Deck 4: Infancy

Question 1

Compared to other animals, the human brain is very large at birth, but it is also __________.

A)well developed
B)malformed
C)relatively immature
D)nearly adult-like

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is the most appropriate method to soothe an infant who is teething?

A)the use of a teething ring, a cold wet washcloth, or topical pain relievers
B)the use of frozen popsicles
C)the use of children's acetaminophen or ibuprofen
D)the use of a cotton ball that is soaked in whiskey

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Growth and development in infancy proceeds from the head downward, which is known as the __________.

A)head first, body second principle
B)cephalocaudal principle
C)proximodistal principle
D)top-down principle

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In animals, quite a bit of brain development occurs prenatally.When does this same brain development occur in human infants?

A)prenatally as well
B)during the first year of life
C)only during the fetal period
D)after the first year of life

Question 5

Which statement bests describes the proximodistal growth pattern?
a.The proximodistal growth pattern is the principle of development in which growth begins at the top, or the head, and proceeds down toward the rest of the body.
b.The proximodistal growth pattern is the principle of development in which growth proceeds from the middle of the body outward toward the extremities.
c.The proximodistal growth pattern is the principle of development in which specialization of certain body parts occurs before lateralization.
d.The proximodistal growth pattern in the principle of development in which body parts used most frequently develop in an accelerated rate compared to those body parts used less frequently.

Question 6

As the first teeth break through the skin of the gums, and in the weeks before this happens, most babies experience discomfort and pain called __________.

A)teething
B)gumming
C)eruption
D)enameling

Question 7

Zuni has a 6-month-old daughter who has been a really good baby, but now she is irritable and reluctant to bottle-feed.She thinks that she is doing something wrong as a mother.You tell her that her daughter is __________.

A)probably teething
B)probably doesn't like the formula
C)going through a growth spurt
D)probably at risk for seizures

Question 8

In the first year of life, infants accumulate fat, which helps the infant __________.

A)maintain a constant body temperature
B)maintain high energy levels
C)build muscle
D)create brain cells

Question 9

A couple of months ago, your friend's baby was sleeping through the night.Now she is waking up quite a bit at night.This is not only frustrating but concerning.She knew that you took a developmental course and wants to know if you have any ideas.What do you tell her?

A)Her baby is probably teething.
B)It sounds like night terrors.
C)She might need to eat more frequently due to a growth spurt.
D)Sometimes there are just no reasons.

Question 10

On average, an infant will weigh about ___________ at 1 year of age.

A)14 pounds
B)22 pounds
C)28 pounds
D)35 pounds

Question 11

Maxie, who is 7 months old, drools heavily, coughs frequently, and gnaws on her hands every chance she gets.Which of the following likely explains Maxie's behaviors?

A)indigestion
B)teething
C)a cold
D)the sucking reflex

Question 12

The production of neurons starts __________ of prenatal development and most are produced __________ of prenatal development.

A)in week 1; in the beginning
B)in week 3; in the beginning
C)by week 7; by the middle
D)by week 12; by the middle

Question 13

When do infants usually get their first tooth?

A)between 1 and 2 months
B)between 5 and 9 months
C)between 10 and 12 months
D)between 14 and 16 months

Question 14

Your aunt and uncle are worried.Your cousin is 7 months old and does not have a tooth yet.What would you tell your aunt and uncle?

A)Your cousin might be toothless his entire life.
B)Most infants do not get their first tooth until between their 5th and 9th months, so he is still doing fine.
C)Give him cow's milk to trigger his teeth to break through the gums.
D)He should have had his first tooth around his 2nd month.

Question 15

Why do babies who are getting new teeth bite?

A)It helps stimulate enamel production.
B)It helps to soothe the pain and discomfort.
C)It helps the teeth erupt through the gums.
D)It allows the teeth to be planted firmly in the jawbone.

Question 16

Helena first developed the ability to control her head.She then could sit up unassisted and eventually could walk.This progression of motor development is called the __________.

A)cephalocaudal principle
B)thoracic torso principle
C)phalange-metatarsal principle
D)proximodistal principle

Question 17

At birth, the size of an infant's brain is __________% of an adult's brain, and by age 2 it is __________% of an adult's brain.

