Deck 7: Middle Childhood

Question 1

Hearing improves in middle childhood because the tube in the inner ear that is often the site of ear infections in toddlerhood and early childhood has now matured to be longer and narrower than it was before.How does this help with ear infections?

A)The tympanic membrane becomes less permeable.
B)It allows the immune system to concentrate its efforts on this area.
C)Children develop immunity to the bacteria that cause ear infections during this time.
D)Less bacteria-containing fluid flows from the mouth to the ear.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What process in the brain accelerates reaction time in middle school in both fine and gross motor skills?

A)the increased production of motor neurons
B)a decrease in presynaptic pruning
C)the increased myelination of the corpus callosum
D)a decrease in the speed of neuronal communication

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which statement accurately describes the differences between boys and girls relative to changes to physical development that occur in middle childhood?

A)Girls tend to have more muscle than boys among 6- to 11-year-olds.
B)Between ages 6 to 11, boys measure higher than girls in lower body strength.
C)Between ages 6 to 11, girls measure lower than boys on upper body strength.
D)Boys grow stronger than girls after age 11.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When he was 6 years old, Perry used to chase his older brother, Marcus, in the backyard, but became winded sooner than Marcus did.Now that Perry is 10 years old, he can run faster and longer than ever before and has less trouble keeping up with Marcus's pace.This is a result of increased __________ in middle childhood.

A)lung capacity
B)fine motor movement
C)flexibility
D)myopic vision

Question 5

Development in __________ allows children in middle childhood to respond rapidly to changing information, like hitting a tennis ball or catching a baseball.

A)reaction time
B)eye-hand coordination
C)myelination
D)muscular virility

Question 6

What do studies suggest children can do to decrease their risk of developing myopia?

A)Limit reading books to no more than an hour per week.
B)Spend time outdoors on a daily basis.
C)Wear eye protection when outdoors.
D)Limit computer use to less than 2 hours per day.

Question 7

Children are able to perform movements in activities that require the synchronization of different body parts.This is referred to as __________.

A)balance
B)reaction time
C)agility
D)coordination

Question 8

In middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace of __________ inches per year and __________ pounds per year.

A)1 to 2; 2 to 4
B)2 to 3; 5 to 7
C)4 to 5; 7 to 9
D)8 to 9; 10 to 12

Question 9

Improvements in __________ in middle childhood allow a child to stay steady on a bike without training wheels or walk on a board across a river.

A)balance
B)strength
C)hand-eye coordination
D)reaction time

Question 10

What is the measure of the ratio of weight to height called?

A)growth index
B)body fat index
C)body mass index
D)W-H index

Question 11

The American Optometric Association recommends children participate in outdoor activities using the 20-20-20 rule.What is the meaning of this rule?

A)Children should spend 20 minutes a day outside over a span of 20 days.
B)Children should spend 20 minutes a day talking to 20 friends over a span of 20 days.
C)For every 20 minutes spent outside, children should spend at least 20 minutes reading 20 pages from a book.
D)For every 20 minutes spent on a computer or reading, children should spend 20 seconds looking at things at least 20 feet away.

Question 12

__________ is the ability to move quickly and precisely, whereas __________ is the response to changing information.

A)Agility; reaction time
B)Reaction time; agility
C)Coordination; strength
D)Strength; coordination

Question 13

Approximately __________ of 9- to 10-year-olds in Ireland and the United States have myopia.

A)10%
B)15%
C)20%
D)25%

Question 14

At age 7, Felix is a much better soccer player than he was at age 4.Not only is he a fast runner, but he can dribble the soccer ball down the field by alternating right-foot, left-foot kicks.He can also fake out defenders by pretending to kick the ball with his right foot but actually using his left foot.Felix's improvement in soccer illustrates growth in which of the following areas?

A)balance
B)agility
C)reaction time
D)strength

Question 15

Your sister came home from a pediatrician's visit with your 9-year-old nephew and was very worried because the doctor told her that your nephew has myopia.She was also very unhappy because the pediatrician failed to give her medication to treat it.What would you tell her about myopia?

A)It simply means nearsightedness.
B)It is an intense fungal infection of the sclera.
C)It results in permanent retinal damage.
D)It is a disease of the eye that occurs only in children with cancer.

