Deck 8: Adolescence

Question 1

Laurel's brain is approximately 95% of its adult size.How old is Laurel?

A)6 years old
B)12 years old
C)15 years old
D)18 years old

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What does the text describe as "a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron" that serves the function of keeping the brain's electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed?

A)synapse
B)lipids
C)cortex
D)myelin

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which statement accurately describes the impact of synaptic pruning?

A)Synaptic pruning slows brain processing in order to improve accuracy of thought.
B)The brain becomes more flexible and more amenable to change due to synaptic pruning.
C)Synaptic pruning allows the brain to work more efficiently and leads to brain pathway specialization.
D)Synaptic pruning increases the number of connections between the right and left hemispheres of the brain.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Pubertal changes begin when a threshold of __________ and results in biological changes in an adolescent's anatomy, physiology, and physical appearance.

A)body fat is reached
B)a specific age is reached
C)specific height is reached
D)after the rites of passage have occurred

Question 5

Although produced in both males and females, by the mid-teens, estradiol production in females is __________ times greater than it was before puberty, while testosterone production in males is __________ times greater than it was before puberty.

A)8; 20
B)12; 16
C)16; 12
D)20; 8

Question 6

Production of ova, or female eggs, and male sperm is a __________.

A)primary sexual characteristic
B)secondary sexual characteristic
C)tertiary sexual characteristic
D)gender-determining characteristic

Question 7

__________ describes a female's first menstruation, whereas __________ describes a male's first ejaculation of sperm.

A)Menarche; spermarche
B)Spermarche; menarche
C)Primary menstruation; foremost ejaculation
D)Foremost menstruation; primary ejaculation

Question 8

Considerable increase in synaptic connections, particularly in the __________, occurs around the time puberty begins in a process that neuroscientists call __________.

A)frontal lobes; synaptic exuberance
B)parietal lobes; pruning
C)temporal lobes; myelination
D)occipital lobes; synaptic expansion

Question 9

Your niece is a very intelligent person and is excelling in high school.In fact, it seems that she continues to get more intelligent, and she is doing especially well in biology, which she became interested in during middle school.What is happening to your niece, neurologically speaking?

A)overproduction
B)synaptic pruning
C)myelination
D)exuberance

Question 10

Females are born with all of the ova that they will ever have.According to the text, the average female has __________ eggs at puberty while only __________ ova are released during the course of a woman's reproductive life.

A)200,000; 200
B)300,000; 400
C)500,000; 600
D)700,000: 800

Question 11

Once a threshold of body fat is reached in middle childhood, chemical events are triggered in the brain that lead to __________.

A)the ovaries in boys and the testes in girls to increase production of the sex hormones
B)the ovaries in girls and the testes in boys to increase production of the sex hormones
C)the ovaries in girls and the testes in boys to decrease production of sex neurotransmitters
D)the ovaries in boys and the testes in girls to increase production of sex neurotransmitters

Question 12

Which of the following are two classes of sex hormones?

A)thalamus and hypothalamus
B)estrogens and androgens
C)dopamine and serotonin
D)cortisol and relaxin

Question 13

Your daughter is 9 years old and you have been talking about the changes that she will soon be experiencing.One of the topics that you are discussing is what happens during menstruation and what she can expect.You tell her that the first menstrual period has a special name.What is it?

A)spermarche
B)menarche
C)menstruational primacy
D)ovulation

Question 14

The word puberty is derived from the Latin word pubescere, which means to grow __________.

A)older
B)more mature
C)hairy
D)adult-like

Question 15

According to the text, how many sperm are in the typical ejaculation?

A)10,000 to 20,000
B)500,000 to 2 million
C)100 million to 300 million
D)800 million to 1 billion

Question 16

Which areas of the brain are associated with planning, problem solving, and moral reasoning?

A)frontal lobes
B)parietal lobes
C)temporal lobes
D)occipital lobes

Question 17

With regard to pubertal development for females, __________ is the most important estrogen, and for males, __________ is the most important androgen.

A)testosterone; estradiol
B)estradiol; testosterone
C)estriol; androsterone
D)androgen; estriol

Question 18

Your 15-year-old son has been what he calls "hormonal." He realizes that his emotions and feelings can be quite variable during this time of his life.In actuality, his levels of testosterone are about __________ than before puberty.

