Deck 1: The Evolution of Psychology

Question 1

Which of the followings is NOT one of the major contributions of G.Stanley Hall?

A) He established the first American psychological journal.
B) He established the first research laboratory for psychology in America.
C) He received the first Ph.D. in psychology in America.
D) He was the first president of the American Psychological Association.

Answer 1

He received the first Ph.D. in psychology in America.

Question 2

Wundt and Titchener believed that psychology should

A) only study observable behavior.
B) analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.
C) focus on unconscious determinants of behavior.
D) study the function or purpose of consciousness.

Answer 2

analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.

Question 3

Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and tape recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them.Isabel is using a technique similar to the research methodology of

A) structuralism.
B) functionalism.
C) behaviorism.
D) humanism.

Answer 3

structuralism.

Question 4

The world's largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology is the

A) World Psychology Organization.
B) American Psychological Society.
C) American Psychological Association.
D) Psychologists of North America.

Question 5

While the term psychology has existed since at LEAST the early 1700s,psychology did not come to be considered a science until

A) the 1750s.
B) the early 1800s.
C) the late 1800s.
D) the 1940s.

Question 6

The first president of the American Psychological Association (APA)was

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) G. Stanley Hall.
C) William James.
D) John Watson.

Question 7

The notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of conscious experience is MOST closely linked with

A) William James.
B) Wilhelm Wundt.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) John B. Watson.

Question 8

If you take a sip of a soft drink and concentrate on what you are experiencing (cold,bubbly,sweet,etc.)you would be utilizing the technique of

A) introspection.
B) behaviorism.
C) functionalism.
D) empiricism.

Question 9

In a discussion with your professor she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements.Which of the following historical schools of thought is your professor's idea MOST consistent with?

A) behaviorism
B) functionalism
C) structuralism
D) psychoanalysis

Question 10

Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be

A) questioning the nature of existence.
B) studying stimulus-response associations.
C) determining people's unconscious motivation for behavior.
D) examining people's awareness of their immediate experience.

Question 11

The person who established America's first psychological research laboratory and who launched America's first psychology journal was

A) John Watson.
B) William James.
C) G. Stanley Hall.
D) Edward Titchener.

Question 12

In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience,William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him.This technique is called

A) introspection.
B) retrospection.
C) empiricism.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 13

Dr.Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective.It is MOST likely that Dr.Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain

A) if all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood.
B) by observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli.
C) if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
D) if we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain.

Question 14

Dr.Asgaard believes that in order to fully understand complex processes,such as auditory processing,it is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts.Dr.Asgaard's views are MOST consistent with those of

A) William James.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) Edward Titchener.

Question 15

The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject matter is

A) G. Stanley Hall.
B) René Descartes.
C) William James.
D) Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 16

William James,who was a pioneer in the development of functionalism,was MOST heavily influenced by

A) Charles Darwin.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) John Watson.
D) B. F. Skinner.

Question 17

The school of psychology that focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience,such as sensations,feelings,and images was

A) humanism.
B) behaviorism.
C) structuralism.
D) functionalism.

Question 18

According to Wilhelm Wundt,the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of

A) observable behavior.
B) conscious experience.
C) unconscious motivation.
D) the functions of behavior.

Question 19

Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of

A) physics and physiology.
B) philosophy and physiology.
C) chemistry and physics.
D) philosophy and chemistry.

Question 20

The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior was

A) functionalism.
B) behaviorism.
C) neodynamism.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 21

The major departure of Freud's position from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s was that he

A) saw abnormal behavior as resulting from biological causes.
B) saw people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior.
C) proposed the existence of free will.
D) emphasized environmental forces on behavior.

Question 22

Which of the following was LEAST likely to be the focus of study for the functionalists?

A) mental testing
B) development in children
C) sensation and perception
D) the effectiveness of educational practices

Question 23

Functionalism was founded by

A) John Watson.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) William James.
D) Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 24

The concept of "stream of consciousness" is associated with

A) John Watson.
B) William James.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 25

Dr.Rice believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the purpose that the conscious experiences associated with emotions play in survival and adaptation.Dr.Rice's views are MOST consistent with those of

A) Edward Titchener.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) William James.

Question 26

The theoretical orientation that insisted on verifiability of observation was

A) structuralism.
B) functionalism.
C) behaviorism.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 27

The ____ believed that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose.

A) behaviorists
B) humanists
C) functionalists
D) structuralists

Question 28

You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper.The faculty member states,"Many times people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their overt actions." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views held by

A) B. F. Skinner.
B) Carl Rogers.
C) Wilhelm Wundt.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 29

Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality,motivation,and mental disorders by

A) studying observable behavior.
B) analyzing conscious experience into its basic elements.
C) focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.
D) studying the function or purpose of consciousness.

Question 30

The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts was

A) existential awareness.
B) stream of consciousness.
C) transcendental meditation.
D) phenomenological flow.