Question 16

Myopia is also known as __________.

A)farsightedness
B)nearsightedness
C)binocular vision
D)monocular vision

Question 17

During which of the following time periods of life are boys and girls most likely to have the lowest body mass index?

A)infancy
B)middle childhood
C)adolescence
D)late childhood

Question 18

Your sister has an 8-year-old who seems to be losing his teeth at a rapid pace.This is her first child and she is concerned.You would tell her that from ages 6 to 12 years, children __________.

A)lose all of their primary teeth-this is normal
B)lose some of their teeth but at a very slow rate
C)do not lose any teeth-she needs to consult a dentist immediately
D)only lose the front few teeth

Question 19

Clarice, a voracious reader, enjoys reading books on her electronic tablet.What is a potential problem that can occur as a function of an abundance of reading and using computers?

A)hyperopia
B)protanopia
C)myopia
D)retinopathy

Question 20

In the United States, __________ of boys and __________ of girls are involved in organized sports at least once between the ages of 5 and 18.

A)82%; 75%
B)71%; 63%
C)66%; 52%
D)59%; 49%

Question 21

Six-year-olds can __________, whereas 8-year-olds can __________.

A)divide numbers in their head; add numbers in their head
B)add numbers in their head; divide numbers in their head
C)write in cursive; write letters of the alphabet
D)write letters of the alphabet; write in cursive

Question 22

What is the impact on development from malnutrition that begins after age 3?

A)Children will likely develop permanent and severe cognitive deficits.
B)Children will develop temporary physical deficits but not cognitive deficits.
C)Children will not likely experience permanent cognitive or behavioral deficits.
D)Children will develop temporary cognitive deficits but not physical deficits.

Question 23

What has the World Health Organization declared as one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century?

A)childhood malnutrition
B)childhood accidents
C)childhood disease
D)childhood obesity

Question 24

As compared to earlier times, physical development during middle childhood is best described as __________.

A)an exceptionally healthy time of life
B)a time when children are much more susceptible to disease and illness
C)a time in which children are at decreased risk of obesity
D)a time when bodies are physically weaker and immune systems are stressed

Question 25

Not many 3- or 4-year-olds can __________ successfully, but nearly all __________-year-olds can.

A)tie their shoes; 8- to 9
B)kick a ball; 5- to 6
C)pet a dog; 8- to 9
D)run and jump; 6- to 7

Question 26

According to Ogden et al.(2014), ________ have the highest rates of childhood obesity and __________ have the lowest rates of childhood obesity.

A)White males; African American males
B)African American females; Latino males
C)Latino males: Asian American females
D)Asian American males; White females

Question 27

Children are considered to be __________ if their BMI exceeds 18 and __________ if their BMI exceeds 21.

A)overweight; obese
B)obese; overweight
C)underweight; emaciated
D)emaciated; underweight

Question 28

Health experts recommend __________ of __________ a day for children ages 6 to 17, but it appears that only 20% of them actually do.

A)20 minutes ; physical activity
B)45 minutes; aerobic exercise
C)60 minutes; physical activity
D)90 minutes; weight-bearing exercise

Question 29

In a Guatemalan study that examined nutrition and development, children who were classified as having __________ were more likely than children with __________ to explore new environments in middle childhood and persist in a frustrating situation.

A)low body mass index; high body mass index
B)high body mass index; low body mass index
C)low nutrient levels; high nutrient levels
D)high nutrient levels; low nutrient levels

Question 30

Barrett and Frank (1987) studied children from Guatemala who were classified as having high nutrient levels or low nutrient levels.Compared to children with low nutrient levels, children with high nutrient levels were __________.

A)more likely to explore new environments and to persist in a frustrating situation
B)likely to cling to their mothers more
C)significantly more anxious
D)less likely to be energetic

Question 31

Which of the following fine motor tasks is within the appropriate developmental age range for a 6-year-old?

A)learning to indicate three-dimensional depth by overlapping objects
B)writing complete sentences, reading a 2nd-grade-level book and spelling words such as hippopotamus
C)running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles, and dribbling a soccer ball
D)writing in cursive, drawing three-dimensional shapes, and using symbolism in storytelling

Question 32

The results of a study of 200 children between 7 and 9 randomly assigned to a 9-month afterschool physical activity program (PA) or a control group revealed __________.

