Deck 14: Nutrition Through the Lifecycle: Pregnancy and the First Year of Life

Question 1

Which of the following factors helps to explain why infants are at higher risk of dehydration than adults?

A) Neither breast milk nor formula can adequately meet an infant's fluid needs.
B) Infants lose proportionally more fluid via evaporation than adults.
C) Infants have no way of signaling to adults either hunger or thirst.
D) Infant kidneys produce more highly concentrated urine than adult kidneys.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is the average weight for a healthy newborn in the United States (with an average height of 18 to 22 inches long)?

A) 5-1/2 lbs
B) 6-1/2 lbs
C) 7-1/2 lbs
D) 8-1/2 lbs

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding vitamin B₁₂ during pregnancy?

A) Vitamin B₁₂ is easily obtained by consuming animal food sources.
B) The RDA for vitamin B₁₂ doubles during pregnancy.
C) Vegan women are at risk for developing a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency during pregnancy.
D) Vitamin B₁₂ absorption is very efficient during pregnancy.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

During pregnancy,women should avoid consuming large,predatory types of fish and consume no more than 12 oz per week of other types of fish to avoid what kind of contamination?

A) mercury
B) lead
C) arsenic
D) nitrogen

Question 5

A low-birth-weight infant is one who weighs less than about how many pounds?

A) 4.5
B) 5.5
C) 6.5
D) 7.5

Question 6

At what point during pregnancy is adequate folate MOST important?

A) during the first four days after conception
B) during the first four weeks after conception
C) during the second trimester
D) during the third trimester

Question 7

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding calcium needs during pregnancy?

A) The AI for calcium is the same for pregnant and non-pregnant women.
B) Calcium absorption is very efficient during pregnancy.
C) The extra demand for calcium during pregnancy has been shown to cause bone demineralization and increase the risk of future fractures.
D) Kale, collard greens, and broccoli are good plant sources of calcium.

Question 8

The natural termination of pregnancy and expulsion of pregnancy tissues is called

A) preterm birth.
B) sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
C) spontaneous abortion.
D) stillbirth.

Question 9

Which of the following fatty acids is thought to support fetal brain and eye development?

A) stearic acid
B) oleic acid
C) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
D) palmitic acid

Question 10

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy,the woman's energy needs increase by how many kilocalories per day?

A) 350 to 450
B) 500 to 650
C) 700 to 800
D) more than 900

Question 11

During pregnancy,protein needs

A) remain 0.8 g/kg of body weight, resulting in a slow increase as the woman gains weight.
B) increase to 1.1 g/kg of body weight.
C) increase by an additional 40 grams or so of protein per day.
D) remain 0.8 g/kg of body weight throughout the first and second trimesters, then increase to 1.8 g/kg of body weight in the third trimester.

Question 12

Inadequate intake of which nutrient during the first few weeks of pregnancy is associated with spinal cord defects in the fetus?

A) protein
B) iron
C) folate
D) calcium

Question 13

The Zika virus is an example of a

A) genopathogen.
B) teratogen.
C) neonatal pathogen.
D) toxicogen.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breastfeeding for the infant?

A) The protein in breast milk is easy for the infant to digest.
B) The antibodies and immune factors found in breast milk help to protect the infant from infection.
C) The DHA found in breast milk is essential to the development of the infant's nervous system and retina.
D) The iron found in breast milk is sufficient to meet the infant's needs throughout the first year of life.

Question 15

In which trimester of pregnancy is the fetus the most vulnerable to teratogens?

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 16

It has been suggested that what percentage of neural tube defects could be prevented if all women of childbearing age consumed adequate amounts of folate or folic acid?

A) 20 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 17

Recommended weight gain during pregnancy is based on the

A) mother's weight at the end of the first trimester.
B) size of the fetus at 3 months' gestation.
C) mother's weight before becoming pregnant.
D) mother's height.

Question 18

The point at which the ovum becomes fertilized by the sperm is

A) implantation.
B) conception.
C) parturition.
D) gestation.

Question 19

The inner portion of the zygote that implants in the uterine lining is called the

A) conceptus.
B) blastocyst.
C) embryo.
D) placenta.

Question 20

Macrocytic anemia results from a deficiency of either folate or

A) vitamin D.
B) vitamin B₆.
C) vitamin B₁₂.
D) vitamin C.

Question 21

The hormone that stimulates maternal breast milk production is

A) estrogen.
B) prolactin.
C) leptin.
D) oxytocin.

Question 22

Which of the following hormones is referred to as the "let down" hormone?

A) estrogen
B) prolactin
C) leptin
D) oxytocin

Question 23

Which of the following enhances the absorption of iron?

A) milk
B) bran
C) vitamin C
D) oxalates

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT associated with gestational diabetes?

