Deck 1: A Cultural Approach to Human Development

Question 1

For most of human history how many children did women typically have?

A)1 to 2
B)4 to 8
C)10 to 12
D)13 to 15

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When did the world population reach 500 million people?

A)400 years ago
B)1,000 years ago
C)4,000 years ago
D)10,000 years ago

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Most of the people living in India live on __________ a day.

A)less than fifty cents
B)about one dollar
C)less than two dollars
D)about four dollars

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The ways people grow and change biologically, cognitively, psychologically, and socially across the life span is referred to as __________.

A)human development
B)evolution
C)change
D)growth

Question 5

Which statement accurately describes the trend in the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR) that has been occurring over the past 10 years?

A)The TFR has increased sharply.
B)The TFR has decreased sharply.
C)The TFR has held steady.
D)The TFR has increased gradually.

Question 6

The total human population in 2018 is about __________.

A)6 billion
B)6.5 billion
C)7 billion
D)7.6 billion

Question 7

For most of history the total human population was under __________.

A)1 million
B)10 million
C)100 million
D)1 billion

Question 8

If current trends continue, in what year will the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR) reach the replacement rate?

A)2020
B)2050
C)2080
D)3010

Question 9

Between 1800 and 1930, the human population doubled from 1 billion to 2 billion.What led to this increase in population?

A)government-controlled farming
B)globalization and shared resources
C)medical advances that eliminated deadly diseases
D)families had multiple children

Question 10

What is the current total fertility rate (TFR) worldwide?

A)1.4
B)2.5
C)4.2
D)5.6

Question 11

Which of the following most contributed to the large increase in world population that occurred around the 1800s to 1900s?

A)The average number of children per household increased from one to three children.
B)Fewer women were dying in childbirth because they waited longer to have children.
C)The domestication of animals provided a larger food supply.
D)More people lived due to the discovery of vaccinations and medical treatments for deadly diseases.

Question 12

The human population began to increase noticeably around 10,000 years ago.What has been hypothesized as the reason for the population increase at that time?

A)the discovery of medicine
B)the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals
C)an increase in the size of women's pelvic openings that assisted in labor
D)construction techniques that allowed for stronger homes that were better heated

Question 13

Based on statistics presented by the United Nations, how high is the human population projected to be by the year 2100?

A)9.5 billion
B)11 billion
C)11.6 billion
D)13 billion

Question 14

How is the total fertility rate (TFR) defined?

A)the number of births per woman
B)the number of conceptions per woman
C)the number of fetuses that were spontaneously aborted
D)the number of women taking fertility drugs

Question 15

The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, and nearly all the countries of Europe are examples of __________.

A)developed countries
B)developing countries
C)collective cultures
D)individualistic cultures

Question 16

Your best friend Anaya lives in India, which is described as a country that has less wealth but is experiencing rapid economic growth.Anaya lives in one of the world's __________.

A)impoverished countries
B)developed countries
C)developing countries
D)population-rich countries

Question 17

The total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art, and technology is referred to as __________.

A)clan
B)society
C)culture
D)beliefs

Question 18

Which term is used in the text to refer to the most affluent countries in the world?

A)affluent countries
B)developed countries
C)developing countries
D)population-rich countries

Question 19

At what point does the total fertility rate (TFR) become the replacement rate of a stable population?

A)1.4
B)2.1
C)2.8
D)3.2

Question 20

Where will nearly all of the population growth from now till the year 2100 take place?

A)developed countries
B)developing countries
C)emerging countries
D)South American countries

Question 21

Which statement is true regarding population changes by country?

A)Japan is projected to drop in population due to a low fertility rate.
B)England is projected to grow in population due to a significant increase in total fertility rate (TFR).
C)Canada is projected to increase in population due to high rates of immigration.
D)The United States is projected to drop in population due to limits placed on immigration.

Question 22

Rumi attends a university in India.Which statement is true of Rumi and his peers who attend college, university, and or post-secondary education in developing countries?

A)He is likely a member of the wealthy elite.
B)He is similar in socioeconomic status to most of the population.
C)He represents about half of the middle class.
D)He represents about one-fourth of the middle class.

