Deck 8: Nutrients Essential to Key Body Functions

Question 1

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is associated with the decreased absorption and utilization of

A) glucose.
B) thiamin.
C) riboflavin.
D) protein.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Pellagra results from a deficiency of

A) folate.
B) niacin.
C) thiamin.
D) riboflavin.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Good sources of riboflavin include

A) milk, meats, and green vegetables.
B) refined grains and pork.
C) citrus fruits and berries.
D) potatoes, carrots, and bananas.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The first B-vitamin discovered was

A) thiamin.
B) niacin.
C) folate.
D) vitamin B₁₂.

Question 5

What is the primary role of the B-vitamins?

A) provide the body directly with energy
B) act as coenzymes
C) maintain and repair body tissues
D) maintain acid-base balance

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a key role of folate during embryonic development?

A) DNA synthesis
B) maintenance of amniotic fluid
C) cell division
D) proper folding and closing of the neural tube

Question 7

How is vitamin B₆ important in the metabolism of amino acids?

A) It breaks down amino acids to nitrogen.
B) It creates high levels of the amino acid homocysteine.
C) It plays a critical role in transamination.
D) Deamination cannot occur without it.

Question 8

Which of these micronutrients is destroyed by exposure to light?

A) riboflavin
B) iron
C) iodine
D) vitamin D

Question 9

Which statement regarding thiamin is TRUE?

A) Without thiamin, all amino acids become essential.
B) Most processed foods are excellent sources of thiamin.
C) Thiamin can quickly become toxic when consumed in excess.
D) Thiamin acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids.

Question 10

Which of the following is the BEST source of thiamin?

A) a fruit salad
B) a baked sweet potato
C) a glass of milk
D) a bowl of whole-grain cereal

Question 11

What is the primary symptom of niacin toxicity?

A) dizziness
B) diarrhea
C) fatigue
D) flushing

Question 12

High concentrations of homocysteine in the blood are associated with the development of

A) type 2 diabetes.
B) cardiovascular disease.
C) neural tube defects.
D) pellagra.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of pellagra?

A) dermatitis
B) diarrhea
C) dementia
D) dizziness

Question 14

A toxicity of folate can disguise a deficiency of which nutrient,resulting in nerve damage?

A) niacin
B) vitamin B₆
C) iron
D) vitamin B₁₂

Question 15

Vitamin B₁₂ is essential for the proper functioning of which type of cells?

A) epithelial (skin)
B) nerve
C) gastric (stomach)
D) hepatic (liver)

Question 16

Which vitamin can be made from the amino acid tryptophan?

A) niacin
B) vitamin C
C) folate
D) vitamin B₁₂

Question 17

A person suffering from fatigue,muscle wasting,reduced cognitive function,and paralysis is most likely to have which of the following conditions?

A) niacin toxicity
B) beriberi
C) pellagra
D) ariboflavinosis

Question 18

The primary sources of folate in the American diet are

A) milk and dairy products.
B) fresh fruits and vegetables.
C) meat, fish, and poultry.
D) enriched ready-to-eat cereals, bread, and grain products.

Question 19

A compound called TPP activates an enzyme critical in carbohydrate metabolism.TPP is

A) a coenzyme.
B) a B-vitamin called thiamin.
C) a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
D) a branched-chain amino acid.

Question 20

Which of the following is a molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it and help it do its job?

A) a transport protein
B) collagen
C) a coenzyme
D) a prion

Question 21

Which of the following are excellent sources of folate?

A) chicken and turkey
B) cooked broccoli
C) cheeses
D) ready-to-eat cereals and breads

Question 22

In an atom,the electrons orbiting around the nucleus have what kind of a charge?

A) positive
B) negative
C) equal
D) neutral

Question 23

Chromium assists in the transport of which of the following to the cells?

A) calcium
B) sodium
C) potassium
D) glucose

Question 24

A chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons is known as

A) oxidation.
B) reduction.
C) a valence reaction.
D) an exchange reaction.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a vitamin?