A)5%; 50%
B)15%; 60%
C)25%; 70%
D)35%; 80%

Question 18

During the first year of life, height increases at a rate of about __________.

A)¼ inch every two weeks
B)½ inch every three weeks
C)1 inch per month
D)1½ inches per month

Question 19

By the end of his or her first year, the typical infant __________.

A)weighs 20% less due to the loss of baby fat
B)remains the same weight during the second 6 months
C)doubles his or her body weight
D)triples his or her body weight

Question 20

Lorenzo first develops the ability to control his chest, then his arms, then his hands, and finally his fingers.This progression of motor development is called the __________.

A)cephalocaudal principle
B)thoracic torso principle
C)phalange-metatarsal principle
D)proximodistal principle

Question 21

Chemicals that enables neurons to communicate across synapses are called ___________.

A)neurotoxins
B)neurocommunicators
C)neurotransmitters
D)neurochems

Question 22

At 6 months of age, American infants sleep about 14 hours a day, whereas infants who are the same age in Kenya sleep about 12 hours a day, and infants in the Netherlands sleep about 16 hours a day.This variation is best explained as __________.

A)reflexive responses
B)cultural practices
C)innate preprogramming
D)biological influence

Question 23

__________ describes the brain's high responsiveness to environmental circumstances.

A)Plasticity
B)Sensitivity
C)Growth
D)Pruning

Question 24

The __________ is the band of neural fibers that connects, and allows communication, between the two hemispheres of the brain.

A)cerebral callosum
B)corpus connection
C)corpus callosum
D)neural connection

Question 25

Which of the following analogies is similar to synaptic pruning?

A)stocking up on one of everything to make sure you always have the proper tool
B)transplanting a tree to a place where there is more sunlight
C)over-growing seedlings and then weeding out ones that are not needed
D)watering a flower twice a day so it does not dry out

Question 26

Which statement is true regarding the process of myelination?

A)Myelination is active the first year of life but slows in rate beginning in late adolescence.
B)Myelination is active the first year of life but stops at age 35.
C)Myelination is active the first year of life but continues at a slower rate past age 40.
D) Myelination is a process that occurs throughout the lifetime.

Question 27

Your neighbor's infant daughter has epilepsy.They are considering surgery to help with the seizures, but they are worried that permanent brain damage will result.What should you tell them?

A)At that age, the brain is "plastic," so that a different part of the brain can likely take over the functioning of the damaged area.
B)They should carefully consider this option in that any damage will be permanent.
C)It will be difficult to tell whether there will be brain damage because infants do not really do much.
D)They should proceed with caution in that; if there is any brain damage in the left hemisphere, their daughter might never learn to speak.

Question 28

__________ is a tiny gap between neurons across which neural communication takes place.

A)A neurotransmitter
B)The synapse
C)A dendrite
D)Myelin

Question 29

Dr.Dober enters the hospital room of an infant who sustained brain damage in a car accident.After providing solace to family members, he tells them that the good news is that the infant is young, and his brain is not fully mature.As compared to an adult's brain, the infant's brain has not been shaped or formed but is still highly responsive to the environment, and the prognosis is good.Dr.Dober's prognosis illustrates ___________.

A)cognitive neurology
B)brain plasticity
C)biological physiology
D)neural psychology

Question 30

The ____________ is a peanut-sized structure in the limbic system of the brain that regulates basic animal functions such as hunger, thirst, hormonal levels, body temperature, and sexual desire.

A)hypothalamus
B)thalamus
C)hippocampus
D)cerebral cortex

Question 31

The __________ is the outermost portion of the forebrain; it contains four regions with distinct functions.

A)frontal cortex
B)cerebral cortex
C)thalamus
D)hypothalamus

Question 32

__________ is the process in which neuronal connections that are used become stronger and faster and the neuronal connections that are not used wither away.