A)8 times higher
B)12 times higher
C)16 times higher
D)20 times higher

Question 19

You overheard your little sister and her best friend, who are both 8 years old, discussing what they thought about puberty and when they thought those changes would begin for them.Your sister is thin and her friend is considerably heavier.What is likely to occur in terms of the beginning of puberty for them?

A)They will both begin puberty at the same time.
B)Your sister, being thinner, is likely to begin puberty earlier.
C)Your sister's friend, having more body fat, is likely to begin puberty earlier.
D)They are not likely to be talking about puberty at this age.

Question 20

Thirteen-year-old Eric has developed tufts of hair under his arms.This change is what is known as one of the __________ sex characteristics.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quarternary

Question 21

In developed countries, menarche generally occurs at age __________, whereas in developing countries it generally occurs at age __________.

A)10.5; 17
B)11.5; 16
C)12.5; 15
D)13.5; 14

Question 22

Wang Shu lives in China and her cousin Hei Ryung lives in South Korea.According to your textbook, which statement is true regarding timing of the girls' menarche?

A)Asian females experience menarche much later than girls from other countries.
B)Due to her genetics, Wang Shu will experience menarche much earlier than Hei Ryung.
C)Wang Shu and Hei Ryung will experience their first menarche after the age of 18.
D)Because China and South Korea are experiencing rapid economic development, both girls are likely to experience their first menarche before age 15.

Question 23

Which of the following is the last structure of the brain to stop growing and when?

A)pre-frontal cortex; adolescence
B)frontal cortex; emerging adulthood
C)cerebellum; adolescence
D)cerebellum; emerging adulthood

Question 24

In the Kikuyu culture in Kenya, boys show the first physical changes of puberty __________ their female peers, which is __________ the Western pattern.

A)after; similar to
B)before; similar to
C)after; a reversal of
D)before; a reversal of

Question 25

In the past in many cultures, boys were required to engage in violent rituals in which they were to submit to and sometimes engage in bloodletting of various kinds.Why have these rituals declined in frequency or disappeared?

A)changes in religion practices
B)globalization
C)legislation
D)boys' refusal to participate

Question 26

Regarding the timing of the onset of puberty, which of the following is more at risk for a depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders, substance use, delinquency, aggressive behavior, and school problems?

A)a boy who experiences late-onset puberty
B)a girl who experiences late-onset puberty
C)a boy who experiences early-onset puberty
D)a girl who experiences early-onset puberty

Question 27

Johnny has begun to develop pubic hair and his genitals have shown increased development, while Bill has not yet experienced the same changes.Based on cultural differences in development noted in your textbook, Johnny is likely __________ and Bill is likely __________.

A)White; African American
B)African American; White
C)Asian American; Hispanic American
D)Hispanic American; Asian American

Question 28

Ellie is an eight-year-old girl who lives in a Western country in a large metropolitan area.If one were to compare Ellie to her mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother regarding the onset of puberty, one would predict that Ellie will experience puberty __________ others did in her family lineage.

A)younger than
B)older than
C)later than
D)similar to when

Question 29

Adequacy of __________ accounts for the average age of menarche being lowest in industrialized countries.

A)nutrition and medical care
B)exercise and education
C)parental care and knowledge
D)family relationships and friendships

Question 30

Your 17-year-old son didn't start showing signs of puberty until recently, and he still looks like he is 14 years old.What challenges might your son face as a late-maturing male?

A)He is likely to become socially awkward.
B)He is likely to spend too much time studying.
C)He is likely to be a homebody and prefer to stay at home rather than go out on the weekends.
D)He is likely to engage in deviant behavior.

Question 31

While the cerebellum had been considered to be involved only in basic functions, such as movement, recent research has revealed that its growth during puberty suggests that it is important for __________.

A)higher functions such as writing, art, judgment, social skills, and understanding humor.
B)higher functions such as decision-making, memory, and language comprehension
C)functions such as self-regulation, physical ability, judgment, and development of empathy
D)higher functions such as mathematics, music, decision-making, social skills, and understanding humor.

