Deck 3: Birth and the Newborn Child

Question 1

Critics have argued that __________ are usually unnecessary; thus, the rate has decreased from 90% in 1970 to 15% in 2012.

A)crownings
B)episiotomies
C)vaginalectomies
D)amniocentesis

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The term __________ means that a woman has begun the birth process, but the process is taking longer than normal.

A)cesarean section
B)breech presentation
C)failure to progress
D)nonorganic failure to thrive

Answer 2

C

Question 3

__________ occurs when the baby's head appears at the outer opening of the vagina.

A)Birth
B)Transition
C)Delivery
D)Crowning

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Paton and Rocky are discussing their plan to get to the hospital for the delivery of their first child.How concerned should they be about the commute time to the hospital?

A)Plan well ahead.Get to the hospital quickly once labor begins.
B)Labor for first pregnancies is 24 hours, so they could book a flight to a different city and still make it to the hospital.
C)They shouldn't really worry about it too much; the average labor for first births is 12 hours.They should be able to make it!
D)Since they live in the city, they should take a cab; many children are born in cabs and cab drivers know what they are doing.

Question 5

During their peak duration, contractions last about __________.

A)3 to 4 minutes
B)2 to 3 minutes
C)60 to 90 seconds
D)30 to 60 seconds

Question 6

__________ is an incision made to make the vaginal opening larger.

A)Crowning
B)Episiotomy
C)Vaginalectomy
D)Amniocentesis

Question 7

When the amount of oxytocin in a human female's blood reaches a certain threshold, __________.

A)the likelihood of conception is at its highest
B)the process of birth begins
C)labor pains are decreased considerably
D)lactation begins

Question 8

According to the text, oxytocin is released by the __________.

A)fetus's liver
B)mother's uterus
C)fetus's placenta
D)mother's pituitary gland

Question 9

You are all waiting at home for the birth of your nephew.Your brother texts you and writes that he can see the top of the head.Your little sister asks what that means and you tell her that __________.

A)labor will take another two or three hours
B)something must be wrong and the head is stuck
C)your nephew is being born in the breech position
D)the baby is crowning and is about to be born

Question 10

The second stage of the birth process is called __________ and lasts about __________.

A)labor; 15 to 30 minutes
B)delivery; 30 to 60 minutes
C)transition; 1 to 5 hours
D)crowning; 12 to 24 hours

Question 11

What is the first stage of the birth process-and also the longest and most taxing stage?

A)labor
B)contraction
C)crowning
D)transition

Question 12

You are at one of your last scheduled prenatal office visits and the doctor has determined that your cervix has dilated to 10 centimeters.What should happen next?

A)You should get to the hospital; you are ready to deliver the baby!
B)You probably have at least a week of pregnancy left.
C)Your doctor just made up that number.
D)Something is not good.Cervixes do not dilate to 10 centimeters.

Question 13

The average length of labor averages __________ for first births and about __________ for subsequent births.

A)6 hours; 3 hours
B)12 hours; 6 hours
C)24 hours; 12 hours
D)36 hours; 24 hours

Question 14

During a birth, when is the umbilical cord usually cut and tied?

A)crowning
B)active labor
C)transitional labor
D)the third stage of birth

Question 15

Which of the following represents the correct order of the three stages of the birth process?

A)expulsion of the placenta and umbilical cord, labor, delivery of the baby
B)delivery of the baby, expulsion of the placenta and umbilical cord, labor
C)labor, delivery of the baby, expulsion of the placenta and umbilical cord
D)expulsion of the placenta and umbilical cord, delivery of the baby, labor

Question 16

The __________ during the third and final stage of labor.

A)amniotic sac ruptures
B)fetus's head crowns
C)fetus is born
D)placenta and umbilical cord are expelled

Question 17

__________ is/are responsible for the discomfort and pain associated with the labor birth process stage of labor.

A)Increased blood pressure
B)Low blood sugar
C)Muscular contractions
D)Increased adrenaline

Question 18

__________ is the hormone released by the mother's pituitary gland that is responsible for initiating contractions in the uterus as a precursor to labor.

A)Androgen
B)Estrogen
C)Testosterone
D)Oxytocin

Question 19

Your best friend has recently had a 9.5-pound baby after a long and exhausting labor.She tells you that during labor, her doctor performed an episiotomy to help ease and shorten the birth process.During this procedure, __________.