A)Brain death
B)Axonal withering
C)Synaptic pruning
D)Intellectual development

Question 33

The _________ lobes are responsible for processing auditory information, including language.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 34

The text describes Romanian orphanages in the early 1990s in which all of the infants had been seriously deprived of nutrition, love, attention, and cognitive stimulation.What was found regarding cognitive development for the children who were adopted when they were older than 6 months of age?

A)They had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than the children adopted at less than 6 months of age.
B)They recovered extremely quickly.
C)They were initially impaired but recovered by the time they were 2 years old.
D)They recovered very slowly, but by the time they were 18 were similar to others their age.

Question 35

The _________ lobes are responsible for advanced processes such as planning for the future, decision-making, and production of spoken language.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 36

At birth, the neurons have only a few connections.By age 2, each neuron is connected to __________.

A)about as many as at birth
B)hundreds or thousands of other neurons
C)millions of other neurons
D)billions of other neurons

Question 37

Neurons communicate chemically across small gaps called __________.

A)synapses
B)neuronal gaps
C)transmitter nodes
D)myelin

Question 38

Which statement is true regarding the communication pathway of neurotransmitters?

A)The soma releases the neurotransmitters while the axons receive the neurotransmitters.
B)The myelin releases the neurotransmitters while the soma receives the neurotransmitters.
C)The axons release the neurotransmitters while the dendrites receive the neurotransmitters.
D)The dendrites release the neurotransmitters while the myelin receives the neurotransmitters.

Question 39

The __________ encases axons to protect them and increase the speed of communication between neurons.

A)neuronal sheath
B)dendritic sheath
C)synaptic sheath
D)myelin sheath

Question 40

Neonates, on average, sleep _________ hours a day, of which _________ is spent in REM.

A)18-20; 40%
B)16-17; 50%
C)14-15; 60%
D)12-14; 70%

Question 41

Which statement is true for infants in developing countries?

A)Infants who are bottle-fed have a mortality rate that is five times higher than those who breast-feed.
B)Infants who are breast-fed have a mortality rate twice as times higher than those who are bottle-fed.
C)Malaria is a major cause of death for infants worldwide.
D)Infants have a natural immunity to the flu bacteria before the age of 1 year.

Question 42

During the "BACK to Sleep" campaign, stomach sleeping went from 70% to 20%.What happened to the rate of SIDS deaths?

A)It declined by approximately 90%.
B)It declined by approximately 50%.
C)Unfortunately, it made no difference.
D)Unfortunately, it increased by 20%.

Question 43

Most infants begin to eat solid foods, along with formula or breast milk, during their __________.

A)first year
B)second year
C)third year
D)fourth year

Question 44

Which the following are known factors related to sudden infant death syndrome?

A)a high Apgar score, low irritability, and colic
B)a family history of SIDS and high irritability
C)soft bedding, sleeping stomach-down, and low birth weight
D)hard bedding, sleeping back-down, and low irritability

Question 45

Newborn Patrick and his 2-year-old sister Larsen share the same bed as their parents.This family practices __________.

A)parental sleeping
B)cosleeping
C)communal sleeping
D)familial sleeping

Question 46

When you are visiting friends who just had a newborn, you notice that the baby's room is very warm and she is wrapped in two layers of clothing.Even though it is winter, what do you tell your friends?

A)Their daughter looks peacefully asleep.
B)This is the best position for an infant to be in.
C)Be careful not to overheat the room or overdress the baby as it puts her at risk for SIDS.
D)Their daughter might grow up with a flat nose from being laid on her stomach.

Question 47

__________ describes when an infant who does not have any apparent illness or disease simply falls asleep and never wakes up.

A)Activation synthesis
B)Sudden infant death syndrome
C)Nocturnal enuresis
D)Neurological plasticity

Question 48

Why do non-Western parents believe infants should not sleep alone and be isolated in their own rooms?

A)They agree that this should be the way that infants sleep.
B)They view it as a form of child neglect.
C)They view it as way to increase independence.
D)They view it as punishment.

Question 49

The leading cause of death for infants 1 to 12 months of age in developed countries is __________.