Question 32

Your 12-year-old daughter began puberty around age 9; now she is often mistaken for an 18-year-old.What challenges might your daughter face as an early-maturing female?

A)She is not likely to have boyfriends.
B)She is likely to be involved in substance abuse and delinquency.
C)She is likely to be ostracized due to extraordinary academic success.
D)She is likely to be considered too tall and thin by her classmates.

Question 33

In every Western country for which records exist, there has been a downward trend in the age of menarche over the last 150 years due to improvement of nutritional and medical knowledge.This trend is known as the __________.

A)secular trend
B)lowering trend
C)early onset trend
D)sooner trend

Question 34

For girls, menarche is the pubertal event that is most often marked by ritual.In many cultures, menarche initiates a monthly ritual related to menstruation that lasts throughout a woman's reproductive life because these cultures believe that menstrual blood is __________.

A)dangerous
B)magical
C)precious
D)medicinal

Question 35

On average, when do girls begin puberty compared to boys?

A)at the same time as boys do
B)2 years later than boys do
C)2 years earlier than boys do
D)4 years earlier than boys do

Question 36

Traditional puberty rituals for males do not focus on a particular biological event comparable to menarche for females but require a young man to __________.

A)prove his ability to gain financial wealth
B)display his intelligence and creativity
C)display courage, strength, and endurance
D)display his ability to control emotional expressions

Question 37

A bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah, the Catholic ritual of confirmation and the quinceañera of Latin American cultures are all formal customs that signify an individual's departure from childhood and his or her entrance into adolescence.These are collectively known as __________.

A)puberty rituals
B)psycho-cognitive stages
C)history-graded norms
D)aging confirmations

Question 38

One study found that at age 8, nearly 50% of __________ girls have begun to develop breasts, pubic hair, or both, compared with just 15% of __________ girls.

A)African American; White
B)White; African American
C)Asian American; Hispanic American
D)Hispanic American; Asian American

Question 39

April is from Latin America and is excited to celebrate her quinceañera.She has picked out the most beautiful dress and she knows that all of her family and friends will be there.April will soon __________.

A)have her 15th birthday
B)have a baby
C)graduate from high school
D)be married

Question 40

If the cultural environment is similar, variation in the order and timing of pubertal changes among adolescents appears to be due to the influence of __________.

A)ethnicity
B)birth order
C)genetics
D)phenotype

Question 41

Since peaking around 1980, rates of nearly all substance use have __________ among American adolescents.

A)increased slightly
B)remained the same
C)declined sharply
D)increased sharply

Question 42

Due to globalization, many cultural groups have minimized their use of puberty rituals for boys; however, in Africa the ritual of __________ is still maintained.

A)public wrestling
B)the warrior
C)public beatings
D)female circumcision

Question 43

Ramon engages in discrete periods of binge eating and he feels as if he cannot control himself.He often uses laxatives and regularly induces vomiting to get rid of the food he has just eaten.Knowing diagnostic criteria, one can assume that Ramon might manifest __________.

A)a feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood
B)pica
C)bulimia nervosa
D)anorexia nervosa

Question 44

Which of the following best describes the primary symptoms for anorexia nervosa?

A)excessive worry and anxiety, significant controlling one's worry, and the feeling of being wound up
B)eating less than needed to maintain body weight at or above normal weight for height, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image
C)episodes of binge eating, a sense of lack of control over eating during the episodes, and inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain
D)depressed mood most of the day nearly every day, and feeling sad or empty

Question 45

Your mother and father are examining hospital treatment facilities for your younger sister, who has just been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.What is the likelihood that she will improve with hospital treatment?

A)11%
B)22%
C)44%
D)66%

Question 46

Substance use in the United States is highest among __________ and lowest among __________ youth.

A)White; Latino
B)Native American; African American
C)White; Asian American
D)Latino; White

Question 47

__________ percent of American adolescent girls and __________ of boys believe they weigh too much, even though only 31% of American 10- to 17-year-olds are actually overweight by medical standards.

A)Sixty; 30%
B)Seventy; 25%
C)Eighty; 20%
D)Ninety; 15%

Question 48

Which substance over a lifetime is the source of more illness and mortality than all drugs combined?