A) increased risk of giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant
B) increased maternal risk of developing type 2 diabetes
C) increased risk to offspring of developing metabolic disorders later in life
D) increased risk to offspring of developing overweight later in life

Question 25

Which of the following would NOT be good advice to give to a parent regarding the introduction of solids to their six-month-old infant?

A) Add honey to the infant's cereal and yogurt to improve acceptance of these new foods.
B) Introduce one new food at a time and watch for signs of allergies.
C) Avoid seasoning foods with either salt or spices.
D) Begin with pureed foods before advancing to soft foods and then to textured foods.

Question 26

Milk that is low in fat and produced first in a breastfeeding session is known as

A) hindmilk.
B) colostrum.
C) final milk.
D) foremilk.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of preeclampsia?

A) protein in the urine
B) increased blood pressure
C) unexplained and rapid weight loss
D) edema

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a maternal benefit of breastfeeding?

A) assists the uterus in returning to prepregnancy size
B) potential decreased risk of breast cancer
C) shortens the intervals between pregnancies
D) may help the woman lose the weight she gained during pregnancy

Question 29

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy typically resolve with

A) birth of the infant.
B) hypertensive medication.
C) a low-sodium diet.
D) hospitalization with total bed rest.

Question 30

A normal-weight woman should gain approximately how many pounds during pregnancy?

A) 5 to 10
B) 15 to 20
C) 25 to 35
D) 40 to 50

Question 31

At birth,baby Ramon weighs 8 pounds.If his growth and development are normal,what would you expect Ramon to weigh at his first birthday?

A) 16 pounds
B) 20 pounds
C) 24 pounds
D) 32 pounds

Question 32

Which of the following foods is LEAST likely to be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes?

A) bologna
B) smoked salmon
C) a hard-boiled egg
D) raw sprouts

Question 33

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all breastfed infants up to six months old be given what kind of supplement?

A) zinc
B) iron
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D

Question 34

The primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux and constipation during pregnancy is

A) inadequate fluid intake by the mother.
B) overeating by the mother.
C) intolerance to prenatal vitamins.
D) relaxation of the smooth muscles.

Question 35

During pregnancy,excessive consumption of which of the following micronutrients is MOST significantly associated with birth defects?

A) folate
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin A
D) calcium

Question 36

During the first six months of lactation,the daily energy needs of the mother increase by how many kilocalories as compared to pre-pregnancy levels?

A) 120
B) 330
C) 540
D) 650

Question 37

Embryonic/fetal demand for iron is highest during the

A) first eight weeks of gestation.
B) first trimester.
C) second trimester.
D) third trimester.

Question 38

During pregnancy,what amount of alcohol consumption is considered safe?

A) none
B) one drink a month
C) one drink a week
D) one drink a day

Question 39

Most of a pregnant woman's nutrient needs can be met by consuming a healthful,balanced diet,EXCEPT for which specific nutrient?

A) iron
B) folate
C) calcium
D) protein

Question 40

The stimulus that is needed for continued and sustained production of breast milk is

A) high fluid intake by the mother.
B) high protein intake by the mother.
C) infant suckling.
D) adequate maternal rest.

Question 41

The substance that cushions and protects the developing fetus is the

A) amniotic fluid.
B) placenta.
C) blastocyst.
D) umbilical cord.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT true for a pregnant woman who was obese prior to her pregnancy?

A) She should restrict her energy intake and attempt to lose weight before her due date.
B) Her baby has an increased risk for being large for gestational age.
C) Her baby has an increased risk of childhood obesity and insulin resistance.
D) She should gain 0.5 lb/week during the second and third trimesters.

Question 43

Inconsolable crying for hours at a time is a characteristic of

A) milk allergy.
B) dehydration.
C) milk anemia.
D) colic.

Question 44

Which of the following statements about infant growth is FALSE?

A) An infant who is in the 60th percentile for length should be in about the 50th to 70th percentile for weight.
B) An infant's head is normally quite large in comparison to his or her body.
C) It is thought that the microbiome of breastfed infants reduces their future risk for obesity.
D) Breastfed infants grow in length and weight at a greater rate than formula-fed infants.

Question 45

Over-reliance on breast milk or formula by older infants can limit iron intake and lead to

A) milk anemia.
B) sickle cell anemia.
C) macrocytic anemia.
D) iron-deficiency anemia.

Question 46

The hormone responsible for the synthesis of breast milk is called

A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) progesterone.
D) lactic acid.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is TRUE?

A) Breastfed newborns typically require more frequent feedings than formula-fed infants.
B) In the United States and Canada, HIV-positive women are encouraged to breastfeed.
C) Environmental contaminants such as pesticide residues do not pass from a lactating mother into her breast milk.
D) For reasons that are not entirely clear, women who are overweight or obese appear to initiate and maintain breastfeeding at higher rates than women of normal weight.