Question 23

José was born in a country where his parents make less than $2 a day and he is expected to attend grade school but not college.José was most likely born in a __________.

A)developed country
B)developing country
C)collective culture
D)individualistic culture

Question 24

Which statement is a true comparison of collectivistic and individualistic values?

A)Developed countries tend to place a higher value on collectivistic values such as obedience and group harmony.
B)Developing countries tend to place a higher value on individualistic values such as obedience and group harmony.
C)Developed countries tend to place a higher value on individualistic values such as independence and self-expression.
D)Developing countries tend to place a higher value on collectivistic values such as independence and self-expression.

Question 25

What percent of the world's population lives on a family income of less than $6,000 per year?

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 26

Who sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power in most countries?

A)power culture
B)controlling culture
C)minority culture
D)majority culture

Question 27

Which statement identifies the most significant contributing factor for the projected increase in population in the United States between now and 2050?

A)The United States allows more legal immigration than other developed countries do.
B)The overall fertility rate among Americans is expected to increase significantly.
C)Improved technology will allow more infertile couples to give birth using in vitro fertilization techniques.
D)Minorities will experience an exponential increase in fertility rates.

Question 28

Which statement most accurately describes an aspect of the Indian population?

A)Three-fourths of Indian children are underweight and malnourished.
B)Less than one-quarter of Indian adolescents complete secondary school.
C)About half of adult Indian women are literate.
D)Two-thirds of the Indian population lives in urban areas.

Question 29

What portion of the United States' population will increase from 16% to 30% by 2050?

A)African American
B)Anglo American
C)Asian American
D)Latino

Question 30

During your class on social problems, you, Susanne, Chen, and Jacob are having a discussion about global population rates.They all disagree on where most births take place today.However, you know that, statistically speaking, a child born today will most likely be born in __________.

A)a developing country
B)a developed country
C)an economically wealthy country
D)a high social economic status culture

Question 31

Developed countries make up roughly __________ of the world's population, whereas developing countries make up __________.

A)20%, 80%
B)27%, 73%
C)40%, 60%
D)47%, 57%

Question 32

__________ percent of individuals in developed countries attend college or other post-secondary training while __________ of children in developing countries complete primary school.

A)Thirty; 90%
B)Fifty; 80%
C)Sixty; 70%
D)Seventy; 60%

Question 33

What is projected to happen to the populations of developed countries other than the United States between now and the year 2050?

A)Their populations will increase more than those in developing countries.
B)Their populations will remain stable.
C)Their populations will decrease.
D)Their populations will increase slowly.

Question 34

You received cash from your grandparents and want to invest it wisely.Being particularly interested in investing in countries that are leading in telecommunications and manufacturing, you are considering investing in __________ because you know that it is projected to lead the world in economic production by 2050.

A)Canada
B)Brazil
C)China
D)India

Question 35

__________ cultures emphasize independence and self-expression, whereas __________ cultures emphasize obedience and group harmony.

A)Individualistic; collectivistic
B)Collectivistic; individualistic
C)Developed; developing
D)Developing; developed

Question 36

Which developed country is projected to have the steepest decline in population between now and 2050?

A)the United States
B)Germany
C)Japan
D)Canada

Question 37

What term is used to refer to people in the rural areas of developing countries, who tend to adhere more closely to the historical aspects of their culture than do people in urban areas?

A)agrarian cultures
B)conventional cultures
C)traditional cultures
D)rural cultures

Question 38

__________ is a term that refers to the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication.

A)Globalization
B)Social media
C)The Internet
D)Small-world syndrome

Question 39

Although economic growth has been strong for the past decade, what remains the poorest region in the world, where half of the population is in the bottom 20% of global income?

A)southern Africa
B)South America
C)Southeast Asia
D)Western Australia

Question 40

The United States population is projected to be __________ by 2050.

A)350 million
B)400 million
C)500 million
D)750 million

Question 41

Evolutionary biologists posit that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas had a common primate ancestor that split into three paths, leading to the development of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.The evolutionary line that eventually led to humans is known as the __________.

