Deck 2: Genetics and Prenatal Development

Question 1

How many nucleotide pairs constitute the human genome?

A)100,000
B)150 million
C)3 billion
D)5 trillion

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The difference between an individual's genotype and its expression in his or her phenotype is a consequence of the person's __________.

A)genes
B)DNA
C)environment
D)parents

Answer 2

C

Question 3

How many chromosomes from each pair are inherited from the mother?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Answer 3

A

Question 4

If the gene for curly hair is dominant and the gene for straight hair is recessive, from a dominant-recessive pairing, which of the following would be an individual's phenotype?

A)straight hair
B)curly hair
C)wavy hair
D)their complete genetic makeup

Question 5

The totality of an individual's hereditary information is referred to as his or her __________.

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)inheritance
D)genome

Question 6

Chromosomes are composed of complex molecules of __________.

A)genes
B)nucleotide pairs
C)DNA
D)genomes

Question 7

Which statement accurately describes the concept of dominant-recessive inheritance?

A)a pattern of inheritance in which one gene is expressed and one gene is suppressed
B)a pattern of inheritance in which a pair of chromosomes contains one dominant and one recessive gene, but only the recessive gene is expressed in the genotype
C)a pattern of inheritance in which one gene is dominant and one gene is recessive
D)a pattern of inheritance in which a pair of chromosomes contains one dominant and one recessive gene, but only the dominant gene is expressed in the phenotype

Question 8

Each form of a gene that is contained in a chromosome is referred to as a(n) __________.

A)dominant gene
B)recessive gene
C)allele
D)single gene

Question 9

A person's __________ is/are his or her genetic inheritance, whereas a person's ___________ is/are his or her expressed characteristics.

A)phenotype; genotype
B)genotype; phenotype
C)nucleotides; DNA
D)DNA; nucleotides

Question 10

Approximately how many genes constitute the human genome?

A)10,000
B)19,000
C)23,000
D)76,000

Question 11

Jill's mother was an All-American in the 1500m and qualified for the Olympic team in the marathon.Jill is a freshman in high school and does not think that she will need to train to become a member of the school's cross-country team.Jill keeps telling you that her mother was a great runner, so she will also be a great runner.What do you think?

A)She is correct; she will be a great runner no matter what she does.
B)It is unlikely that Jill even has the genotype for running.
C)Jill might have the genotype for running ability, but she will need to train to become a great runner.
D)Jill has also inherited the genes for superior intelligence.

Question 12

The characteristics of an individual's genetic material are referred to as his or her ___________.

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)inheritance
D)environment

Question 13

Thomas's biological mother and father are both gifted athletes.He was adopted by a couple who had no interest in him being involved in sports.Although Thomas likely inherited athletic ability, it was never expressed in his __________.

A)genotype
B)phenotype
C)genes
D)alleles

Question 14

Genes contain paired sequences of chemicals called __________.

A)genes
B)RNA
C)DNA
D)nucleotides

Question 15

An individual's unique genetic makeup is his or her __________.

A)genotype
B)phenotype
C)allele
D)reaction range

Question 16

Nearly all human cells have __________ chromosomes.

A)46
B)42
C)26
D)23

Question 17

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A)23
B)46
C)69
D)92

Question 18

What type of gene, if it is present, will be expressed in the phenotype?

A)recessive gene
B)dominant gene
C)expressed gene
D)controller gene

Question 19

Chromosomes are organized into segments called __________, the basic units of hereditary information.

A)DNA
B)RNA
C)genes
D)nucleotides

Question 20

Alejandro was born into a family with high musical talent.Both of his parents were professional musicians who encouraged and fostered his musical development.Throughout childhood, he practiced the guitar whenever he could and eventually became a professional musician himself.Which of the following best describes Alejandro's phenotype?

A)Alejandro's musical genes
B)Alejandro's musical talent
C)Alejandro's nurturing parents
D)Alejandro's practice of the guitar

Question 21

What is occurring when the phenotype is influenced primarily but not exclusively by the dominant gene?