Question 31

The psychologist who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior was

A) John B. Watson.
B) Abraham Maslow.
C) G. Stanley Hall.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 32

The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was

A) Mary Calkins.
B) Margaret Washburn.
C) Leta Hollingworth.
D) Anna Freud.

Question 33

Although functionalism faded away as a theoretical force in psychology,historians credit it with two important contributions to the discipline that includes the development of

A) behaviorism and applied psychology.
B) psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
C) behaviorism and introspection.
D) women psychologists and applied psychology.

Question 34

The early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology was

A) structuralism.
B) behaviorism.
C) functionalism.
D) pragmatism.

Question 35

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by

A) unrealistic demands from family and friends.
B) personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level.
C) genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way.
D) conflicts between conscious desires and environmental constraints.

Question 36

Which of the following did NOT have a significant influence on the development of Freud's theory?

A) knowledge gained as a result of working with patients
B) the results of his experimental research
C) knowledge gained from his examination of his own anxieties, conflicts, and desires
D) his observation of the slips of the tongue people tend to make

Question 37

Dr.Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes,such as taste,it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival,not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations.Dr.Smythe's views are MOST consistent with

A) the behaviorist approach to psychology.
B) the functionalist approach to psychology.
C) the structuralist approach to psychology.
D) the psychoanalytic approach to psychology.

Question 38

Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems,which he called

A) behavior modification.
B) primal therapy.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) rational-emotive therapy.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about Freud's psychoanalytic theory is MOST accurate?

A) Freud's views have been largely abandoned and they exert relatively little, if any, influence on current mainstream psychology.
B) Freud's views exert a tremendous influence on other disciplines, but not on psychology.
C) Freud's views exert a tremendous influence on developmental and abnormal psychology, but not on other areas of mainstream psychology.
D) Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into the mainstream of psychology.

Question 40

The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is MOST consistent with the views of

A) Carl Rogers.
B) Wilhelm Wundt.
C) B. F. Skinner.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 41

Strict behaviorists would be MOST sympathetic to which one of the following statements?

A) Human behavior is primarily caused by inherited factors.
B) Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors.
C) Human behavior is primarily caused by equal contributions of inherited and environmental factors.
D) No one really knows what the primary causes for human behavior are.

Question 42

Marissa wants to study people's emotional reactions to increases in temperature.Her classmate,Bernard,tells her that she should focus on observable behaviors,rather than internal states in her study.Bernard's views are MOST similar to those found in

A) the psychodynamic perspective.
B) the evolutionary perspective.
C) the behavioral perspective.
D) the biological perspective.

Question 43

Which psychological approach is often referred to as stimulus-response (S-R)psychology?

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) behaviorism
C) structuralism
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 44

Watson defined psychology as

A) the scientific study of behavior.
B) the scientific study of the unconscious.
C) the scientific study of the brain.
D) the scientific study of conscious experience.

Question 45

The school of psychology that was MOST responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology was

A) behaviorism.
B) structuralism.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) Gestalt psychology.

Question 46

The notion that all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli is MOST consistent with

A) behaviorism.
B) humanism.
C) structuralism.
D) functionalism.

Question 47

The school of psychology that suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively observed is

A) humanism.
B) behaviorism.
C) structuralism.
D) functionalism.

Question 48

According to John Watson,behavior is governed primarily by

A) heredity.
B) personal motives.
C) the environment.
D) unconscious desires.

Question 49

The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of

A) psychoanalysis.
B) functionalism.
C) structuralism.
D) behaviorism.

Question 50

You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper.The faculty member states,"Internal states undoubtedly exist,but it is not necessary to draw inferences about unobservable states in order to understand behavior." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views held by

A) William James.
B) B. F. Skinner.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Carl Rogers.

Question 51

A group of psychologists is conducting research to determine whether people eat more when they are in the presence of environmental stimuli that increase anxiety,such as loud noises or flashing lights.These scientists MOST likely follow

A) the behavioral perspective.
B) the psychodynamic perspective.
C) the humanistic perspective.
D) the functionalist perspective.

Question 52

Janet trained her dog to sit on command by following this behavior with a reward of a dog biscuit and praise.Janet used the principles of

A) behaviorism.
B) humanism.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) functionalism.

Question 53

Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or non-aggressive as a result of the experiences they have.Alison's views are MOST consistent with the

A) behaviorist view of psychology.
B) structuralist view of psychology.
C) functionalist view of psychology.
D) psychoanalytic view of psychology.

Question 54

Christine is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats.Christine would MOST likely be considered a

A) behaviorist.
B) structuralist.
C) psychoanalyst.
D) Gestalt psychologist.

Question 55

With which of the following individuals is B.F.Skinner MOST in agreement on the issue of internal mental events?