A)increases in physical capacity of those in the PA program reflected normal development
B)additional physical activity provided no increased benefits
C)increases in physical capacity of those in the PA program were far greater than those who did not participate in the PA program
D)too much physical activity has a negative impact on physical capacity

Question 33

Betsy, who is 8 years old, has gained a lot of weight over the past couple of years and her parents are concerned.At her annual physical exam, the doctor indicated that she had a BMI of 23.This means that Betsy __________.

A)is obese
B)is overweight
C)is of normal weight
D)is actually underweight for her age

Question 34

Alfredo was an All-American baseball shortstop.His 8-year-old son is not nearly as good at catching a baseball as Alfredo would like.He was hoping that his son would also be interested in and good at baseball.Although you think that Alfredo should support his son's interests rather than have his son pursue what Alfredo wants him to do, what can you tell Alfredo about his son's athletic abilities?

A)Gross motor skills continue to develop for quite a while, so he should be patient.
B)His son is probably not going to be athletic.He is too clumsy.
C)Perhaps Alfredo should enroll his son in gymnastics to help him improve his coordination.
D)His son's chance of being a great baseball player are doomed; the boy's fine motor skills seem to be abnormal.

Question 35

Which of the following changes is the largest contributor to the increased rate of overweight and obese children?

A)dietary change
B)genetic change
C)chromosomal change
D)biological change

Question 36

In many developing countries, children become valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their __________.

A)ability to perform gross motor tasks such threading a needle on a sewing machine
B)cognitive ability to perform complex conceptual tasks such as designing products
C)emotional stability, because some adult factory employees are hot-tempered
D)ability to perform intricate fine motor tasks such as weaving rugs

Question 37

By the end of middle childhood, the fine motor abilities have generally __________, whereas gross motor development __________.

A)remained the same; has grown exponentially
B)reached their pinnacle; grew very little
C)nearly reached adult maturity; will continue to advance for many years to come
D)tripled in strength; has declined rapidly

Question 38

In the United States, rates of overweight and obesity are higher in __________.

A)ethnic minority groups
B)high income families
C)first-generation families
D)White American families

Question 39

The abilities to solve cognitive problems without becoming distracted and to adjust one's strategy as the nature of the problem changes reflect __________.

A)a superior attention span
B)executive function
C)occipital lobe function
D)motor skill function

Question 40

Across countries, rates of overweight and obesity are highest in the most __________ regions and lowest in the __________ regions.

A)affluent; poorest
B)poorest; affluent
C)largest; smallest
D)smallest; largest

Question 41

By middle childhood, obesity is a risk factor for __________.

A)not being popular in middle school
B)ADHD, primarily hyperactivity-impulsivity type
C)schizophrenia
D)diabetes, leading to blindness, kidney failure, and stroke

Question 42

A major contributor to the __________ rate of obesity is that over recent decades people have become __________ likely to prepare meals at home and __________ likely to buy meals, particularly fast food, away from home.

A)increased; less; more
B)increased; more; less
C)decreased; less; more
D)decreased; more; less

Question 43

Researchers have identified a specific gene, called __________, that is thought to be responsible for sharply increasing children's risk for obesity.

A)OBE
B)FTO
C)OTO
D)FAT

Question 44

Your brother was happy to report to you that your 7-year-old niece and 8-year-old nephew both watch about 3 hours of educational television per day.He is convinced that this is a great way for his children to learn additional information that is not presented in school.You think that your niece and nephew are likely to __________.

A)develop technical skills that other children their ages do not possess
B)skip a grade level soon
C)be at risk of becoming overweight or obese
D)have high academic scores compared to their peers

Question 45

A longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from ages 4 to 11 found that TV watching and body fat were __________.

A)positively correlated-as TV consumption increased, body fat increased
B)negatively correlated-as TV consumption increased, body fat decreased
C)uncorrelated-there is no relationship between TV consumption and body fat
D)neutrally correlated-as TV consumption increased, body fat remained the same

Question 46

Which statement accurately reflects death rates during middle childhood?

