Deck 6: Learning

Question 1

In classical conditioning,the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned reinforcer.
D) conditioned reinforcer.

Answer 1

unconditioned stimulus.

Question 2

The major difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is

A) the order in which they are presented.
B) that one reliably elicits the response of interest prior to conditioning while the other does not.
C) that during conditioning the response to one increases while the response to the other decreases.
D) the strength of the response that each stimulus elicits.

Answer 2

that one reliably elicits the response of interest prior to conditioning while the other does not.

Question 3

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which

A) responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
B) an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior.
C) an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end.
D) a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.

Answer 3

a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.

Question 4

In classical conditioning,an unconditioned stimulus is

A) an unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.
B) a learned reaction to a stimulus that occurs as a result of previous conditioning.
C) a stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning.
D) a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a learned response.

Question 5

Charity used to really enjoy potato salad,and at a family reunion she ate a large helping.Unfortunately,the potato salad had not been kept cold,and Charity became quite ill after eating it.Now she finds that even the sight of potatoes in the grocery store can make her feel sick to her stomach.In this example,the sick feeling Charity experiences when she sees potatoes in the grocery store is

A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned response.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) a conditioned stimulus.

Question 6

Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend at an Elvis tribute.When the band started playing "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" her boyfriend gave her a long,passionate kiss,which Holly found very enjoyable.Now Holly finds that every time she hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio,she becomes a little flushed.In this example,the conditioned stimulus is

A) the long, passionate kiss.
B) the song, "Can't Help Falling in Love with You."
C) the enjoyment she experienced after the kiss from her boyfriend.
D) the flushing she experiences when she hears the song on the radio.

Question 7

In Pavlov's principle experiment,if a dog salivates after hearing a tone the salivation would be the

A) conditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 8

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate.In Pavlov's terms,the meat powder is

A) an unconditioned stimulus.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) a conditioned response.

Question 9

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience defines

A) development.
B) classical conditioning.
C) learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 10

Carson used to enjoy lime sherbet,and when he was in Mexico he tried frozen lime margaritas.After his fourth margarita Carson became extremely ill.Now he finds that even the sight of lime sherbet in a bowl can make him feel queasy.In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is

A) the lime margaritas that Carson consumed.
B) the illness that followed the fourth margarita.
C) the sight of lime sherbet.
D) the queasiness that Carson feels when he sees lime sherbet.

Question 11

Darrel was dancing with his new girlfriend at an Elvis tribute.When the band started playing "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" his girlfriend gave him a long passionate kiss,which Darrel found very enjoyable.Now Darrel finds that every time he hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio,he becomes mildly excited.In this example,the long,passionate kiss is

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned response.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 12

Pavlov became interested in conditioning when he observed laboratory dogs

A) salivating right before food was placed in their mouths.
B) failing to salivate when food was placed in their mouths.
C) salivating only when food was placed in their mouths.
D) salivating right after they had swallowed food.

Question 13

In Pavlov's principle experiment,the unconditioned stimulus was the

A) salivation.
B) light.
C) tone.
D) meat powder.

Question 14

In Pavlov's original experiment on classical conditioning,the unconditioned response (UR)was

A) the sound of a tone.
B) salivation elicited by a tone.
C) the presentation of meat powder following a tone.
D) salivation elicited by meat powder.

Question 15

A previously neutral stimulus,that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response,is

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) an unconditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) a conditioned response.

Question 16

When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus,the process is

A) operant conditioning.
B) primary reinforcement.
C) Skinnerian conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 17

A conditioned stimulus is

A) a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
B) an unlearned reaction that occurs without previous conditioning.
C) a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response.
D) a learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioning.

Question 18

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as

A) state-dependent learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) observational conditioning.

Question 19

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience is defined as

A) mediation.
B) maturation.
C) learning.
D) conditioning.

Question 20

One Saturday,Clayton was sitting at home when the telephone rang.A local company was making promotional calls and told Clayton he had just won a $500 gift certificate.He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500.Now Clayton finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring,he feels a little surge of excitement.In this example,the conditioned response is

A) the surge of excitement that Clayton feels whenever he hears a telephone ring.
B) the ringing of a telephone.
C) the news that he had just won a $500 gift certificate.
D) the rush of excitement he felt when he won the certificate.

