Deck 16: Career- Related Programs for Career Development in Middle School

Question 1

Discuss the significance of identity development in middle school.

Answer 1

More than likely, middle school students have not made many mature decisions concerning their future.It is likely that most middle school students have given little thought to consequences of the future.Middle school students, however, do have concerns about goals and issues.Middle school students may also choose to delay future commitments.Identity development is an ongoing process and can continue over the life span.Teachers and counselors help students with social interactions as they define themselves.Self-esteem is an important factor that is to be nourished.Creer maturity suggests that there is a strong relationship between identity and career commitment.

Question 2

In what way is the ASCA goal for enhancing career awareness a good example for middle school students?​

A)​Not applicable to middle school students
B)​Helps students to acquire career information
C)​Helps students to begin to realize that career development is not a simplistic matter
D)​Helps students become more alert to connecting academic subjects to work requirements

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Describe the characteristics of a comprehensive school guidance program.

Answer 3

Major Points
All significant adults are involved including administrators, community members, and parents.The program has a central goal of total integrated development of the student.The program is developmental and comprehensive.The program features a team approach.The program is developed on the basic foundation of human growth and development.Counselor involvement is comprehensive and extensive.A system of individual monitoring of students is established.The program is implemented K through 12.The program allows for evaluation of its outcomes and effectiveness.

Question 4

James Marcia (1980) describes which of the following stages of identity development?

A)​Identity fusion, foreclosure, moratorium and identity development
B)​Identity diffusion, foreclosure and more identity issues
C)​Identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium and identity development
D)​Foreclosure, moratorium and identity issues

Question 5

Leading a class discussion by identifying relationships of interest and abilities to various occupations is an example of what type of strategy?​

A)​Career infusion model
B)​Career-planning strategy
C)​Educational and occupational exploration strategy
D)​Self-knowledge strategy

Question 6

Middle school career development programs are to primarily focus on:

A)​Career awareness
B)​Potential local career opportunities
C)​Career opportunities
D)​National trends in employment

Question 7

What is the key to a successful assessment model for career development?​

A)​Fixed structure
B)​Inflexibility
C)​Authoritative rather than collaborative approach
D)​Flexibility

Question 8

Using accurate, current and unbiased career information during career planning and management is a sub-goal for which domain?​

A)​Personal management domain
B)​Career management domain
C)​Educational achievement and lifelong learning domain
D)​Personal social development domain

Question 9

The increased emphasis on effectively locating and using career information and the expansion of students' vision of the future while developing an appreciation of the importance of work in our society is encompassed within which strategy or model?​

A)​Career infusion model
B)​Career-planning strategy
C)​Self-knowledge strategy
D)​Educational and occupational exploration strategy

Question 10

Moving from childhood to adolescence is characterized as:

A)​Developmental tasks increase one's vulnerability
B)​Personal problems are not to be confused with career problems
C)​The heightening of an individual's vulnerability to personal problems.
D)​Career development is not involved with personal concerns

Question 11

A most significant connection between career maturity and identity is:

A)​A stabilized identity suggests that one has good interrelationship skills
B)​A stabilized identity suggests that one is completely prepared to make a decision
C)​A stabilized identity suggests one has adequate career decision skills
D)​A stabilized identity suggests that there is also career maturity

Question 12

Which example is not applicable to career-planning strategies?​

A)​Have students prepare an educational plan for high school.Share and discuss in groups
B)​Organize students into groups and have them construct a list of resources and resource people who could help solve a particular problem
C)​Present steps in a decision-making model and discuss the importance of each step.Ask students to identify a problem and solve it by applying steps in the model
D)​Have students write a story about the many jobs involved in producing a hamburger and discuss

Question 13

According to Kail and Cavanaugh (2010), what is true of the change in the adolescent's ability to process information since childhood?​

A)​The working memory and the speed with which one processes information achieves adult-like levels
B)​The ability to solve problems and use reason in search of problem identification and solutions is not yet improved
C)​The ability to find weaknesses and flaws in arguments has not yet significantly improved
D)​The working memory and the speed with which one processes information slows down

Question 14

Which researchers are generally considered to be the first to approach a theory of occupational choice from a developmental standpoint?​

A)​Bandura
B)​Newman and Newman
C)​Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herma
D)​Brown, Mounts, Lamborn and Steinberg

Question 15

Mounts and Steinberg suggest what type of parenting style influences teenagers to be less susceptible to peer pressure?​

A)​Less authoritative
B)​Aggressive
C)​Authoritative
D)​Passive

Question 16

There are different levels and combinations of concerns among individual students.What is the rationale that supports this statement?

A)​Career development follows similar paths
B)​Stages of developmental tasks are involved
C)​Situational experiences are interpreted differently
D)​Career maturity is not responsible for development

Question 17

The suggestion is made that counselors need to evaluate personal problems carefully in terms of what criteria?