A)expression of the dominant gene
B)expression of the recessive gene
C)incomplete dominance
D)failure of expression

Question 22

Sickle-cell anemia is a defense against what disease?

A)sickle-cell trait
B)malaria
C)smallpox
D)Nile fever

Question 23

Which of the two sex chromosomes is significantly smaller and contains approximately 30% less genetic material?

A)X
B)Y
C)O
D)They are both the same.

Question 24

Why are males more likely to have X-linked inherited disorders?

A)If the X chromosome contains the recessive gene for the disorder, a boy's Y chromosome has no dominant gene to prevent it from being expressed.
B)Boys are generally more immature at birth.
C)Androgen is a hormone that causes disorders to occur.
D)If the Y chromosome does not develop properly, the genes on this chromosome cannot prevent the disorder from occurring.

Question 25

While having a conversation with a friend who is pregnant, she says that because she is "carrying high" she will have a girl.Based on the textbook, which of the following statements are you thinking?

A)There is no scientific evidence to support her belief, as "carrying high" is folklore.
B)There are countless research studies that support her belief.
C)Statistically speaking, she is correct.
D)She is wrong; a pregnant woman who is "carrying high" is more likely to be carrying a boy.

Question 26

Which statement accurately reflects sex ratios of boys to girls across the world?

A)The natural human ratio is 105 boys per 100 girls.
B)South Korea's ratio has declined to 100 boys per 110 girls.
C)China remains the country with the most skewed ratio of 120 boys per 100 girls.
D)The natural human ratio favors girls over boys to ensure that enough females exist to carry offspring.

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of an incomplete dominant inheritance?

A)Down syndrome
B)Fragile X
C)sickle-cell anemia
D)HIV

Question 28

What happens during fertilization that determines the sex of the offspring?

A)The egg or ovum contains the X chromosome and the sperm cells carry either the X or the Y.The sperm cell that is involved in fertilization determines the sex of the offspring.
B)The sperm cells all carry the X chromosome.The ovum contains both the X and Y, so it is the ovum that determines the sex of the offspring.
C)The ovum and sperm cells both carry X chromosomes.The placenta carries both the X and Y, and it determines the sex of the offspring.
D)The ovum and the sperm cells both contain the X chromosome.During the course of fertilization, either an X or a Y will be created, which determines the sex of the offspring.

Question 29

How would you create an individual who will definitely have blue eyes?

A)Make sure they have one recessive gene for blue eyes and one dominant gene for brown eyes.
B)Make sure they have one pair of recessive genes for blue eyes.
C)Make sure they have a pair of alleles for eye color.
D)Make sure they have one recessive gene for blue eyes and one dominant gene for green eyes.

Question 30

__________ are more affected by X-linked inherited disorders while __________ are generally carriers of X-linked disorders.

A)Females; males
B)Males; females
C)children under one year of age; individuals who have been exposed to teratogens
D)adults with mutations; individuals with a trisomy

Question 31

According to ancient Chinese folklore, how can one predict whether a pregnant woman is having a boy?

A)if the mother's age and the month of conception are both even or odd
B)if a woman is carrying her pregnancy low in her abdomen
C)if a woman's right breast is larger than her left
D)if a woman craves salty and sour food

Question 32

The chromosomes that determine whether a fetus will be male or female are known as the __________.

A)sex chromosomes
B)gender chromosomes
C)male chromosomes
D)female chromosomes

Question 33

Jill's mother and father both have brown eyes, yet she has blue eyes.She has come to believe that she is not her parents' actual biological daughter.What would you tell her?

A)Her mother and father probably carry the recessive trait for blue eyes.
B)She is correct; there is no way that she would have blue eyes if she were really her parents' biological daughter.
C)Blue eyes are dominant, so her parents should have blue eyes, too.
D)Only the environment determines eye color once the fetus has been born.

Question 34

For a recessive gene to be expressed in the phenotype, it must be paired with a __________.