Question 21

Examples of behaviors learned through classical conditioning would include all the following EXCEPT

A) both pleasant and unpleasant emotional responses.
B) simple reflexive behaviors such as blinking.
C) the physiological functioning of the immune system.
D) voluntary behaviors such as setting the table for dinner.

Question 22

The initial stage of learning a response is called

A) extinction.
B) contiguity.
C) acquisition.
D) conditioning.

Question 23

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love.In this example,her "weak knees" would be

A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) a conditioned response.

Question 24

Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to

A) become potty-trained.
B) feed himself.
C) pick up his toys.
D) fear the dentist.

Question 25

If a child covers his/her ears when seeing fireworks,before hearing the sound of the fireworks,seeing the fireworks would be a(n)

A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 26

The study by Domjan et al.(1998),which investigated the adaptive significance of sexual conditioning,may shed some light on

A) how erectile dysfunction may develop in humans.
B) why some species fail to reproduce and become extinct.
C) how sexual fetishes develop in humans.
D) the evolutionary causes of infertility in humans.

Question 27

If you find that you have more positive feelings toward a product after an attractive spokeperson gives you a free sample,your change in attitudes would be said to have resulted from

A) evaluative conditioning
B) escape learning
C) reflexive conditioning
D) observational learning

Question 28

Belinda was very close to her father,she claims that he always made her feel safe.Belinda's father always wore "Stetson" cologne.Today every time she smells the scent of "Stetson" cologne she develops a pleasant feeling of warmth and comfort.The learning process that could best account for Belinda's pleasant feelings is

A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) delayed reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 29

Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill,even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office.In this example,the pain of dental drilling is

A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) a conditioned stimulus.

Question 30

When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings,in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings,they are using principles derived from

A) classical conditioning.
B) state-dependent learning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 31

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

A) sing a song.
B) tie shoe laces.
C) print letters.
D) fear the dark.

Question 32

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill,even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office.In this example,cringing in the waiting room is

A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) a conditioned response.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 33

When personal likes and dislikes are acquired through processes of classical conditioning,the learning is referred to as

A) evaluative conditioning
B) higher-order conditioning
C) positive reinforcement
D) vicarious learning

Question 34

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love.In this example,the combined smell of cigarettes and Beemans gum would be

A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 35

When an individual has a phobia,the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is

A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 36

Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before,imagine eating a large,juicy sour pickle.If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water,your salivation would be

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) a conditioned response.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned response.

Question 37

Lyn is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger.Today,even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine.The learning process that could best account for Lyn's fear of spiders is

A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) delayed reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 38

Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression,while they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid.In these studies,the conditioned response would be

A) the immunosuppression.
B) the taste of the liquid that is used.
C) the injection of the drug.
D) fear of the injection process.

Question 39

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

A) talk.
B) play baseball.
C) walk.
D) love the smell of her father's after shave.

Question 40

In Pavlov's principle experiment the conditioned stimulus was the

A) salivation.
B) meat powder.
C) light.
D) tone.

Question 41

If a classically conditioned response undergoes extinction in an environment which is different from the one in which the response was acquired,the extinguished response will often reappear if the individual is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.This phenomenon is called

A) second-order conditioning.
B) the renewal effect.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) vicarious conditioning.

Question 42

When Luis was a child,he really liked the smell of the rose-scented perfume his mother used to wear.He came to associate that scent with snuggles and hugs from his mom.As an adult,Luis likes any floral scent,including the smell of lilacs and wildflowers.This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of

A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) preparedness.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 43

On Tuesday morning,Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee.However,instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast,she tried eating guava for the first time.Later she became extremely ill.If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to one of her breakfast items,the conditioned response will MOST likely be to

A) guava, because it was a novel stimulus.
B) milk, because the milk may have been sour.
C) grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast.
D) coffee, because coffee is a stimulant.