A)an incision is made to make the vaginal opening larger to prevent tearing
B)the fetus is delivered surgically
C)amniotic fluid is extracted so that genetic testing can be done
D)the fetus is in distress

Question 20

What are the common complications of the birth process?

A)failure to progress and breech presentation
B)inverted infant and hormonal stress
C)ineffective epidural
D)maternal heart stress

Question 21

Zarah is anxiously awaiting the birth of her first niece.She sees one of the nurses and asks how things are going.The nurse suggests that it might be a while because her sister is experiencing "failure to progress." The girl's grandmother overhears the conversation and becomes very uneasy.What should Zarah tell her grandmother?

A)That simply means that labor is taking longer than they expected.
B)The fetus is probably going to be born breech.
C)The fetus is in distress and an emergency cesarean section will likely be performed.
D)The cervix has not dilated at all.

Question 22

Approximately __________ of fetuses present in the breech position.

A)4%
B)20%
C)36%
D)50%

Question 23

A cesarean, or C-section delivery ___________.

A)is a delivery process that takes longer than a vaginal delivery
B)occurs when the cervix is dilated to 10 cm wide
C)is a procedure that surgically opens the mother's abdomen and retrieves the baby directly from the uterus
D)occurs when the fetus is turned around so that the feet or the buttocks are presented in the birth canal first

Question 24

If a woman in labor experiences failure to progress, she can stimulate progress __________.

A)by doing yoga
B)by walking
C)through massage
D)by stretching

Question 25

If failure to progress continues for an extended period of time, what can be used to stimulate labor?

A)oxygen
B)gonadotropin
C)synthetic oxytocin
D)follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 26

The fetus is in a breech presentation when __________.

A)the feet or buttocks are down
B)the head is down and the face is away from the mother's spine
C)the head is down and face is toward the mother's spine
D)the body is horizontal

Question 27

Medical knowledge has led to methods that genuinely help mothers and babies only during the past __________.

A)200 years
B)100 years
C)50 years
D)10 years

Question 28

Childbed fever was vanquished in the 1940s in the United States and Europe when obstetricians began to __________.

A)start making house calls
B)use vaccinations
C)wash their hands
D)use aspirin and acetaminophen

Question 29

During the 15th century, __________ became suspected of being witches, resulting in many being put to death.

A)nurses
B)pregnant women
C)fertility specialists
D)midwives

Question 30

What is true about the C-section method of delivery?

A)The procedure is named for the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius.
B)Following a C-section, women take longer to heal than from a vaginal delivery.
C)C-sections have higher rates of maternal-to-fetus infectious transmissions.
D)C-sections reduce the risk of maternal disease transmission to the infant.

Question 31

Mehrak is HIV-positive and pregnant.Her physician wants to minimize the risk of the virus being transmitted to her child.Which of the following will help to minimize the risk of HIV transmission?

A)having a vaginal birth
B)having a Cesarean section
C)having a breech presentation
D)having a short prenatal period

Question 32

The field of obstetrics first emerged in the __________.

A)17th century
B)18th century
C)19th century
D)20th century

Question 33

Which statement describes the consequences from doctors in the 19th and 20th century who did not regularly practice hand-washing hygiene before assisting with childbirth?

A)Mothers developed childbed fever and died from infection following childbirth.
B)Nearly half of the children born died from infections contracted during birth.
C)Mothers developed a life-saving immunity from multiple infectious diseases.
D)Newborns had a decreased risk of contracting disease or illness.

Question 34

__________ were commonly used before the 18th century to latch onto the baby's head to help extract it from the womb.

A)Claws
B)Forceps
C)Fires
D)Hooks

Question 35

Tokiko is 9 months pregnant and her doctor just gave her a dose of synthetic oxytocin.Why would a doctor administer this at the end of her pregnancy?

A)It will help increase the lung capacity of the baby.
B)This will help her progress through the third stage of labor.
C)Oxytocin will help stimulate contractions and progress labor.
D)This helps the placenta be expelled.

Question 36

Breech births are potentially dangerous because __________.

A)the umbilical cord can be constricted, leading to brain damage
B)the fetus can get stuck in the birth canal
C)the fetus's heart might stop beating
D)the mother can lose consciousness

Question 37

Compared to other animals, the birth process for human beings is complicated by __________.

A)the size of the infant's head
B)the infant's muscle-to-fat ratio
C)the amount of amniotic fluid expelled
D)the mother's expectation of the birthing process

Question 38

Over the course of evolutionary history, the female body and pelvis did not grow in size, but the human brain's size __________.