A)dominant gene
B)recessive gene
C)expressed gene
D)controller gene

Question 35

A person with an XY pairing of chromosomes is a(n) __________, whereas a person with an XX pairing of chromosomes is a(n) __________.

A)male; female
B)female; male
C)incomplete dominant gene; polygenetic inherited gene
D)polygenetic inherited gene; incomplete dominant gene

Question 36

What recessive disorder results in non-normal-shaped blood cells that clog blood vessels and cause pain, increased susceptibility to disease, and early death, particularly among Africans and African American populations?

A)Tay-Sachs
B)trisomy-21
C)sickle-cell anemia
D)malaria

Question 37

According to ancient Mayan folklore, how can one predict whether they are having a girl?

A)if the mother's age and the month of conception are both even or odd
B)if a woman is carrying her pregnancy low in her abdomen
C)if a woman's right breast is larger than her left
D)if a woman craves salty and sour food

Question 38

Which type of inheritance influences characteristics such as height, weight, skin color, intelligence, personality, and disease susceptibility?

A)recessive-dominant inheritance
B)incomplete dominance
C)dominant-recessive inheritance
D)polygenetic inheritance

Question 39

Single gene pairs play a crucial role in development.However, it is more common that developmental outcomes occur because of the interaction of multiple genes.This is known as ___________.

A)inheritability
B)polygenic inheritance
C)bimodal inheritance
D)single dominance

Question 40

Your older brother has a friend who was angry with his wife because they have two sons and he wanted to have a daughter.He thought that she was responsible for having two boys rather than a boy and a girl.What would you tell your brother?

A)His friend was correct; she was purposefully having sons instead of a daughter.
B)It was not anyone's "fault," but the sperm determined the sex of the offspring.
C)It was not anyone's "fault" even though her ovum determined the sex of the offspring.
D)Sex of the offspring is determined by day of the week.Both parents should have known what day they were trying to conceive.

Question 41

Nature is to __________ as nurture is to __________.

A)conditioning; learning
B)learning; conditioning
C)environment; genetics
D)genetics; environment

Question 42

Concordance rate is defined as __________.

A)the degree of similarity in characteristics among peoples of a cultural group
B)the influence of genes on development by comparing people who share different amounts of their genes
C)the degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members
D)the degree of difference as expressed by variations in environment

Question 43

Fraternal twins are also known as __________ twins.

A)dizygotic (DZ)
B)identical
C)monozygotic (MZ)
D)conjoined

Question 44

What is the name of the statistic that ranges from 0 to 1.00 and is used to estimate the degree to which genes are responsible for differences among people from a specific population?

A)genetic correlation
B)heritability estimate
C)concordance rate
D)chromosomal correction

Question 45

Professor Glossner proposes that the heritability of temperament is .80.Which of the following statements does Professor Glossner propose?

A)A large portion of temperament is determined by genetics.
B)A large portion of temperament is determined by environment.
C)Eighty percent of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.
D)Twenty percent of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.

Question 46

If temperament were genetically based, which of the following would have the greatest degree of similarity?

A)monozygotic (MZ) twins
B)dizygotic (DZ) twins
C)parents and children
D)cousins

Question 47

__________ is an estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among persons in a specific population.

A)Heritability
B)Reaction range
C)Genetic ratio
D)Environmental coefficient

Question 48

Another term for identical twins is __________ twins.

A)fraternal
B)monozygotic (MZ)
C)dizygotic (DZ)
D)conjoined

Question 49

Your friend's mother is extremely intelligent.As a result, even though your friend usually does OK in school (2.8 GPA), he is convinced that he is a genius.What do you think?

A)Heritability estimates for intelligence are .50, so he is probably overestimating his intelligence.
B)He is definitely correct; he is likely a genius.
C)Actually, children of intellectually gifted adults are usually much lower in intelligence.
D)With a 2.8 GPA, he must be correct.

Question 50

A behavioral geneticist would use which of the following research methods to study the influence of genetics?