Question 44

When a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery,the rejuvenated response typically

A) is weaker than the previously conditioned response.
B) is stronger than the previously conditioned response.
C) occurs before the conditioned stimulus.
D) changes to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 45

Bart developed a severe fear of flying when he was piloting a small plan through some severe turbulence.He has been seeing a therapist,and it appears that his fear response has been successfully extinguished.The therapist used a flight simulator to help Bart practice his piloting skills in a safe setting.However,the first time Bart stepped back into a real plane,his fear returned.This example illustrates the phenomenon known as

A) second-order conditioning.
B) the renewal effect.
C) unblocking.
D) stimulus generalization.

Question 46

Anthony classically conditioned his cat to purr whenever the phone rang.One day,the phone rang for nearly two hours straight when Anthony wasn't home,and the cat's conditioned purring response underwent extinction.Today,the response has spontaneously recovered,but if the conditioned purring response were to undergo extinction again Anthony should expect that it will

A) take less time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.
B) take more time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.
C) take the same amount of time to extinguish as it took for the original extinction.
D) be impossible to extinguish the response now that spontaneous recovery has occurred.

Question 47

In the Little Albert experiment on conditioned emotional responses,the unconditioned stimulus was

A) the rabbit.
B) the rat.
C) the loud noise.
D) the fear reaction.

Question 48

Ken used to drool at the smell of peanut butter cookies as they baked,and he couldn't wait to sink his teeth into that first cookie.However,Ken's new roommate makes terrible peanut butter cookies,and the smell of them baking is no longer associated with a wonderful taste experience.Consequently,Ken finds that the smell of the cookies no longer makes him drool in anticipation.This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) second-order conditioning.
C) extinction.
D) avoidance.

Question 49

On Thursday morning,Charles prepared his typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee.However,instead of having grapefruit with his breakfast,he tried eating guava for the first time.At lunchtime he ate his typical lunch of tuna salad and potato chips.However,instead of having a Coke to drink with his lunch,he drank a new fruit flavored soft drink for the first time.During the mid afternoon he became extremely ill.If his illness causes him to develop a conditioned response to something which stimulus is likely to be the conditioned stimulus?

A) guava, because it was a novel stimulus and was the first novel thing he ingested that day
B) tuna, because it is most likely have been sour and it was ingested closest in time to the onset of the illness
C) milk, because the milk may have been sour and it was ingested first thing in the morning
D) the new fruit flavored soft drink, because it was a novel stimulus and was ingested closest in time to the onset of the illness

Question 50

When Diana was three years old,she became terrified when the neighbor's budgie bird kept flying near her head.Today she is afraid of all birds,including robins,pigeons,and blue jays.Diana's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of

A) preparedness.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) negative avoidance.

Question 51

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery suggests that

A) classical conditioning can only be used to condition biologically meaningful responses.
B) once a conditioned response has been extinguished, a person will also stop responding to other stimuli that are similar.
C) extinction does not erase a learned association, it only suppresses or interferes with a conditioned response.
D) when a conditioned response is extinguished, higher-order responses replace the original response.

Question 52

Last year Becky went to a psychologist and was cured of her dog phobia.Today,however,while jogging in the park she was overcome with anxiety when she saw a young man jogging toward her with his golden retriever on a leash.Apparently,Becky's dog phobia

A) showed spontaneous recovery.
B) had not been extinguished after all.
C) showed higher-order conditioning.
D) showed stimulus generalization.

Question 53

Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli

A) occur together in time.
B) occur together in space.
C) occur together in time and space.
D) have been conditioned prior to the current trial.

Question 54

The continued presentation of the CS without the US will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR.This phenomenon is known as

A) extinction.
B) inhibition.
C) suppression.
D) conditioned forgetting.

Question 55

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest is called

A) disinhibition.
B) reconditioning.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 56

In order to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response,you would present

A) the US before the CS several times.
B) the CS alone several times.
C) the US alone several times.
D) extra pairings of the CS and US.

Question 57

When shown a Santa Claus beard,Little Albert showed a fear response,which was evidence of

A) stimulus discrimination.
B) superstitious behavior.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) extinction.

Question 58

In the Little Albert experiment on conditioned emotional responses,the conditioned stimulus was

A) the rabbit.
B) the rat.
C) the loud noise.
D) the fear reaction.