A)In developed countries, death rates in middle childhood are relatively high compared to other periods in the life span.
B)In both developed and developing countries, death rates are lower in middle childhood than at any other period in the life span.
C)In both developed and developing countries, death rates are higher in middle childhood than at any other period in the life span.
D)In both developed and developing countries, death rates are equal in middle childhood to death rates in early childhood.

Question 47

What percentage of parents of obese children view their children as overweight?

A)90 to 95%
B)80 to 85%
C)70 to 75%
D)less than 50%

Question 48

Recent longitudinal research on potential origins of obesity has found that prenatal exposure to __________ during the second and third trimesters increases the risk of obesity.

A)fatty foods
B)alcohol
C)smoking
D)antibiotics

Question 49

Why are rates of overweight and obese children especially high among African American and Latino children?

A)They have no place to play outside.
B)They are genetically more likely to become overweight and obese.
C)Their mothers are less likely to prepare nutritious meals.
D)They tend to watch the most television per day.

Question 50

In a longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from ages 4 to 11, TV watching predicted gains in __________.

A)body fat
B)academic scores
C)cognitive ability
D)socioemotional maturity

Question 51

Your brother and sister-in-law do not like to cook and neither one of them seems to have a very good understanding of nutrition.Their 9-year-old son has a BMI of 24, but they are not concerned because they feel that he will simply outgrow being obese.You believe they should be more concerned because, as adults, overweight and obese individuals __________.

A)spend a considerable amount of their budget on fast food
B)are more likely to have high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer
C)are more likely to have ADHD
D)are more likely to be married to their jobs and ignore their families

Question 52

Research regarding childhood obesity in children who were adopted has found that adopted children __________.

A)have BMIs that are more similar to those of their adoptive parents
B)are likely to have the same interest in sedentary games as their biological parents do
C)crave sweets and fats like their biological parents
D)have BMIs that are closer to those of their biological parents than to their adoptive parents

Question 53

You are a parent of two children who are 7 and 9 years old.You have noticed that both of them are starting to look like they are gaining weight.According to the text, what is the most important thing that you can do to ensure that they will not become overweight or obese?

A)prepare healthy meals at home
B)never let them eat desserts
C)increase their activity levels
D)allow them to snack while playing video games

Question 54

In a longitudinal study, Proctor et al.(2003) found that children who watched at least 3 hours of television a day __________.

A)gained 40% more body fat than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day
B)earned better grades than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day
C)increased their reaction time scores by 35% compared to children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day
D)were more likely to develop Type II diabetes than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day

Question 55

You and your roommate are having a discussion of the "Westernization" of many developing countries.You are concerned about the ill effects of some of Western culture.In terms of the healthy weight of children in developing countries, children in developing countries __________.

A)can now get pre-packaged Western foods that contain precisely the nutrients that they require
B)require that their diets contain fluoride because of the great risk of tooth decay
C)need extra calories to be healthy and Western diets are not sufficient
D)are eating more unhealthy foods as a result of Western diets

Question 56

You have a friend whose parents are obese.Since he graduated from college, he has devoted a significant amount of his efforts to doing well in his new job, leaving him with less time to exercise and prepare healthy meals.Consequently, he has gained weight.He is concerned that since he must have the FTO gene, he is doomed to be obese like his parents.What would you tell him?

A)Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity, but environmental factors appear to set off a genetic tripwire for obesity.
B)Genetics is destiny.He might as well not worry about becoming obese since he is definitely going to be obese no matter what he does.
C)His weight gain has nothing to do with his parents.There really is no genetic relationship.
D)His parents must have eaten quite a lot of sweets and carbs before he was conceived and he now has the genes for obesity.

Question 57

Why are the rates of overweight and obese children in developing countries rising?

A)There is a worldwide shortage of protein.
B)Their children are becoming lazy.
C)Their diets are becoming more like the diets of developed countries.
D)They are acquiring the technology to play games on the internet for hours.

Question 58

In a naturalistic study of the Pima Indians in Arizona and Mexico, the Pima Indians who live in Mexico ate a diet that is high in vegetables and low in fat and sugars, while the Pima Indians who live in Arizona ate more like mainstream Americans.Which of the following best describes the result of this study?

A)The Mexican Pima Indians have a BMI that is 80% higher than that of the American Pima Indians.
B)The Mexican and American Pima Indians have equal BMIs.
C)The American Pima Indians have an average BMI that is 50% higher than the Mexican Pima Indians.
D)The study was a hoax to argue that eating a traditional diet was healthier, which is not true.

