Deck 6: Early Childhood

Question 1

From ages 3 to 6, the typical American child grows __________ inches per year and adds __________ pounds.

A)1-3; 1-5
B)2-3; 5-7
C)6-9; 7-10
D)9-12; 9-12

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Children begin to lose their "baby" teeth around age __________.

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Vladimir is 3 years old and preparing for his first dental visit.Beyond a routine cleaning, Vladimir may also be given __________ to prevent tooth decay.

A)Novocain for his incoming molars
B)a fluoride rinse and sealants
C)water that is fortified with calcium
D)teeth-whitening gum

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Wealthier parents have children who weigh more and are taller because those parents __________.

A)can pay maids to feed their children
B)have access to more nutritional foods
C)allow their children to eat at fast-food restaurants
D)are generally genetically much taller

Question 5

By age 3, the brain is about __________ of its adult weight, and by age 6 it is __________.

A)50%; 70%
B)60%; 80%
C)70%; 90%
D)80%; 100%

Question 6

In developing countries, what causes a considerably lower average for height and weight during early childhood?

A)higher nutrition and a lower likelihood of childhood diseases
B)lower parental care and the lack of folic acid
C)lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases
D)higher parental care and an abundance of folic acid

Question 7

Your brother is very impressed with his 4-year-old daughter's development, particularly in emotional regulation.He asks your opinion about his observations, and you tell him that her advances in development are likely due to __________.

A)superior genetics
B)growth in her frontal lobe
C)superior parenting
D)the new preschool that she is now attending

Question 8

Provided equal levels of nutrition and health care, individual differences in weight and height gains during childhood can be attributed to __________.

A)genetics
B)education
C)gender
D)religion

Question 9

Layla is 3 years old.How many teeth would you expect her to have?

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)25

Question 10

Which statement is true regarding the relationship between diet and dental health in early childhood?

A)Fluoridation of water in developing countries is routine and has greatly reduced the incidence of childhood cavities.
B)Children from all socioeconomic backgrounds are at equal risk of developing cavities.
C)Because children in developing countries have diets lower in excessive sugars and starches, they are at decreased risk for tooth decay.
D)Children in most developing countries have more tooth decay than those in developed countries.

Question 11

When Andrew turns 3 years old, one can expect him to weigh __________.

A)20 pounds
B)30 pounds
C)40 pounds
D)50 pounds

Question 12

The __________ is a bundle of nerve fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

A)corpus callosum
B)reticular formation
C)hippocampus
D)amygdala

Question 13

Increase in brain size and weight during early childhood is due to the increase in __________.

A)cerebral spinal fluid
B)blood volume
C)the number of neurons
D)synaptic connections and myelination

Question 14

Your neighbor's daughter seems to eat candy quite a bit between meals.Her parents are worried about this and ask you if you consider it a problem.What would you tell her parents?

A)The excessive sugar increases her risk of developing cavities.
B)Sugar and starches are nutritional beneficial for growing children.
C)Candy helps soothe her and is linked to positive emotional development.
D)Most children today eat like this, and it is not likely to be a problem.

Question 15

According to UNICEF, which factor is likely to negatively influence gains in height and weight in early childhood for those in developing countries?

A)gender
B)education
C)religion
D)socioeconomic status

Question 16

Kamaria is a 4-year-old girl from Kenya.Her parents struggle to provide a nutritious diet for the family.Many days the family shares a single pot of rice between them.Unable to access or afford medical services, Kamaria and her siblings have not been vaccinated against many of the childhood diseases prevalent in her village.If her situation remains the same throughout her childhood, Kamaria is likely to be short for her age, a process referred to as __________.

A)shortening
B)stunting
C)dwarfism
D)malnutrition

Question 17

Alannah lives in the United States and is 35 inches tall and weighs 30 pounds.She is in good health, and her pediatrician says she is developing at a normal pace.Knowing her height and weight, it is safe to say that Alannah is around __________.

A)2 years old
B)3 years old
C)6 years old
D)7 years old

Question 18

What percentage of North American children have at least one dental cavity between the ages 2 and 5?

A)5%
B)10%
C)20%
D)30%

Question 19

The typical 6-year-old is __________ tall and weighs an average of __________.

A)15 inches; 25 pounds
B)30 inches; 35 pounds
C)45 inches; 45 pounds
D)60 inches; 55 pounds

Question 20

Growth throughout the cerebral cortex __________.

A)takes place in spurts between ages 3 and 15 throughout the different lobes
B)gradually takes place throughout the different lobes, ending by age 16
C)occurs most significantly in spurts between age 2 and 5
D)takes place primarily in the frontal lobe and is complete by age 15

Question 21

What percentage of children under age 5 worldwide experience a protein deficiency?