A)longitudinal studies
B)cross-sectional studies
C)quasi-experimental studies
D)twin and adoption studies

Question 51

Your friend has hemophilia and is worried that he will pass it to his offspring when he has children.What would you tell him?

A)He is probably correct; he will pass on hemophilia.
B)Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder, and it would be impossible for him to pass it to any male offspring.It would be possible for his female offspring to be carriers, though.
C)X-linked disorders are not inherited; he has no worries.
D)Since he has hemophilia, he is probably sterile and unable to father children.

Question 52

If you were to design a research study that examines sociability in relation to concordance rate, which of the following would be the best groups to use for comparison?

A)identical twins and fraternal twins
B)college students and the general public
C)brothers and sisters
D)parent(s) and children

Question 53

Which question would a behavior geneticist work to answer?

A)How do genes and environmental factors interact in the development of memory processes?
B)Which human behaviors are determined genetically and which are determined by environmental factors?
C)At what age do environmental factors surpass genetic factors as most important in human development?
D)Which genes are responsible for childhood behavior, and which genes are responsible for adult behavior?

Question 54

Monozygotic (MZ) twins have __________ genes in common.

A)40%
B)60%
C)80%
D)100%

Question 55

Which statement best describes the nature-nurture debate?

A)Most characteristics develop solely from nature or nurture, but not both.
B)Most characteristics develop from a combination of nature and nurture.
C)Most characteristics develop from nature only.
D)Most characteristics develop from nurture only.

Question 56

You are pushing a stroller that has two babies in it, a boy, dressed in blue, and a girl, dressed in pink.Someone stops you and tells you how beautiful your baby boy and girl are.Then the person asks whether the babies are "identical twins." You tell them they are not, but what are you thinking?

A)It is impossible to have identical twins of different sexes.
B)They could be identical; that was a great question.
C)Fraternal twins are usually both girls.
D)Fraternal twins are usually both boys.

Question 57

What field addresses the extent to which genes influence behavior?

A)embryology
B)behavior genetics
C)developmental psychology
D)genetics

Question 58

__________ studies allow researchers to study whether certain behaviors or traits are more closely related to genetics or environment.

A)Genetics
B)Temperament
C)Chromosomal
D)Adoption

Question 59

Which of the following have a 40% to 60% similarity of genetic inheritance?

A)identical twins
B)fraternal twins
C)cousins
D)adopted siblings

Question 60

What have researchers concluded about the nature-nurture debate in terms of development?

A)Genetic influences are more important.
B)Environmental influences are more important.
C)Both are important.
D)Genetic influences are more important in infancy and environmental influences are more important in childhood.

Question 61

The concept of reaction range proposes that __________ establish(es) boundaries, whereas __________ determines where a person falls within that range.

A)genetics; environment
B)environment; genetics
C)phenotype; genotype
D)polygenetic inheritance; homogenetic inheritance

Question 62

Which of the following is the best example of active genotype → environment effects?

A)Since Jacob is good at math, his parents encourage further learning by playing math games with him each night.
B)Because everyone in the Martin family sunburns easily, they rarely go to the beach and have moved to a state with colder weather.
C)Maria has a green thumb and can grow anything in her garden.When her children were small, they played in the garden next to her.As they grew up, each child decided to go into agricultural fields.
D)Millie was a very round baby and was big for her age.Everyone in her family made comments about her large size and nicknamed her "Big Millie."

Question 63

When concordance rates are higher among monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins, this indicates which of the following?

A)There is partially a genetic basis.
B)There is partially an environmental basis.
C)There is a 100% environmental cause.
D)There is a 100% genetic cause.

Question 64

Which of the following individuals is an example of a person who is closer to the peak of his or her reaction range?