A)decreased by half
B)did not change
C)doubled
D)more than tripled

Question 39

If the umbilical cord is constricted during delivery, which of the following is a potential danger for the fetus?

A)insufficient oxygen and brain damage
B)a toxic buildup of iron in the blood stream
C)elevated blood pressure and higher than normal heart rate
D)slow capillary refill, and cold and clammy skin

Question 40

Most births throughout history were administered by __________.

A)midwives
B)nurses
C)physicians
D)shamans

Question 41

In traditional cultures, who invariably assists the mother in the birth process?

A)the father
B)the oldest daughter
C)older women
D)nurses

Question 42

Your father's family lives in Norway, and his sister is expecting a baby.She mentioned speaking with her midwife, and you were surprised to hear this-when your mother's sister had a baby in the United States, the birth took place in a hospital.Your Norwegian aunt assures you that midwife-assisted births are very common.In fact, they account for __________ of all births.

A)nearly 100%
B)about 70%
C)around 50%
D)about 35%

Question 43

The current rate of midwife-assisted births in the United States is approximately _________.

A)10%
B)30%
C)50%
D)70%

Question 44

__________ was the method used to heavily medicate women in labor so that they became less inhibited, which helped them to relax and promoted cervical dilation.

A)Twilight sleep
B)Drug-induced coma
C)Hypnosis
D)Labor napping

Question 45

How does a woman from the Guatemalan culture or from the Ojibwa tribe of Native Americans become a midwife?

A)through an extensive apprenticeship
B)though a supernatural calling in a dream or vision
C)through a lottery selection system
D)through popular vote by the village elders

Question 46

__________ is a drug-and-technology-free approach to childbirth.

A)Obstetrician-assisted childbirth
B)Lamaze
C)Bradley
D)Natural childbirth

Question 47

___________ were commonly used during the 19th century to relieve pain during childbirth.

A)Aspirin and alcohol
B)Aspen bark and poppy seed extract
C)Digitalis and foxglove
D)Ether and chloroform

Question 48

In the United States, what percentage of births include electronic fetal monitoring?

A)55%
B)70%
C)85%
D)100%

Question 49

What is true about the outcomes of those mothers choosing the option of "home birth"?

A)Home births are safe for any pregnant woman wishing to give birth at home.
B)The probability of infant death during or in the first month after a home birth is greater than for infants delivered in a hospital.
C)Home births require more medical interventions.
D)Home births account for more than 5% of all births in the United States.

Question 50

What percentage of births are assisted by midwives in Norway?

A)nearly 100%
B)about 75%
C)just at 50%
D)less than 25%

Question 51

Which of the following is a device that is used to track the fetus's heartbeat via a monitor that attaches externally to the mother's abdomen or directly by running a wire through the cervix and placing a sensor on the fetus's scalp?

A)electronic fetal monitor
B)amniocentesis
C)epidural
D)electroencephalograph

Question 52

From the 1930s through the 1960s, it was standard practice in hospitals in Western countries to __________.

A)have women in labor walk between contractions
B)prevent women from entering hospitals until active labor
C)heavily medicate women in labor
D)encourage women in labor to deliver at home

Question 53

What technique of labor rejects medical technology and interventions and promotes breathing techniques to diminish pain?

A)twilight sleep
B)natural childbirth
C)cesarean birth
D)puffing childbirth

Question 54

__________ involves injecting an anesthetic drug into a mother's spinal fluid to help her manage the pain of labor while also remaining alert.

A)A cesarean section
B)An epidural
C)Amniocentesis
D)Transfusion

Question 55

What happens when fathers are present for the birth of their children?

A)Mothers experience slightly longer labor and decreased satisfaction with the birth experience.
B)Most fathers feel uncomfortable and eventually leave the birthing room.
C)Mothers experience slightly shorter labor and greater satisfaction with the birth experience.
D)Fathers become nauseated and require medical treatment themselves.

Question 56

Midwives tend to be __________.

A)young women
B)sisters of the woman giving birth
C)older women who have never had children
D)older women who have had children

Question 57

A classmate just returned from an educational trip to a traditional culture.During her visit, she was surprised that fathers are not involved at all during the process of labor.Who is more likely to assist the mother through labor and delivery?