A)12%
B)18%
C)21%
D)25%

Question 22

Which of the following are the most common types of malnutrition for children in developing nations?

A)lack of protein and lack of iron
B)lack of calcium and lack of iron
C)lack of potassium and lack of zinc
D)lack of folic acid and lack of fat

Question 23

Yvette was diagnosed with Lyme disease and is having with balance, walking a straight line, and simple motor movements.Which of the following areas of her brain would you suspect is being affected by the disease and causing her symptoms?

A)the cerebellum
B)the reticular formation
C)the hippocampus
D)the corpus callosum

Question 24

You are comparing the nutritional value of diets between ethnic groups in the United States to complete a sociology project.Which statement reflects your findings relative to nutrition and ethnicity of children in the United States?

A)African American children consume fewer soft drinks than White children do.
B)Latino children consume less fast food than African American children do.
C)White children have a lower intake of calcium than Latino or African American children do.
D)Immigrant children consume less fast food than their native-born counterparts.

Question 25

Iron deficiency is to __________ as protein deficiency is to __________.

A)kwashiorkor; anemia
B)anemia; kwashiorkor
C)marasmus; osteoporosis
D)amnesia; anemia

Question 26

Your 5-year-old son has not been eating a balanced diet lately even though you provide well-balanced meals for him.You tell him that if he eats all of his vegetables, you will let him have dessert.Although many parents in the United States bribe their children in this manner, what is the likely result?

A)Children learn to eat a balanced diet.
B)Children come to associate vegetables with dessert and begin eating quite a bit more vegetables.
C)Bribing children to eat their vegetables results in children viewing healthy foods as a trial and unhealthy foods as a reward.
D)Children refuse to eat vegetables unless they get sweet treats before eating vegetables.

Question 27

As the rate of physical growth __________ in early childhood, food consumption __________.

A)increases; grows as well
B)remains the same; is constant
C)slows down; diminishes as well
D)increases; slows down

Question 28

Researchers propose that our ability to remember events from the first years of life is due to changes in the __________.

A)hippocampus
B)reticular formation
C)temporal lobe
D)cerebellum

Question 29

Which brain system is involved in attention?

A)cerebellum
B)hippocampus
C)reticular formation
D)corpus callosum

Question 30

__________ is the most common nutritional deficiency for children in the United States.

A)Fluoride
B)Folic acid
C)Calcium
D)Iron

Question 31

The inability to remember much information before the age of 4 or 5 is known as __________.

A)infantile amnesia
B)childhood disease
C)toddler amnesia
D)baby amnesia

Question 32

Over the last three decades, as children have consumed __________, calcium deficiencies in early childhood are more common.

A)less milk and more soft drinks
B)more milk and less soft drinks
C)less cheese and more red meat
D)more chicken and less red meat

Question 33

Myelination increases in early childhood, particularly in the cerebellum.What is the function of the cerebellum?

A)It connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
B)It is involved in balance and motor movements.
C)It is involved in attention and attention span.
D)It prevents infantile amnesia.

Question 34

On average, a 4- or 5-year-old child has an attention span of __________.

A)1-2 minutes
B)5-10 minutes
C)10-15 minutes
D)15-30 minutes

Question 35

What proportion of 3-year-old American children receive less than the recommended amount of calcium?

A)a third
B)a quarter
C)two-thirds
D)half

Question 36

The World Health Organization has estimated that __________ of children in developing countries lack sufficient food or essential nutrients.

A)40%
B)60%
C)80%
D)100%

Question 37

Sancho is watching his 17-month-old son Troy struggle to catch up with his older brother.As Sancho observes the awkward and effortful movements of his younger son, he is reminded that Troy's ability to walk, run, and remain balanced depends on __________.

A)the increase in synaptic pruning in the frontal lobe of his brain
B)the substantial increase of myelination in the corpus callosum and cerebellum
C)the amount of calcium he receives through his diet
D)the encouragement and assistance from others in his environment

Question 38

You and your roommate are discussing your early childhoods and your first day of preschool.She is frustrated because she cannot remember anything related to that first day.She remembers stories that her parents told her about her first days of school because it was right at the time of the events of 9/11, but she does not actually remember the events herself.You would tell her that the inability to remember significant events before the ages of 4 or 5 is common and refers to a loss of __________ memory.

A)autobiographical
B)false
C)semantic
D)episodic

Question 39

Which of the following is a part of the brain that is involved in attention and is responsible for an increased attention span during early childhood?