Question 59

Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer.This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water.She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip,however,as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again.This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as

A) extinction.
B) second-order conditioning.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 60

Stimulus generalization occurs when

A) there is a temporal association between two stimuli.
B) an organism fails to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used in conditioning.
C) an unconditioned stimulus fails to elicit the unconditioned response.
D) an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 61

The key dependent variable measured in operant conditioning studies is

A) the strength of the CR.
B) the strength of the UR.
C) the organism's reinforcement rate.
D) the organism's response rate.

Question 62

Ken has been conditioned to be afraid of snow.For a number of weeks during November and December snow is repeatedly presented with Santa Claus; now Ken is also fearful of Santa Claus.This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of

A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) higher order conditioning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 63

Learning to tie one's shoes is most likely acquired via the process of

A) operant conditioning.
B) reflexive conditioning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 64

When Lindsay was nine years old,the neighbor's chihuahua bit her on the ankle.Today Lindsay is still terrified of chihuahuas,but she likes almost all other types of dogs.Lindsay's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of

A) preparedness.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) negative avoidance.

Question 65

In the Little Albert experiment on conditioned emotional responses,stimulus generalization was shown when Albert showed the fear response to

A) the rabbit.
B) the rat.
C) the loud noise.
D) his mother.

Question 66

When an organism responds to a specific stimulus or conditioned stimulus and doesn't respond to another stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus,it is referred to as

A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) extinction.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 67

If a dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light,the dog is showing evidence of

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) conditioned emotional reactions.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) stimulus discrimination.

Question 68

Recent research suggests that panic disorder may result in part from the process of

A) stimulus discrimination.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) conditioned stimulation.
D) constrained conditioning.

Question 69

April wants to teach her cat not to claw at the arms of her couch.She will be most successful in reducing the cat's scratching behavior if she uses

A) classical conditioning.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 70

Dillon is four years old,and his parents want to teach him to say "please" and "thank you." They will be most successful in altering Dillon's behavior if they use

A) classical conditioning
B) higher-order conditioning
C) non-contingent reinforcement
D) operant conditioning

Question 71

Classical conditioning is to ____ responses; as operant conditioning is to ____.

A) voluntary; involuntary
B) reflexive; involuntary
C) involuntary; reflexive
D) reflexive; voluntary

Question 72

Six-year-old Kristen is afraid of balloons because a balloon once popped in her face while she was holding it.Last week she went to the circus and there was a clown holding a huge assortment of helium balloons.Now she is also afraid of clowns,even though none of the balloons the clown was holding popped.Kristen's fear of clowns illustrates the classical conditioning process of

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) preparedness.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) the renewal effect.

Question 73

Which of the following statements regarding stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination is correct?

A) the more similar the new stimulus is to the original CS, the greater the likelihood of stimulus discrimination
B) the more dissimilar the new stimulus is from the original CS, the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization
C) for stimulus discrimination to occur, the organism needs experience with both the original CS and the new stimulus
D) for stimulus generalization to occur, the organism needs experience with both the original CS and the new stimulus

Question 74

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which

A) responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
B) an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior.
C) involuntary responses are slowly replaced by voluntary responses.
D) a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.

Question 75

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate to the sound of a tone.He then paired a light with the tone until the dog salivated to the light alone.This is an example of

A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 76

Continuing to pair a specific CS and US,but periodically presenting stimuli similar to the CS and not pairing them with the US,should result in

A) stimulus discrimination.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) extinction.
D) response attenuation.

Question 77

In higher-order conditioning ____ now functions as if it were ____.

A) a conditioned stimulus; an unconditioned stimulus
B) an unconditioned stimulus; a conditioned stimulus
C) a conditioned response; an unconditioned response
D) an unconditioned response; a conditioned response

Question 78

A dog is first conditioned to salivate to a tone.Then,a light is paired with the tone for a number of trials.Finally,the light is presented alone,and the dog responds.This procedure is known as

A) chaining
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) compound conditioning.
D) sensory preconditioning.

Question 79

In the 1930s learning that is influenced by stimuli that follow the response was christened "operant conditioning" by

A) Ivan Pavlov.
B) John Watson.
C) B. F. Skinner.
D) Edward Thorndike.

Question 80

The type of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences is

A) observational learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) reinforcement.