A)the father
B)the oldest daughter
C)older women
D)nurses

Question 58

The Arapesh of New Guinea believe the birth process is spiritually unclean.Which of the following is more likely to occur there?

A)The infant will have to be cleansed immediately following birth.
B)Birth is allowed to take place only at the outskirts of the village.
C)The mother will have to travel to the city and give birth in a hospital.
D)The family must pray to the Birthing Gods before the birthing process can occur.

Question 59

A __________ is the person who helps with the birth process; she is generally older and has direct experience or has been trained in assisting births.

A)nanny
B)midwife
C)wet nurse
D)shaman

Question 60

Which statement best describes the belief of many traditional cultures about the birth process?

A)It is unfair that the man does not have a similar process.
B)Only women of status should have the right to bear children.
C)It puts the woman in the state of being spiritually unclean.
D)It is socially inappropriate and should not be rewarded in any way.

Question 61

Describe what birth is like for women in at least one culture where the birth process is accompanied by fear rather than purely celebration.If possible, specify the country.

Question 62

What is Twilight Sleep, and would you have wanted to experience it? Why or why not?

Question 63

Describe the current recommendations set forth by the Mayo Clinic for how to handle labor pain in nonmedical ways.

Question 64

Give one reason that a woman would deliver by C-section (not including convenience of scheduling).

Question 65

Which of the following is a common practice used by midwives in an effort to ease discomfort?

A)magical rituals
B)massages
C)cesarean sections
D)epidurals

Question 66

Your friend just brought her newborn home and was very concerned that her baby's head was not right.There were two spots that seemed like the skull did not close.She thinks that there is a problem; what do you think?

A)There is no problem.Those spots are fontanels and are supposed to be there.
B)You think that she should have her baby get corrective surgery before anyone else sees her.
C)You are not sure, but you think that she should take her baby to her doctor as soon as possible.
D)It appears to you that the baby might have bone cancer.

Question 67

Maternal mortality has __________ since 1980, but neonatal mortality is highest for __________.

A)been rising steadily; Latinos
B)dropped steeply; African Americans
C)remained the same; Whites
D)been rising steadily; African Americans

Question 68

In an effort to reduce the risk of neonatal mortality in developing countries, UNICEF recommends that __________.

A)women avoid using midwives during delivery
B)women limit their delivery location options to hospitals that specialize in labor and delivery
C)necessary medical items are readily available to ensure clean umbilical cord care
D)skilled personnel such as trained midwives are in attendance

Question 69

The typical newborn is __________ long and weighs __________.

A)18 inches; 6.5 pounds
B)19 inches; 7.0 pounds
C)20 inches; 7.5 pounds
D)21 inches; 8.0 pounds

Question 70

The pieces of the newborn's skull grow together, and the fontanels disappear around __________.

A)6 months
B)12 months
C)18 months
D)24 months

Question 71

For the infant's head to more easily pass through the birth canal, the skull contains two soft spots, called __________, one on top and one toward the back of the head.

A)crown covers
B)ligaments
C)skull skin
D)fontanels

Question 72

The rates of neonatal and maternal mortality are higher in __________ countries than in __________ countries.

A)developed; developing
B)South American; African
C)developing; developed
D)European; African

Question 73

Many cultures use some kind of __________ position during the birthing process.

A)vertical
B)inverted
C)upright
D)left lateral

Question 74

Which ethnic group has the highest rate of neonatal mortality in the United States? Provide some reasons for these differences.

Question 75

Describe a technological advance that has made birth safer for the mother and the baby in developed countries.Are there potential drawbacks to consider? Explain.

Question 76

What is one evolutionary adaptation to assist in delivering the fetus?

A)The fetus is smaller than expected.
B)The fetus's skull is not yet fused.
C)The vaginal opening is very large.
D)The fetus still has a very small brain.

Question 77

Neonatal mortality has __________ across ethnic groups in the United States since 1980.

A)increased sharply
B)dropped steeply
C)remained the same
D)decreased little

Question 78

The first 28 days of a newborn's life is the most vulnerable time for __________.

A)contracting disease
B)developing lung problems
C)detecting heart defects
D)survival

Question 79

Name at least one part of the world where rates of C-sections are low.Explain why.

Question 80

Many cultures believe the placenta should be disposed of properly.Some in Western cultures choose to __________.

A)eat it on top of "placenta pizza"
B)bury the placenta
C)burn the placenta
D)make a skin lotion from the placenta