A)orbital cortex
B)reticular formation
C)limbic system
D)cerebellum

Question 40

Your 5-year-old daughter has not eaten very much in the past couple of days.You are a bit worried, but after thinking about your human development course, you remember that 5-year-old children __________.

A)rarely eat until their 6th birthday
B)may eat plenty one day and not as much the next day
C)experience serious changes in their taste buds during this time and might avoid eating
D)are likely sneaking in snacks between meals; you will need to watch her carefully

Question 41

__________ is the preference for using either the right or left hand in gross or fine motor activities.

A)Dominancy
B)Digital choice
C)Handedness
D)Ambidextrous

Question 42

A friend is worried about his son, who is very active and is constantly injuring himself.To help him worry less, you tell him that this behavior is very typical because his son's __________.

A)motor development is advanced enough to do quite a bit, but his cognitive development is not able to anticipate situations that might be dangerous
B)motor development is not yet very advanced and, he is going to be involved in many accidents
C)visual processing is lagging behind his motor development, and he simply cannot see very well
D)attention skills are not yet fully developed, and his son is likely to not pay attention to his father's warnings to be careful

Question 43

The most common cause of injury in early childhood is __________.

A)leukemia
B)drowning
C)falling
D)measles

Question 44

Gross motor skills are to __________ as fine motor skills are to __________.

A)throwing; writing
B)writing; throwing
C)running; jumping
D)jumping; running

Question 45

Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths.This is because the lack of sufficient food __________.

A)slows the development of myelination
B)increases the likelihood of failure to thrive
C)reduces the effectiveness of the immune system
D)increases competition for calories and children lose out

Question 46

Common in early childhood, minor illnesses occur in children from developed countries at a rate of approximately __________ per year.

A)2 to 3
B)4 to 6
C)7 to 10
D)11 to 14

Question 47

Sienna is kicking a soccer ball around the backyard.This is an example of Sienna's __________.

A)gross motor skills
B)fine motor skills
C)ambidextrous motor skills
D)elementary motor skills

Question 48

Four-year-old Kitimbu has been tired, irritable, and inattentive for the last few months.Because his diet lacks __________, he is likely suffering from __________.

A)calcium; kwashiorkor
B)iron; anemia
C)calcium; osteoporosis
D)iron; marasmus

Question 49

The most common causes of death for young children in developing countries are diseases and illnesses such as pneumonia, malaria, and __________.

A)AIDS
B)measles
C)diarrhea
D)flu

Question 50

Sang, a 5-year-old Vietnamese boy, is in the local emergency clinic.Based on statistics, which of the following is the most likely cause?

A)choking
B)accidental burning
C)parental abuse
D)an accident

Question 51

Which statement best describes gross motor development in early childhood?

A)Gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appear in toddlerhood.
B)Gross motor development in early childhood regresses to an earlier state.
C)Gross motor development in early childhood is unpredictable.
D)Gross motor development in early childhood is dependent on fine motor development.

Question 52

Miller is learning to use a pencil to draw a smiley face on a sheet of paper.Miller is demonstrating her __________.

A)gross motor skills
B)fine motor skills
C)ambidextrous motor skills
D)elementary motor skills

Question 53

In developing countries, 95% of child deaths are due to __________.

A)parental abuse
B)motor vehicle accidents
C)illness and disease
D)accidental burning

Question 54

The mortality rate for children under age 5 has been greatly reduced in developing nations as a result of __________.

A)improved parental education and increased level of income
B)increased iron consumption and decreased childhood vaccinations
C)increased parental income and increased level of education
D)improved food production and increased childhood vaccinations

Question 55

Rates of early childhood injury among 1- to 14-year-olds due to accidents are __________ than in developed countries.

A)six times higher in Vietnam
B)five times higher in South Africa
C)two times higher in India
D)four times higher in China

Question 56

Olivia is beginning to show a definite preference for using her left hand.She is most likely in which developmental stage?

A)early childhood
B)infancy
C)prenatal
D)middle childhood

Question 57

Your older brother's college roommate is an artist.He was very much hoping that his 5-year-old daughter would grow up to be artistic as well.At this point, she can draw some shapes pretty well, like circles and triangles, but that is about it.He is a bit worried.What would you tell him?

A)She is not likely to ever be very skilled in drawing.
B)She probably will be a gifted athlete.
C)She is developing in a typical manner for fine motor skills.
D)She is lagging far behind other children her age in drawing.

Question 58

Grey just celebrated his 4th birthday.His mother wants to plan a special party for Grey and five of his friends.If Grey's mother considers age-appropriate development, which kind of party makes the most sense?