A)hominin line
B)Neolithic line
C)Upper Paleolithic line
D)amphibious line

Question 42

Kalid is an African American who was born in New York but is currently living in Alabama.When asked his political and religious beliefs, he describes himself as more similar to those who are located in the northeastern United States than those who are located in the southern part of the country.At times, his friends amuse themselves at Kalid's expense by mocking his Brooklyn accent.The above statements are describing Kalid's __________.

A)nationality
B)race
C)ethnicity
D)mainstream cultural group

Question 43

Compared to Homo sapiens of 200,000 years ago, present day Homo sapiens __________.

A)are on average, much shorter
B)have changed little in terms of physical characteristics
C)eat a diet primarily composed of red meat
D)have changed significantly in terms of physical characteristics

Question 44

Evolutionary biologists believe that the larger brains of early Homo babies were also less mature than in earlier hominins, resulting in __________.

A)a greater likelihood of death at birth
B)a longer time before the rest of the body could support the head in infancy
C)a longer period of dependency of infants on their parents
D)a greater likelihood that a baby's head would get stuck in the pelvic opening

Question 45

What term describes a variety of aspects of a group that includes cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion, and language?

A)gender
B)race
C)ethnicity
D)age

Question 46

The environmental conditions for which a given species has evolved is called a(n) __________.

A)ecology
B)ecological niche
C)environmental niche
D)evolutionary cohort

Question 47

The expectations that cultures have for males and females are different from the time they are born.The degree of the difference in gender-specific expectations depends on __________.

A)culture
B)age
C)gender
D)socioeconomic status

Question 48

What term describes the process in which the young of any species will be more likely to survive if they are born with variations on a wide range of characteristics that are best adapted to their environment?

A)evolution
B)adaptive centrism
C)mutational change
D)natural selection

Question 49

By 200,000 years ago, the early hominin species had evolved into our species, __________.

A)Homo sapiens
B)Hydro sapiens
C)Poly sapiens
D)Hetero sapiens

Question 50

In American culture, a physician spends 12 years in college and training, generally has a high income, and possesses a strong occupational status.In terms of socioeconomic status, a physician would most likely be __________.

A)low SES
B)middle SES
C)moderate SES
D)high SES

Question 51

The Upper Paleolithic period was from __________.

A)5,000 to about 1,000 years ago
B)50,000 to about 10,000 years ago
C)60,000 to about 6,000 years ago
D)300,000 to about 60,000 years ago

Question 52

In his book On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin first proposed the theory of __________.

A)evolution
B)social Darwinism
C)psychosocial reproduction
D)the unconscious id

Question 53

__________ development refers to the development of the individual in a species and __________ development refers to development of a species.

A)Ontogenetic; phylogenetic
B)Phylogenetic; ontogenetic
C)Polygenetic; autogenetic
D)Autogenetic; polygenetic

Question 54

Also referred to as a person's social class, his or her __________ includes level of education, income, and occupational status.

A)socioeconomic status
B)ethnicity
C)culture
D)sociohistorical index

Question 55

How much larger was the size of early Homo's brain compared to the brains of early hominins?

A)100%
B)200%
C)55%
D)70%

Question 56

LaWanda has a high school diploma and is currently working as a waitress but is attending school in hopes of becoming a pediatrician.Her current socioeconomic status is likely __________; however, when she becomes an established pediatrician, her socioeconomic status will be __________.

A)low; high
B)high; moderate
C)high; low
D)moderate; low

Question 57

Which statement best highlights phylogenetic development?

A)Jenny's wisdom teeth erupt in late adolescence.
B)Manuel gets married after he finishes college and soon has two children.
C)Amalia is the top reader in her class.Last year, she struggled in this area.
D)Irene has red hair.Her entire family has red hair because of a genetic mutation that has been passed down for centuries.

Question 58

In a town in England, the wings of a local butterfly species had a black-and-white pattern.Over the years, as air pollution worsened in the town, a coat of black soot often covered everything.From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is a logical sequencing?

A)Butterflies became blacker because the ones with relatively more black on their wings were most likely to blend in with the sooty background.
B)Butterflies became lighter because the ones with relatively more white on their wings were least likely to blend in with the sooty background.
C)Butterflies became more aggressive because their behaviors were altered by the toxins that were in the black soot.
D)Butterflies morphed into moths because environmental conditions triggered an unfolding of a hidden gene.