A)SIDS
B)leukemia
C)accidents
D)malnutrition

Question 50

__________ are the leading causes of neonatal mortality.

A)Parental neglect and abuse
B)Accidents and injuries
C)Accidental poisoning and drowning
D)Severe birth defects and preterm birth complications

Question 51

Cameron lives in the United States and takes her infant to the pediatrician's office, where she is advised to begin introducing solid foods.It is safe to assume that Cameron's daughter is close to __________.

A)4 to 6 months old
B)9 to 10 months old
C)11 to 12 months old
D)at least a year old

Question 52

You and your pediatrician get into an argument regarding where your infant should sleep.You strongly believe that she should sleep with you, while your pediatrician insists that it can be dangerous for her not to sleep in her own crib.What would be your argument?

A)There is no medical reason that your infant cannot sleep with you, since nearly all cultures outside of the West use some form of cosleeping during infancy.
B)Pediatricians do not care as much about infants as parents do.
C)There is scientific evidence that infants who sleep in cribs in different rooms grow up developmentally deprived.
D)Pediatricians do not seem to understand the emotional need to have the infant in the same room.

Question 53

__________ occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy, and they become lethargic.

A)Failure to thrive
B)Human growth hormone deficiency
C)Marasmus
D)Progeria

Question 54

__________ is a major killer of infants, responsible for about one million infant deaths per year, mainly in Africa.

A)Malaria
B)Dysentery
C)Asthma
D)Eczema

Question 55

__________ is/are the leading cause of death for infants in developed countries between birth and 1 year of age.

A)Accidents
B)SIDS
C)AIDS
D)Chromosomal disorders

Question 56

Why do infants need more fat in their diets than at any other time in life?

A)to provide them with insulation from the elements
B)to fuel brain growth
C)to fuel bone density
D)to create an extra layer of body that that helps cushion their falls when learning to walk

Question 57

Which of the following is a risk factor for SIDS?

A)maternal diabetes
B)maternal smoking during pregnancy
C)paternal asthma
D)paternal chromosomal disorders

Question 58

Lipsitt (2003) extensively examined SIDS and found that infants were most vulnerable to succumbing to SIDS between 2 and 4 months of age.Why?

A)They still do not have fully developed their immune systems.
B)Many women stop breast-feeding at this time and the protection stops.
C)This time represents a transition from reflex behavior to intentional behavior.
D)Weight poses a problem for infants during this time.

Question 59

Which statement accurately describes the effects of malnutrition on infants?

A)Due to brain plasticity, the effects of malnutrition have limited long-term impact.
B)Malnutrition before 3 months of age causes more long-term damage to physical growth than to cognitive growth.
C)Any detrimental effects from malnutrition can be overcome with medical treatments.
D)Effects of malnutrition during infancy are especially severe and enduring.

Question 60

__________ is a known factor that increases the probability of SIDS.

A)The family having pets
B)Sleeping stomach-down instead of flat on the back
C)Having average birth weight and a high Apgar score
D)The infant being born in the morning

Question 61

The integration and coordination of sensory information is called __________.

A)intermodal perception
B)binocular vision
C)depth perception
D)gross motor skills

Question 62

Coverage for major infant vaccines is approximately __________ worldwide, but in some African countries the rates are below __________.

A)60%; 20%
B)70%; 30%
C)80%; 40%
D)90%; 50%

Question 63

The key to depth perception is __________, the ability to combine the images of each eye into one image.

A)retinal disparity
B)myopic vision
C)monocular vision
D)binocular vision

Question 64

__________ in infants was first demonstrated in a classic experiment by Eleanor Gibson and James Walk (1960) with their use of a table called the "visual cliff."

A)Depth perception
B)Fine motor skills
C)Attachment
D)Temperament

Question 65

Relative to the development of intermodal perception, which of the following is the most complex task an 8-month-old infant can perform?

A)An infant can walk, run, jump, and kick a soccer ball.
B)An infant recognizes objects he or she has put in the mouth but have not seen before.
C)An infant looks longer at a video of a puppet jumping up and down in time with music than at the same puppet when the jumping does not match the music.
D)An infant can match an unfamiliar person's face with the correct voice when the faces and voices vary on the basis of age and gender.