Question 48

Never leaving an infant alone with a bottle and teaching an older infant to use a cup are useful tips to prevent

A) colic.
B) milk anemia.
C) nursing bottle syndrome.
D) dehydration.

Question 49

Why is it strongly recommended that infants NOT consume honey?

A) Because honey is a viscous fluid, it is likely to adhere to the infant's gums and promote the development of dental caries.
B) Honey can lead to chronic diarrhea in infants.
C) Honey is sweeter than table sugar and consumption may cause the infant to develop a preference for sweet tastes.
D) Honey may contain spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which the infant's GI tract is not mature enough to destroy.

Question 50

Baby Joe is a 5-month-old exclusively formula-fed infant who needs 600 kcal per day.About how many ounces of formula does Joe need each day?

A) 20 ounces
B) 25 ounces
C) 30 ounces
D) 35 ounces

Question 51

Which pregnancy-specific structure is responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste products?

A) amniotic fluid
B) placenta
C) uterus
D) blastocyst

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a factor that indicates an infant is ready to accept solid foods?

A) The infant can sit up with or without support.
B) The infant's tongue extrusion reflex has begun to abate.
C) The infant is at least six months old.
D) The infant has high stores of iron.

Question 53

Colostrum,which is rich in protein,micronutrients,and antibodies,is replaced by mature milk in about

A) 1 to 2 days.
B) 2 to 4 days.
C) 4 to 6 days.
D) 6 to 9 days.

Question 54

How much weight should a woman of normal pre-pregnancy BMI gain during the first trimester?

A) 0.5 to 1 pound
B) 3 to 5 pounds
C) 6 to 8 pounds
D) about 10 pounds

Question 55

Which of the following about infant lead exposure is FALSE?

A) You should allow tap water to run for at least a minute before using it to make infant formula.
B) Lead is an endotoxin that causes severe diarrhea, vomiting, and wasting in children.
C) Although lead in paints and plumbing has been outlawed, it can still be found in older buildings.
D) It is safe to hire a professional to paint over lead-based paint with latex paint.

Question 56

Colostrum has a laxative effect on the newborn,helping the newborn to expel

A) intestinal pathogens.
B) amniotic fluid.
C) hind milk.
D) meconium.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about food allergies is TRUE?

A) Breastfeeding helps to reduce the risk of food allergies.
B) In breastfed infants, only 4 to 6 foods have the potential to stimulate an allergic reaction.
C) Food allergies are considered the most likely culprit in infant colic.
D) In infants, the most common health effects of food allergies are high fevers and seizures.

Question 58

Which of the following aspects of a pregnant woman's nutritional status increases the risk of a neural tube defect in the fetus?

A) megadoses of beta-carotene
B) iodine deficiency
C) folate deficiency
D) excess alcohol consumption

Question 59

Why are newborns given an injection of vitamin K?

A) Breast milk and infant formulas are low in vitamin K.
B) The trauma of birth destroys the newborn's vitamin K stores.
C) The newborn does not yet have a population of GI flora able to synthesize adequate vitamin K.
D) Infants cannot absorb vitamin K from breast milk or formula until approximately 3 months of age.

Question 60

Anchovies,mackerel,salmon,and sardines are good sources of

A) DHA.
B) vitamin C.
C) folate.
D) fiber.

Question 61

Excessive vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy is associated with birth defects.

Question 62

Increased fluid volume,the fetus,amniotic fluid,and the placenta together account for about 30% of the weight gained during pregnancy.

Question 63

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is dangerous only during the first trimester.

Question 64

Women who are of normal weight before pregnancy and are pregnant with twins should try to gain between 25 to 35 pounds during pregnancy.

Question 65

Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for pregnant women.

Question 66

As many as one out of every five pregnant women in the United States abuses illicit or prescription drugs.

Question 67

About 80% of American women follow the advice of the American Academy of Pediatrics to breastfeed exclusively for the first six months of their infant's life.

Question 68

Women who breastfeed typically lose approximately 1 to 4 pounds per month.

Question 69

Because breastfeeding suppresses ovulation,it can be a reliable form of contraception.

Question 70

Once the placenta has formed,the fetus's and mother's blood supplies will mix.

Question 71

Gestation is the event in which the ovum and sperm unite to create a fertilized egg.

Question 72

All cases of neural tube defects are directly related to inadequate folate consumption during pregnancy.

Question 73

Morning sickness can begin at any time of day and can last all day.

Question 74

Breast milk is very low in cholesterol.

Question 75

Caffeine consumed during pregnancy crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus.

Question 76

Malnutrition contributes to abnormalities in sperm.

Question 77

During pregnancy women should not consume fish or fish products.

Question 78

Infants over 6 months of age may safely be given cow's milk.

Question 79

The "let down" hormone,oxytocin,is activated by the stress response.

Question 80

During pregnancy it is difficult for many women to obtain adequate iron from diet alone.