Question 59

Mackenzie constantly worries about Daniel, her toddler.She knows that this is a time of important physical and behavioral development and worries that every bump, bruise, or sniffle could negatively affect his future health and well-being.What can you tell Mackenzie as Daniel approaches middle childhood?

A)It is the safest and healthiest time of life.
B)She needs to be very careful because there is a spike in injury rates during this time.
C)More children get sick and injured during this time than when they were younger.
D)Most children suffer no illnesses or injuries during this time.

Question 60

Being obese __________ the likelihood that a child will be socially __________ and the object of __________ by peers.

A)decreases; accepted; envy
B)decreases; rejected; ridicule
C)increases; included; envy
D)increases; excluded; ridicule

Question 61

What is a risk factor associated with childhood asthma?

A)birth later than original due date
B)high SES status
C)parental smoking
D)a BMI that is too low

Question 62

What are the most common causes of injury in middle childhood, and what has led to a sharp decrease in the number of head injuries in middle childhood?

Question 63

Why are rates of asthma in developed countries higher now than in the past?

A)the increased installation of wood floors and exposure to the installation glue
B)an increase in the tendency to open windows when outside temperatures are cool
C)the prevalence of carpets within the home
D)an increased exposure to bacteria and viruses

Question 64

Explain why asthma rates have continued to rise over time in developed and developing countries.

Question 65

Which statement is true relative to rates of asthma?

A)Rates are lowest in middle childhood, with girls at higher risk than boys.
B)Rates are highest in middle childhood, with boys at higher risk than girls.
C)Rates are decreasing worldwide.
D)Rate are increasing primarily sin developing countries.

Question 66

What is myopia, and what is one reason that it increases in middle childhood?

Question 67

Why are there higher rates of asthma in developing countries than there used to be?

A)air pollution
B)poor water quality
C)increased number of fast-food restaurants
D)living in close proximity to animals in rural areas

Question 68

List at least two risk factors for asthma.

Question 69

__________ is a chronic illness of the lungs characterized by wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

A)Asthma
B)Eczema
C)Allergies
D)Psoriasis

Question 70

The __________ suggests that high standards of cleanliness and sanitation expose children to fewer viruses and bacteria, and because they have fewer illnesses in their early years, their immune systems are more susceptible to asthma.

A)sanitation explanation
B)cleanliness correlation
C)environmental theory
D)hygiene hypothesis

Question 71

Based on research, is there a sensitive period for long-term effects of malnutrition? Provide an example to support your response.

Question 72

There are many obvious environmental influences on obesity; is there any evidence for a genetic/biological explanation? Use research evidence to support your answer.

Question 73

What was the conclusion regarding the relationship between physical activity and cognitive development taken from a study of 200 children between the ages of 7 and 9 who were randomly assigned to either a 9-month afterschool physical activity (PA) program or a control group?

Question 74

An asthma attack can be triggered by __________.

A)an immunization
B)exercise or emotional stress
C)high levels of lead in gasoline
D)exposure to another asthmatic person

Question 75

Which of the following ethnic groups is especially likely to have childhood asthma?

A)Asian Americans
B)African Americans
C)Hispanic Americans
D)White Americans

Question 76

What is the most common cause of injury in middle childhood?

A)sports-related injuries
B)accidental poisoning
C)bicycle accidents
D)falling

Question 77

Imagine that you asked a 3-year-old and a 7-year-old from a developed country to draw a self-portraits.Besides the older child being neater, what are the differences you would see?

Question 78

Overall, how would researchers characterize the period of middle childhood in terms of health and safety? Explain, using at least one example to address illness and one to address injuries.

Question 79

During middle childhood, more children have received __________ and their __________ stronger, which contribute to a lower death rate.

A)vitamin B; lungs are
B)calcium; heart is
C)immunizations; immune systems are
D)viral infections; muscles are

Question 80

According to national U.S.studies, in 1978 nearly __________ of children ages 5-10 had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood, which can cause brain damage; by 2001, the rate had fallen to __________.

A)30%; 1%
B)40%; 5%
C)50%; 10%
D)60%; 15%