A) John Watson
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 56

If Dr.Maple is a behaviorist he would MOST likely believe that the cause of a child's disruptive behavior in school is the result of

A) a learning disability.
B) his genetic inheritance.
C) his prior experiences.
D) a combination of his genetic inheritance and his prior experiences.

Question 57

The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) B. F. Skinner.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) Abraham Maslow.

Question 58

With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree?

A) Conscious experiences can be studied in an objective, precise way.
B) In order to understand behavior, one must understand the motives behind the behavior.
C) Behavior can only be explained in terms of phenomenology, that is, an individual's interpretation of experience.
D) Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others.

Question 59

John B.Watson argued that psychologists should

A) use the method of introspection to establish the structural aspects of consciousness.
B) be concerned with the purposiveness (function) of behavior.
C) confine their work to people who are diagnosed as mentally ill.
D) abandon the study of consciousness.

Question 60

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals?

A) It is much cheaper to conduct research on animals than on humans.
B) In their biological makeup, animals are fundamentally similar to humans.
C) With research on animals, there are no ethical issues to be concerned with.
D) A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject.

Question 61

The school of psychology that takes the most positive view of human nature is

A) behaviorism.
B) functionalism.
C) humanism.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 62

A psychologist whose primary goal is to help people reach their potential MOST likely follows the principles of

A) behaviorism.
B) structuralism.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) humanism.

Question 63

Skinner would agree with all the following statements except:

A) all behavior is governed by external consequences
B) individuals have free will
C) organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes
D) organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes

Question 64

In the 1950s Skinner argued that psychology should return to a strict interpretation of the principles of

A) humanism.
B) functionalism.
C) behaviorism.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 65

Humanists believe that people's behavior is governed by

A) their self-concepts.
B) unconscious sexual urges.
C) the outcomes of their responses.
D) biochemical processes.

Question 66

The area of applied psychology MOST stimulated by World War II was

A) quantitative psychology.
B) clinical psychology.
C) child psychology.
D) educational psychology.

Question 67

Which of the following groups of psychologists would be MOST likely to focus on individual uniqueness,freedom,and potential for growth as a person?

A) behaviorists
B) psychoanalysts
C) humanists
D) Gestalt psychologists

Question 68

The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is called

A) industrial psychology.
B) social psychology.
C) developmental psychology.
D) clinical psychology.

Question 69

A clinical psychologist would probably be MOST interested in

A) determining how small groups make decisions.
B) studying facial expressions of emotion.
C) figuring out the most effective ways of treating anxiety.
D) studying the nature of optical illusions.

Question 70

Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees.His roommate doesn't think that Oliver's research will produce much useful information about human motivation because he believes that information from animal studies will not provide meaningful information about human experiences.Oliver's roommate apparently has

A) a humanistic perspective.
B) an evolutionary perspective.
C) a biological perspective.
D) a cognitive perspective.

Question 71

It should be easiest to teach a child to pick up his toys by utilizing the principles and techniques developed by

A) William James.
B) Abraham Maslow.
C) B. F. Skinner.
D) Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 72

The branch of psychology concerned with everyday,practical problems is called

A) developmental psychology.
B) abnormal psychology.
C) applied psychology.
D) cognitive psychology.

Question 73

Which type of psychologist would be LEAST likely to generalize from studies of animal subjects to human behavior?

A) a psychoanalyst
B) a behaviorist
C) a humanist
D) a cognitive psychologist

Question 74

The theoretical viewpoint that is MOST closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is

A) cognitive approach.
B) humanism.
C) structuralism.
D) biological approach.

Question 75

Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him.What would a humanist be MOST likely to say about Manny?

A) Manny will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority.
B) Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.
C) Manny simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practice assertive behaviors.
D) Manny should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at the root of his passivity.

Question 76

Which of the following psychologists would be MOST likely to stress that each person has a drive to grow and fulfill his or her potential?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) B. F. Skinner
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 77

Which of the following psychologists would have been MOST likely to assert that "free will is an illusion"?

A) Abraham Maslow
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Carl Rogers

Question 78

Margaret is an industrial psychologist who advises companies on how to improve worker morale.As a psychologist who attempts to solve practical problems,Margaret would MOST likely be considered

A) an academic psychologist.
B) an applied psychologist.
C) a behavioral psychologist.
D) a humanistic psychologist.

Question 79

Imagine that the editor of your local newspaper writes a column supporting a reduction in government intervention with a transfer of more rights to individual citizens.The editor bases this argument on the assumption that people are rational beings who will fulfill their maximum potential as long as others do not infringe on their basic human needs.This editor's views reflect those seen in

A) the evolutionary perspective.
B) the humanistic perspective.
C) the psychodynamic perspective.
D) the behavioral perspective.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be made by a humanist?

A) Humans are unique.
B) The behavior of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances.
C) Humans have a basic need to fulfill their potentials.
D) Research on animals has little relevance to understanding human behavior.