Question 66

One of the evolutionary developments that make humans anatomically distinctive among animals is the __________.

A)advanced brain stem
B)triple arch of the foot
C)mammary gland
D)opposable thumb

Question 67

From research that compares gross motor development of infants from various cultures, it is clear that environment has __________.

A)a large effect on gross motor development by age 6
B)no effect on gross motor development
C)permanent effects on gross motor development by age 6
D)a relatively small effect on gross motor development by age 6

Question 68

__________ is a treatment for diarrhea in which infants are fed a solution of salt and glucose mixed with clean water.

A)Oral rehydration therapy
B)Hydro replacement therapy
C)Saline-based hydration
D)Electrolyte replenishment

Question 69

You have an infant who is 11 months old.She can hold small objects between her thumb and forefinger, such as marbles, coins, and crayons.You are amazed at this ability and believe that she is highly advanced.What is your pediatrician likely to say?

A)She is highly advanced; children generally do not do this until 2 years of age.
B)She is engaging in the pincer grasp, which most children do around this age.
C)She should be doing quite a bit more, so she is actually less developed.
D)She is likely to be an artist.

Question 70

__________ is the ability to discern the relative distance of objects in the environment.

A)Binocular vision
B)Distance vision
C)Depth perception
D)Far-sightedness

Question 71

Throughout history, various cultural groups have attempted to protect infants from disease and illness; however, they know very little of the true causes.As a common practice, many cultural groups developed __________.

A)vaccinations and immunizations to protect their infants
B)practices to protect their infants
C)laws and codes to protect their infants
D)mechanical tools and safety devices to protect their infants

Question 72

Young Claudia reaches out to grasp her blocks and turns them from side to side, often stacking one atop another.It appears Claudia is using her __________ skills to play with the blocks.

A)fine motor
B)gross motor
C)cephalocaudal motor
D)whole-body motor

Question 73

By 9 to 12 months of age, infants can hold a small object between the thumb and forefinger, such as marbles, coins, and crayons.This is called __________.

A)the plantar grasp
B)the pincer grasp
C)the drawing grasp
D)the palmar grasp

Question 74

__________ development includes balance and posture as well as whole-body movements.

A)Cephalocaudal motor
B)Whole-body motor
C)Fine motor
D)Gross motor

Question 75

__________ is the basis of fine motor development, the deft movements of our hands that enable us to make a tool, pick up a small object, throw a weapon, or thread a needle.

A)Binocular vision
B)Bipedal motion
C)The opposable thumb
D)The vertical stance

Question 76

Ache babies are carried nearly every minute of the day and do not walk until around the age of 2 years.This is partly because Ache children prefer to be carried.What are the differences in gross motor development at the age of 6 years between Ache children and children who are not carried exclusively for so long?

A)Ache children are much less active.
B)Ache children are considerably less coordinated.
C)There are no differences.
D)Remarkably, Ache children are more advanced.

Question 77

Benton is concerned about reports of a link between autism spectrum disorder and vaccines.His son Gideon is due for his next series of vaccines.Although rumors have circulated on the internet that some immunizations may actually cause harm to children-for example, by triggering autism spectrum disorder or SIDS-scientific studies have found __________.

A)a link to ADHD
B)no basis for these claims
C)a link to boys
D)a link to girls

Question 78

What is the term that describes the actions that neonates take when they extend their arms awkwardly toward an interesting object?

A)primordial grasping
B)prereaching
C)plantar reflex
D)palmar reflex

Question 79

The ability to combine the images of each eye into one image is called __________.

A)distance vision
B)depth perception
C)binocular vision
D)far-sightedness

Question 80

The Fulani people of West Africa believe a sharp knife should be kept near the baby to ward off evil witches who might wish to take its soul.Compliments to the baby should be avoided so that the evil spirits will consider the infant invaluable and unattractive.The Fulani people believe unattractive infant nicknames such as "Cow Dung" will keep the evil spirits at bay.This describes how cultures developed __________.

A)biological explanations for their physical world
B)practices to protect their infants
C)a moral code that is incongruent with modern society
D)laws and values that are consistent with modern medicine