Question 59

In the process of __________, the young of any species are born with variations on a wide range of characteristics.Among the young, those who will be __________ until they can reproduce will be the ones whose variations are best adapted to their environment.

A)social Darwinism; able to gain financial resources
B)the theory of psychoanalysis; controlled by their unconscious
C)natural selection; most likely to survive
D)Humanistic Psychology; congruent between their different "selves"

Question 60

Basil is working on a project for his class on human development.He is doing research on a period of time in which females cared for the young and were charged with gathering edible plants while males spent their days scavenging and hunting.What social and economic system is Basil describing?

A)hunter-gatherer
B)maternals-paternals
C)Mexico in the 1950s
D)Nigeria in the 2010s

Question 61

Describe two ways that Homo sapiens is different from earlier hominins and other primates.

Question 62

Which statement describes a characteristic of human evolutionary history and a similarity that we have with our hominin relatives and ancestors?

A)Humans have especially long arms to allow them to move in trees.
B)Humans have small skulls to make the birthing process easier.
C)Humans have a relatively short time span during which they depend on adults.
D)Humans have a relatively long period of childhood dependence on adults before reaching maturity.

Question 63

Which of the following tools were developed by human beings during the Upper Paleolithic period?

A)the bow and arrow and the spear thrower
B)the gun and canon
C)the folding-blade knife and shovel
D)the pistol and shotgun

Question 64

Compare and contrast features related to developed and developing countries.

Question 65

The Upper Paleolithic was the time of the last __________.

A)Ice Age
B)period of global warming
C)devastating tsunami
D)eruption of a Super Volcano

Question 66

The cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals occurred during the __________ period of human history.

A)Neolithic
B)Jurassic
C)Paleolithic
D)Monolithic

Question 67

Although women are capable of giving birth to at least eight children in the course of their reproductive lives, how many children do most women have today?

A)0 to 3
B)4
C)5
D)6 or more

Question 68

When was the Neolithic Period?

A)100,000 to 70,000 years ago
B)80,000 to 60,000 years ago
C)40,000 to 10,000 years ago
D)10,000 to 5,000 years ago

Question 69

The final major historical change that provided the basis for how we live today began around 5,000 years ago with the development of __________.

A)agriculture and animal husbandry
B)roadways
C)family units
D)civilization

Question 70

Xena wants to major in psychology and knows there are many different types of psychology.With an interest in anthropology and sociology, Xena reads about a branch of psychology that examines how patterns of human functioning and behavior have influenced characteristics such as aggressiveness and mate selection.Xena might want to consider majoring in __________.

A)evolutionary psychology
B)social Darwinism
C)social psychology
D)naturalistic psychology

Question 71

It is clear that during the __________ humans began to use boats and trade with others.

A)Upper Paleolithic period
B)Lower Mesozoic period
C)Middle Cenozoic period
D)Lower Jurassic period

Question 72

What is probably the oldest known conception of the life course, written about 3,000 years ago?

A)the Dharmashastras
B)the Bible
C)the Koran
D)the Talmud

Question 73

Which period in human history experienced global temperatures that resemble the temperatures of today?

A)Neolithic period
B)Upper Paleolithic period
C)Early Civilization period
D)Monolithic period

Question 74

What is the term used to describe a centralized political system that is an essential feature of a civilization?

A)township
B)government
C)nationality
D)state

Question 75

From an evolutionary perspective, it is believed that the human species originated in __________.

A)the forests and plateaus of South America
B)the plains and lowlands of North America
C)the grasslands and forests of Africa
D)the tundra and deciduous forests of the Arctic

Question 76

India is the second most populous country and is projected to have more people than any other country by 2050.Describe three aspects of India's people and/or culture.

Question 77

__________ is characterized by cities, written language, specialization of work, and differences among people with wealth and status.

A)A civilization
B)The ethnicity of a group
C)Nationality
D)A race of people

Question 78

Human art first appeared during the __________ period.

A)Upper Paleolithic
B)Lower Mesozoic
C)Middle Cenozoic
D)Lower Jurassic

Question 79

What are the components of socioeconomic status (SES)?

Question 80

Describe a research question an evolutionary psychologist might investigate.