of attending ______ schools,including greater interest in school activities,higher achievement levels,and more social equality.

A)charter
B)middle-class
C)small
D)Montessori

Question 35

______ are publicly funded schools that focus on very specific academic curricula such as the arts or mathematics.

A)Charter schools
B)School choice programs
C)School voucher programs
D)Magnet schools

Question 36

Which of the following was considered to be the most influential interactionist theorist?

A)Raymond Rist
B)George Mead
C)Charles Cooley
D)Karl Marx

Question 37

Which theory suggests that working-class and non-White families often lack cultural resources and arrive at school at a significant disadvantage as a result?

A)functionalism
B)institutional theory
C)symbolic interaction
D)cultural deprivation theory

Question 38

______ is the consistent difference in scores on tests of student achievement across different demographic groups,including groups based on race,gender,and socioeconomic status.

A)Scholar gap
B)Achievement gap
C)SATs
D)Educational achievement

Question 39

According to Pierre Bourdieu,family income is an example of ______ capital.

A)economic
B)social
C)cultural
D)symbolic

Question 40

According to Pierre Bourdieu,personal connections and relationships to other people are examples of ______ capital.

A)economic
B)social
C)cultural
D)symbolic

Question 41

According to Basil Bernstein,what is the difference between the communication codes of working- and middle-class children? Give an example to support your answer.How do differences in codes affect children's performance in school?

Question 42

Institutional theorists argue that mass universal education benefits individuals but not societies.

Question 43

In 1973,the U.S.Supreme Court declared in Rodriguez v.San Antonio that there is no constitutional right to an equal education under the Fourteenth Amendment.Briefly explain how this decision affected school financing.

Question 44

Community schools are designed to improve at-risk neighborhoods and emphasize a sense of collective efficacy that will benefit everyone within a community.

Question 45

Conflict theory stresses the need to base education policies on a longitudinal examination of the processes that occur inside schools and classrooms.

Question 46

Conflict theorists suggest that tracking is a mechanism for reproducing inequalities.

Question 47

Functionalists believe a meritocratic education system should guarantee equal outcomes for all students.

Question 48

Seventy-one percent of female high school graduates enroll in colleges or universities,while only 61% of male graduates do so.

Question 49

Literacy is measured as a scale that reflects an individual's ability to understand,evaluate,and create written texts.

Question 50

Basil Bernstein's code theory draws on functionalist,conflict,and interactionist perspectives.

Question 51

Community schools place an emphasis on building collective efficacy and developing a communal political voice that works toward justice for everyone in the neighborhood.Notable examples of community schools that are also full-service schools are Geoffrey Canada's Harlem Children's Zone schools in New York City.Geoffrey Canada's programs use a "cradle to college" approach to improve students' academic outcomes.Briefly explain how this program increases students' academics.

Question 52

Discuss the general approach and assumptions a conflict theorist may take when studying the educational system.Then explain Randall Collins's theory of credentialism.How does this theory illustrate the conflict perspective?

Question 53

Research finds that unusually effective schools often have flexibility for teachers and administrators to experiment and the ability to adapt to new situations and problems.

Question 54

According to Raymond Rist (1977),how do teacher expectations affect student performance? Describe an educational policy (real or imaginary)that has or could result from this research.