A)Samir was born with a potential IQ of 145 (gifted IQ), was raised in an educationally enriching environment, and is a highly motivated learner.
B)Joseppi, who was born with a potential IQ of 145 (gifted IQ), was raised in an educationally deprived environment and is an unmotivated learner.
C)Susan was born with the potential IQ of 80 (below average IQ), was raised in an educationally deprived environment, and is an unmotivated learner.
D)Iman, who was born with the potential IQ of 80 (below average IQ), was raised in an educationally enriching environment and is an unmotivated learner who makes little progress.

Question 65

If Cecilia has schizophrenia, how likely is it that her dizygotic twin sister Deirdre will also have schizophrenia?

A)Deirdre will also have schizophrenia.
B)There is a 38% probability that Deirdre will have schizophrenia.
C)There is an 18% probability that Deirdre will have schizophrenia.
D)Deirdre will not have schizophrenia.

Question 66

Human sex cells, sperm and ova, each contain __________ chromosomes.

A)23
B)46
C)23 pairs
D)46 pairs

Question 67

What are the only cells in the human body that do not contain 46 chromosomes?

A)lens cells
B)neurons
C)hair cells
D)gametes

Question 68

Sandra Scarr and Kathleen McCartney proposed the theory of genotype → environment effects.Which subtype occurs when a person's inherited characteristics bring about responses from others in their environment?

A)passive genotype → environment effects
B)evocative genotype → environment effects
C)active genotype → environment effects
D)inactive genotype → environment effects

Question 69

Elizabeth was just born.Her father is 6'8" tall and her mother is 5'11" tall.It is quite likely that Elizabeth will be tall as well.However, the environment will play a role in her eventual height.The genetic potential for Elizabeth's height is known as the __________.

A)environmental range
B)reaction range
C)genetic range
D)interaction range

Question 70

According to __________, development results from the bidirectional interactions between genotype and environment.

A)genetics
B)molecular genetics
C)evolutionary genetics
D)epigenetics

Question 71

Which measure allows behavior geneticists to determine the percentage of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members and is mostly used to examine mental disorders?

A)genetic correlation
B)heritability estimate
C)concordance rate
D)chromosomal correction

Question 72

__________ is known as the normal process of cell reproduction in which chromosomes duplicate themselves and the cells divide to become two cells.

A)Meiosis
B)Mitosis
C)Polar bodies
D)Crossing over

Question 73

Sperm and ova are produced by which of the following, respectively?

A)penis and uterus
B)scrotum and vulva
C)testes and ovaries
D)kidneys and pancreas

Question 74

In the past few decades, the average height of adults in Western countries has not changed much.This indicates that height for adults in these countries has reached the upper boundary of their __________.

A)socioeconomic range
B)health status
C)reaction range
D)range of genetic dominance

Question 75

Sandra Scarr and Kathleen McCartney proposed the theory of genotype → environment effects.Which subtype occurs when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics?

A)passive genotype → environment effects
B)evocative genotype → environment effects
C)active genotype → environment effects
D)inactive genotype → environment effects

Question 76

Which of the following pairs would have a higher concordance rate for schizophrenia?

A)monozygotic twins
B)dizygotic twins
C)adopted siblings
D)cousins

Question 77

If Robert has schizophrenia, how likely is it that his monozygotic twin brother James will also have schizophrenia?

A)James will also have schizophrenia.
B)There is an 80% probability that James will have schizophrenia.
C)There is a 50% probability that James will have schizophrenia.
D)James will not have schizophrenia.

Question 78

In the process of meiosis, the original cell contains __________ chromosomes, and once the gametes are formed, __________ chromosomes.

A)92; 46
B)69; 46
C)46; 23
D)23; 23

Question 79

Genes establish a potential of expression, and environment determines where a person's phenotype will fall.This boundary of genetic influence is referred to as __________.

A)environmental influence
B)gene boundaries
C)he inheritability estimate
D)the reaction range

Question 80

Sandra Scarr and Kathleen McCartney proposed the theory of genotype → environment effects.Which subtype occurs in biological families because parents provide both genes and environment to their children?

A)passive genotype → environment effects
B)evocative genotype → environment effects
C)active genotype → environment effects
D)inactive genotype → environment effects