A) pantothenic acid
B) biotin
C) choline
D) riboflavin

Question 26

Which water-soluble vitamin can regenerate vitamin E after it has been oxidized?

A) vitamin B₆
B) vitamin B₁₂
C) vitamin C
D) folate

Question 27

Jane takes anticoagulant medication daily to prevent blood clots.Which vitamin must she avoid taking in excess of the RDA because it could interact with the medication and cause uncontrollable bleeding?

A) vitamin E
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin K
D) vitamin C

Question 28

The chronic overconsumption of which of the following foods can result in a biotin deficiency?

A) herbal tea
B) raw egg whites
C) natural licorice
D) grapefruit juice

Question 29

The most potent form of vitamin E is

A) alpha-tocopherol.
B) beta-tocopherol.
C) delta-tocopherol.
D) gamma-tocopherol.

Question 30

Iodine is essential for the synthesis of which kind of hormones?

A) pituitary hormones
B) growth hormones
C) thyroid hormones
D) androgens

Question 31

A goiter can result from

A) too much or too little iodine in the diet.
B) choline supplementation.
C) vitamin A toxicity.
D) chromium deficiency.

Question 32

Which of the following diseases has NOT been linked to free radical damage?

A) cancer
B) cataracts
C) arthritis
D) osteoporosis

Question 33

A lack of dietary iodine during pregnancy is the primary cause of which of the following medical conditions,worldwide?

A) goiters
B) neural tube defects
C) anemia
D) cretinism

Question 34

About 90 percent of vitamin E is stored in

A) adipose tissue.
B) the liver.
C) cell membranes.
D) the skin.

Question 35

There is neither an RDA or an AI for

A) choline.
B) manganese.
C) sulfur.
D) chromium.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding free radicals?

A) Free radicals are formed as a by-product of healthy metabolism.
B) Our body has no mechanism to stabilize free radicals.
C) Exposure to pollution increases free radical production.
D) Many diseases, such as cancer and heart disease, are linked to free radical damage.

Question 37

Free radicals

A) have an even number of electrons in their outermost shell.
B) are rarely formed during normal cellular metabolism.
C) can extend the life of body cells.
D) can damage the integrity of cell membranes.

Question 38

Hydrogen gas (H₂)is an example of

A) a free radical.
B) an antioxidant.
C) a molecule.
D) a compound.

Question 39

Which of the following act as cofactors in antioxidant enzyme systems?

A) antioxidant vitamins
B) antioxidant minerals
C) phytochemicals
D) probiotics

Question 40

A deficiency of which micronutrient may result in small red blood cells with inadequate hemoglobin?

A) choline
B) biotin
C) vitamin B₆
D) pantothenic acid

Question 41

To treat her moderate acne,Rita's dermatologist is most likely to give her a prescription for

A) vitamin A supplements.
B) Retin-A.
C) Accutane.
D) Differin Gel 0.1%.

Question 42

Vitamin A plays an essential role in the human body in

A) preventing acne.
B) acting as an antioxidant and scavenging free radicals.
C) protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from oxidation.
D) maintaining healthy vision.

Question 43

The light-sensitive pigment found in rod cells and formed by retinal and opsin is

A) chlorophyll.
B) lutein.
C) rhodopsin.
D) tocotrienal.

Question 44

How much beta-carotene is considered equivalent to one unit of vitamin A?

A) two units
B) four units
C) six units
D) twelve units

Question 45

Which of the following statements concerning vitamin C is TRUE?

A) Vitamin C helps protect smokers' lungs from oxidative damage prompted by tobacco smoke.
B) Vitamin C regenerates DNA after it has been oxidized.
C) Vitamin C is an important antioxidant in the intracellular fluid.
D) Vitamin C is a mild anticoagulant.

Question 46

What cells enable us see in different colors?

A) rod cells
B) cone cells
C) corneal cells
D) pyramid cells

Question 47

The B-vitamins play critical roles in protein and carbohydrate metabolism,but are only minimally important in fat metabolism.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the mineral selenium?