A)prescription drugs
B)marijuana
C)cigarette smoking
D)alcohol

Question 49

Your best friend has been recently diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.Her mother and father are not really sure what they should do and think that your sister might improve on her own.You are very concerned because it took a couple of years before her parents insisted that your friend go to the doctor, and you know that anorexia can be a very serious problem.What is one of the major difficulties with anorexia?

A)10% will die from starvation or physical problems caused by the weight loss
B)30% will struggle with anorexia-like problems their entire lives
C)50% will never marry or have families
D)70% will acquire a more severe psychological disorder

Question 50

When Rachel looks into a mirror, she sees a fat person.However, she is extraordinarily thin for her height, has intense fear of gaining weight, and has a distorted body image.Knowing diagnostic criteria, one can assume that Rachel might manifest which of the following disorders?

A)anorexia nervosa
B)bulimia nervosa
C)pica
D)feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood

Question 51

Although critics call female circumcision __________, in adolescence it remains common in Africa, with rates of more than 70% in many countries and above __________ in Mali, Egypt, Somalia, and Djibouti.

A)barbaric; 60%
B)torturous; 70%
C)hymen intrusion 80%
D)female genital mutilation; 90%

Question 52

According to the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2017), about __________ of American adolescent girls and __________ of boys in grades 9-12 report engaging in eating disordered behavior in the past 30 days.

A)23%; 10%
B)15%; 7%
C)10%; 4%
D)5%; 1%

Question 53

The two most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia.What percentage of American adolescents have experienced anorexia nervosa or bulimia?

A)2%
B)3%
C)5%
D)7%

Question 54

Comparing the rates of eating disorder symptoms in adolescent girls in Germany and Finland to girls in the United States, it is clear that rates are __________ in the United States.

A)much higher
B)slightly higher
C)much lower
D)similar

Question 55

Critics have waged an international campaign against __________, citing it as a cruel and inhumane practice, yet it is still viewed as necessary in many African cultures in order __________.

A)male vasectomies; for a young man to be an acceptable marriage partner
B)male circumcision; for a young man to be an acceptable marriage partner
C)female mastectomies; for a young woman to be an acceptable marriage partner
D)female circumcision; for a young woman to be an acceptable marriage partner

Question 56

Why are rates of cigarette smoking lower among adolescents in the United States and Canada as compared to those in Europe?

A)Adolescents in the United States and Canada are more intelligent than European adolescents.
B)It is not illegal to sell tobacco products to European adolescents.
C)The U.S.and Canadian governments have waged large-scale public health campaigns against smoking.
D)Parents in the United States and Canada are less likely to smoke.

Question 57

You think that your niece is a very beautiful 15-year-old.At 5'5", she weighs 130 pounds, which her physician says puts her in the middle of the healthy BMI range.However, you have noticed that she has become a very picky eater and rarely finishes her meals.Based on what you've read about adolescent eating habits and weight, why might she be doing this?

A)She has already gone through her growth spurt and is probably not hungry.
B)She is probably trying not to gain weight or is actively dieting.
C)She probably has a thyroid problem and has no appetite.
D)She might have a hormone deficiency that leaves her not interested in eating.

Question 58

According to the Monitoring the Future's 2016 data, __________ of American high school seniors used alcohol in the past month, while __________ reported having been drunk at least once in the past month.

A)23%; 10%
B)33%; 20%
C)43%; 30%
D)53%; 50%

Question 59

According to the Monitoring the Future data, what percentage of high school seniors reported using marijuana in the past month?

A)12%
B)15%
C)18%
D)23%

Question 60

About __________ of eating disorders occur among females.Most cases of eating disorders have their onset among females in their __________.

A)90%; teens and early 20s
B)80%; teens and early 20s
C)70%; early to mid-20s
D)60%; early to mid-20s

Question 61

Give an example of a primary sex characteristic and of a secondary sex characteristic.

Question 62

Which of the following best describes the classification of social substance use?

A)trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again
B)using a substance during social activities with one or more friends
C)using a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness
D)becoming dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically

Question 63

__________ is the use of a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness, whereas __________ takes place when a person has come to depend on regular use of substances to feel good physically or psychologically.