A)​Short-term consequences
B)​Medium-term consequences
C)​Long-term consequences
D)​None of the above

Question 18

What becomes the center of attention during puberty?

A)​Television
B)​School
C)​Career
D)​Body images

Question 19

According to the latest research on identity development of middle school students, it can be suggested that:

A)​Changes in identity will be permanent when in high school
B)​Identity is permanently established for the remainder of one's life span
C)​There is little change in identity during adolescence
D)​Identity involves a continuing process over the life span

Question 20

One's ability to process career information during adolescence is characterized as:

A)​Greatly improved but not near adult levels
B)​Similar to adult-like levels
C)​Somewhat improved
D)​Not very different from that of elementary students

Question 21

Self-esteem during the middle school years is:

A)​Not going to change very much
B)​Considered to be enduring
C)​Greatly affected by peer rejection
D)​Not influenced very easily

Question 22

Describe how ones self-awareness and occupational knowledge are interrelated.

Question 23

Identify several advantages of career centers.

Question 24

Which sets of ambiguities are introduced by cognitive development of formal thought in the adolescent?

A)​Systemized thinking process to solve problems appropriately versus response to stimuli
B)​Systemized thinking process to solve problems appropriately versus unrestrained theorizing
C)​Extreme self-analysis versus concern about reactions of others
D)​Response to stimuli versus interpretations of observations

Question 25

Which of the following is a good reason for differentiating career counseling activities for certain groups of students?

A)​Athletic involvement
B)​Average grades
C)​Participation in extracurricular activities
D)​Sexual maturity

Question 26

Describe the three core elements that must be present in school to work systems.

Question 27

Students who have difficulty deciding about the future are in which identity stage?

A)​Foreclosure
B)​Moratorium
C)​Ending
D)​Identity diffusion

Question 28

What types of inventories are used in relation to an assessment model for career development to increase self-knowledge and self-awareness?​

A)​Interest and personality inventories only
B)​Interest inventories, personality inventories and value inventories
C)​Value inventories only
D)​Interest inventories only

Question 29

Discuss the positive factors of resiliency in middle school.

Question 30

During the process of puberty:

A)​The research is not clear on this subject
B)​Girls tend to grow faster than boys
C)​There is no difference between spurts of growth by sex
D)​Boys tend to grow faster than girls

Question 31

Define career infusion and give some specific examples.

Question 32

In middle school, students continue to utilize strategies introduced in elementary school to achieve which objectives?​

A)​The exploration of career information in greater detail
B)​Gain greater insight into self-concept and self-knowledge and to apply planning skills
C)​Both A and B
D)​None of the above

Question 33

According to which researchers, middle school and high school students benefit from guidance programs that inform them of the extent, type and variation of physiological changes in early adolescence and specifically address anxieties related to bodily changes?​

A)​Livson and Peskin
B)​Simmons and Blyth
C)​Kail and Cavanaugh; Richards and Larson; Sigelman and Rider; and Williams and Currie
D)​Mendle, Turkheimer and Emery

Question 34

Briefly discuss the importance and consequences of peer relationships in middle school.

Question 35

Educational and occupational exploration strategies may include:​

A)asking students to write a description of the type of persons they think they are, their preferences for activities (work and leisure), their strengths and weaknesses, their desires for a career someday and to discuss this with the class.
B)asking each student to visit a place in the community where he or she can observe someone involved in a career of interest; having students discuss their observations, such as type of work, working conditions or tools of the trade.
C)assigning students to construct a lifeline in which they designate places lived in and visited, experiences in school and with peer groups and major events; having them project the lifeline into the future by identifying goals.
D)both A and B.

Question 36

What is the major danger of the period of adolescence with regard to identity?

A)​Peer relationships
B)​Role confusion
C)​Identity diffusion
D)​Search for identity

Question 37

Introducing the concepts of self-image, self-worth and self-esteem by assigning small groups to discuss the relationships of these concepts to educational and occupational planning is an example of what type of strategy?​

A)​Self-knowledge strategy
B)​Career infusion model
C)​Educational and occupational exploration strategy
D)​Career planning strategy

Question 38

Choose the incorrect statement in the following list pertaining to implications for career development programs for students in middle school.

A)​Students in middle school who continue the process of awareness initiated in elementary school will recognize the changing nature of career commitment.The skills and knowledge learned to evaluate initial career choices will be used to evaluate multiple choices over the life span
B)​Students in middle school have difficulty identifying and evaluating their interests in relation to total life experiences.Learning to relate acquired skills to educational and occupational goals promotes exploratory reflection and activities
C)​Middle school students will greatly benefit from hands-on experience with skill activities associated with occupations.Basic and concrete experiences provide a means of learning skills used in work
D)​An unlimited knowledge of occupations makes it difficult for middle school students to relate in- and out-of-school activities to future jobs.Exposure to jobs and career fields should not be expanded