A)a swimming party
B)a skating party
C)a gymnastics party
D)a bowling party

Question 59

A deficiency in __________ is experienced by the majority of children under age 5 in developing countries; this deficiency leads to fatigue, irritability, and sustaining attention.

A)iron
B)calcium
C)phosphorus
D)beta-carotene

Question 60

Boys are more likely than girls to experience injuries in early childhood.Why?

A)Girls are rarely involved in physical activities.
B)Caretakers tend to watch over girls more carefully.
C)Boys tend to play rougher and are more physically active.
D)Boys muscles are less developed and less resilient to injury.

Question 61

Being right-handed is more common in Western countries such as the United States and Canada.Is this also the case in other parts of the world? Explain.

Question 62

Are there sex differences in height and weight between the ages of 3 and 6 years? Explain.

Question 63

Similar to the percentage of right-handed adults, what percentage of fetuses use their right hand when sucking their thumb?

A)30%
B)50%
C)70%
D)90%

Question 64

Which statement accurately reflects cultural beliefs about handedness?

A)Many paintings in Western art depict the devil as right-handed, highlighting the sinister nature of right-handedness.
B)Many Asian and Middle Eastern cultures consider it inappropriate to use the left hand for activities because it is most often used to wipe after defecation.
C)Left-handedness is supported and encouraged in most African countries.
D)Right-handedness is relatively rare among the Chinese, suggesting right-handedness may be suppressed from childhood onward.

Question 65

__________ is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes.

A)Animism
B)Egocentrism
C)Reversibility
D)Conservation

Question 66

According to Piaget, children from the ages of 2 to 7 are in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 67

According to Piaget, representational thought is demonstrated when children __________.

A)remember where they left play objects
B)recognize their family members
C)internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities
D)externalize their true wishes and desires

Question 68

In the preoperational stage, children are unable to perform __________, cognitive procedures that follow certain logical rules.

A)scaffolding
B)mental operations
C)symbolic thoughts
D)functional operations

Question 69

In many cultures, left-handedness is __________.

A)only appropriate for males
B)acceptable for childhood but not adulthood
C)regarded with acceptance and equality
D)regarded with fear and contempt

Question 70

The ability to reverse an action mentally is called __________.

A)conservation
B)egocentrism
C)reversibility
D)animism

Question 71

In a developing country, such as Africa, what is the most likely to cause the death of a toddler? Is this different from the leading cause of death for toddlers in the United States? Explain.

Question 72

You are visiting your sister, who has 4-year-old twins.They ask whether they can have some milk, and you are pouring it for them.You choose one glass that is tall and thin and one that is short and wide.After you pour the milk, your niece is unhappy because you gave "more" milk to your nephew.You actually gave each of them the same amount, but your niece and nephew lack the mental ability to __________.

A)conserve
B)operate
C)center
D)tertiary operate

Question 73

Macy and Stacy are identical twins.They are __________ genetically similar and are more likely than ordinary siblings to __________.

A)50%; differ in handedness
B)100%; differ in handedness
C)50%; be similar in handedness
D)100%; be similar in handedness

Question 74

What is the term that is used to describe young children's thinking in which they often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects?

A)conservation
B)egocentrism
C)centration
D)animism

Question 75

Which statement best captures why a child may fail a water conservation task?

A)"They can reverse the action mentally and can see that the amount of water is the same."
B)"They fail to understand that the amount of water remains the same even though the appearance of the water changes."
C)"They have a weak attention span and are unable to pay attention to the researcher's instruction."
D)"They focus on both the glass height and the amount of water used in the task."

Question 76

Sabine is a 6-year-old girl from Great Britain.She has two siblings: her 3-year-old sister Shiloh and her 5-year-old brother Shamus.Describe one fine motor skill and one gross motor skill that Sabine is better at than her younger sister.Describe one skill that her brother is better at than his older sister.Explain.

Question 77

In terms of handedness, adopted children show a greater resemblance to their __________.

A)biological parents
B)adoptive parents
C)biological siblings
D)adoptive siblings

Question 78

Describe two changes in the brain that explain why Jamil, a 6-year-old, can listen attentively during library story hour and participate in the craft activity that follows it, but his 3-year-old sister Anna is more interested in walking around and exploring various sections of the library.

Question 79

The preference for using a particular hand probably occurs as a function of __________.

A)genetics
B)training
C)observational learning
D)the fetus leaning on a particular side that frees up one hand or the other for movement

Question 80

Describe a nutritional problem that is more likely to be experienced in a developing country than a developed country.Include the consequences and explain what, if anything, can be done to avoid this problem.