A) Most selenium in our bodies is contained within two amino acids.
B) Selenium is involved in the maintenance of basal metabolism and body temperature.
C) Selenium is present only in foods of animal origin.
D) Selenium is a component of the glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzyme system.

Question 49

MOST of the body's vitamin A is stored in the

A) liver.
B) pancreas.
C) spleen.
D) large intestine.

Question 50

Beta-carotene is a precursor of

A) retinol.
B) alpha-tocopherol.
C) zeaxanthin.
D) ascorbic acid.

Question 51

Beta-carotene is

A) an important antioxidant in the extracellular fluid.
B) a retinol.
C) an antioxidant phytochemical.
D) absorbed more efficiently from raw foods than from cooked foods.

Question 52

Diseases that cause the malabsorption of fat can result in a deficiency of

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin B₆.
C) vitamin C.
D) selenium.

Question 53

Milk is a good source of riboflavin.

Question 54

Which of the following lunches would provide the MOST preformed vitamin A?

A) a salad made with lettuce, carrots, avocado slices, and ranch dressing, and a glass of iced tea
B) an egg-salad sandwich and a glass of whole milk
C) a bowl of vegetable soup with a glass of cranberry juice
D) shrimp and scallions over rice with a cup of black coffee

Question 55

Why are dark green vegetables such as kale and spinach good sources of vitamin A?

A) They contain the most abundant preformed vitamin A.
B) They are fortified with vitamin A.
C) They contain vitamin C, which boosts the absorption of vitamin A.
D) They contain abundant beta-carotene, a precursor of retinol.

Question 56

The B-vitamins are converted by body cells into energy.

Question 57

Which of the following provides more than the RDA of vitamin A?

A) 1 cup of vitamin A-fortified skim milk
B) 1 cup of raisin bran cereal
C) 1 cup of cooked broccoli
D) 1 cup of cooked carrots

Question 58

A deficiency of which of the following can result in erythrocyte hemolysis,leading to anemia?

A) beta-carotene
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin C
D) selenium

Question 59

Rod cells use retinol from the bloodstream to

A) transport visual messages to the brain.
B) replace the retinal lost during bleaching.
C) regenerate the protein iodopsin.
D) stabilize free radicals in the rod cell membrane.

Question 60

To consume the highest level of vitamin E,what should Hari spread on his toast?

A) honey
B) butter
C) cream cheese
D) peanut butter

Question 61

Adequate folate consumption is the most critical during the last trimester of pregnancy.

Question 62

In the chemical reaction called reduction,atoms gain electrons.

Question 63

Sulfur is a trace mineral that enhances the ability of insulin to transport glucose into the body's cells.

Question 64

Inadequate intake of folate during pregnancy increases the risk for a serious birth defect.

Question 65

Iodine's only function in the body is the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Question 66

All antioxidants are water soluble.

Question 67

Thiamin,consumed in excess,is toxic.

Question 68

Pernicious anemia is a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency disease that develops when people-such as those following a vegan diet-fail to consume any animal-based foods.

Question 69

Diets rich in vitamin B₆,folate,and vitamin B₁₂ are associated with reduced blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine.

Question 70

Insufficient folate during fetal development causes the type of mental impairment known as cretinism.

Question 71

Homocysteine can be converted to cysteine if an individual's vitamin B₆ status is adequate.

Question 72

People who consume large amounts of raw eggs are susceptible to biotin deficiency.

Question 73

Acetylcholine is a vitamin-like nutrient important in metabolism.

Question 74

Antioxidants must be consumed in our diet because our bodies cannot make them.

Question 75

Iodine is naturally found in many foods and beverages.

Question 76

Neural tube defects typically occur before a woman even knows she is pregnant.

Question 77

A free radical is highly unstable because it has an unpaired electron in its outermost shell.

Question 78

A deficiency of thiamin leads to the development of pellagra.

Question 79

Exposure to UV rays from the sun or a tanning bed promotes the production of free radicals.

Question 80

Two B-vitamins contain the major mineral sulfur.