A)Experimental substance use; social substance use
B)Social substance use; experimental substance use
C)Medicinal substance use; addictive substance use
D)Addictive substance use; medicinal substance use

Question 64

Briefly describe a puberty ritual of a non-Western culture.

Question 65

Jean Piaget used the __________ to illustrate and measure children's and adolescent's entrance into hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

A)pendulum problem
B)law of conservation task
C)visual cliff
D)three-mountains task

Question 66

Which of the following is the correct list of four classifications that young people can be grouped into as substance users?

A)experimental, social, medicinal, and addictive
B)medical, pharmacological, social, and experimental
C)pre-addictive, addictive, post addictive, and recovery
D)social, antisocial, asocial, and pre-social

Question 67

Which of the following best describes the classification of experimental substance use?

A)trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again
B)using a substance during social activities with one or more friends
C)using a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness
D)becoming dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically

Question 68

According to Piaget, children enter into the __________ stage about age 11 wherein children begin to understand __________.

A)sensorimotor; objects continue to exist even when they are not in sight
B)preoperational; that matter can change shape but does not necessarily change volume
C)concrete operational; the relationships between sets of objects
D)formal operations; how to think abstractly, logically, and systematically

Question 69

According to research conducted by the World Health Organization (2016), weekly alcohol use is highest among __________ 15-year-old boys and lowest among __________ 15-year-old girls.

A)French; Italian
B)English; Canadian
C)Italian; Irish
D)German; French

Question 70

Assuming you live in the United States, if you could go back in time and choose to mature early, late, or on time, what would you choose and why? Support your answer with research findings that include short-term and/or long-term effects.

Question 71

What are two causes of the secular trend in the decrease in the average age of menarche in Western countries from the mid-19th to the late 20th century?

Question 72

Recent neuroscience research findings have overturned previous beliefs about brain development during adolescence.Discuss at least one of these findings and its implications.

Question 73

Weiner (1992) proposed four classes of substance use, illustrating that adolescents use substances for a variety of purposes.Name and briefly describe two classes of substance abuse.

Question 74

Your roommate's younger brother just broke up with his girlfriend, who he has been dating for three years, and has been upset about it.When your roommate went home to visit, she noticed that her brother was using substances.She was surprised because he never had never done so before.He is likely __________.

A)experimenting
B)self-medicating
C)using substances socially
D)addicted

Question 75

The Piagetian task called the __________ was used to test whether a child had progressed from concrete to formal operations.

A)open-box problem
B)pendulum problem
C)three-mountain problem
D)blueprint problem

Question 76

Which of the following best describes the classification of medicinal substance use?

A)trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again
B)using a substance during social activities with one or more friends
C)using a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness
D)becoming dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically

Question 77

Your parents just found illegal substances in your younger brother's backpack.He is a good student and does well in sports.He told your parents that he has not used the drugs yet and was only interested in trying them.Considering what you learned in your developmental course, how likely is this?

A)He is a likely telling the truth; experimentation is one of the four major reasons that adolescents use substances.
B)He is probably lying, most drug abusers do.
C)He is not telling the truth; adolescents are either users or not users.
D)He is likely self-medicating.

Question 78

Samantha is a teenager and is having a really bad day; not only did she fail her chemistry test, but the person she wanted to go to the prom with asked someone else.She is feeling sad, lonely, and depressed.Having only drunk alcohol socially in the past, she becomes intoxicated after consuming four beers that she finds in her father's garage.Based on the four classifications of adolescent substance use, which of the following best describes Samantha's situation?

A)experimental substance use
B)social substance use
C)medicinal substance use
D)addictive substance use

Question 79

Which of the following best describes hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A)the ability to form stable concepts as well as to think in images and symbols
B)the ability to coordinate sensations and actions through reflective behaviors
C)the ability to transcend traditional ideas, rules, patterns, and relationships
D)the ability to think scientifically and apply the rigor of the scientific method to cognitive tasks

Question 80

According to research conducted by the World Health Organization (2016), cigarette use of at least once a week is highest among __________ 15-year-old girls and lowest among __________ 15-year-old girls and boys.

A)Bulgarian; Canadian
B)English; Canadian
C)Czech; American
D)German; French