Deck 7: Human Memory

Question 1

As part of a memory test,Kiana was given a list of words that included: "dog,pail,and hate." Later,she recalled these words as: "dig,paint,and hard." Kiana's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list

A) phonemically.
B) semantically.
C) implicitly.
D) structurally.

Answer 1

structurally.

Question 2

You are observing another student reading in the cafeteria.There are several distracting sounds,but the individual does not look up or otherwise appear to notice any of the disruptions.Based on Lavie's view of the attention filter,you should conclude that the person is reading ____ material because external information is being filtered ____.

A) complicated or complex; early
B) complicated or complex; late
C) simple; early
D) simple; late

Answer 2

complicated or complex; early

Question 3

Curtis is working on a presentation and doesn't hear the phone ringing in the background.Later,he is surprised to find three phone messages have come in for him,because he was totally unaware that the phone had even rung.Incidents of this type would lend support to

A) a late-selection model of attention.
B) a proactive model of attention.
C) an early-selection model of attention.
D) an acoustic-blocking model of attention.

Answer 3

an early-selection model of attention.

Question 4

If you were attempting to recall a memory,the memory process you would be using is

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) acquisition.

Question 5

As part of a memory test,Taryn was given a list of words that included: "dog,pail,and hate." Later,she recalled these words as: "pup,bucket,and loathe." Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list

A) proactively.
B) semantically.
C) phonemically.
D) structurally.

Question 6

Early-selection theories of attention propose that

A) stimuli are screened out before the brain processes the meaning of sensory input.
B) stimuli are screened out after the brain processes the meaning of sensory input.
C) attention is distributed equally among all stimulus inputs that are above threshold.
D) stimuli are screened out before they reach the sense organs.

Question 7

According to Lavie,the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current information processing.Selection tends to occur early when individuals

A) are involved in simple, low-load tasks
B) are attending to complicated, high-load tasks
C) are processing familiar information
D) do not expect to be tested on the material

Question 8

According to Lavie,the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current information processing.Selection tends to occur late when individuals

A) are attending to complicated, high-load tasks.
B) are processing new information.
C) expect to be tested on the material.
D) are involved in simple, low-load tasks.

Question 9

The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) sensation.

Question 10

Sarah is studying for her psychology exam and listening to the television.Studies on divided attention would suggest that

A) she would experience a negative impact on her studying since she would focus more on the TV since auditory cues will be attended to over visual cues.
B) the effect will be neutral.
C) she will experience a negative impact on her memory and not remember much of either the TV show or her studying.
D) she would experience a positive impact on her studying since the TV would serves as noise and would allow her to focus her attention on her textbook.

Question 11

Zachariah was not sure that he was ready for his midterm exams,but once he started,he found that he was able to accurately recall the information he had learned.The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Zachariah could access and utilize the information in his memory is

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) rehearsal.

Question 12

Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended.The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is

A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) chunking.
D) storage.

Question 13

In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?

A) morphemic
B) phonemic
C) mnemonic
D) platonic

Question 14

As part of a memory test,Xavier was given a list of words that included: dog,pail,and hate.Later,he recalled these words as: "log,whale,and late." Xavier's errors in recall suggest that he had encoded the original word list

A) phonemically.
B) structurally.
C) semantically.
D) retroactively.

Question 15

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines

A) perception.
B) processing.
C) attention.
D) sensation.

Question 16

In order for a memory to be stored,it must first be

A) ablated.
B) modeled.
C) retrieved.
D) encoded.

Question 17

Frances is daydreaming during her botany class,and has not been listening to the lecture at all.She is suddenly aware that her professor has just called her name,and is waiting for her to respond to a question that has been asked.Incidents of this type lend support to

A) a retroactive model of attention.
B) a late-selection model of attention.
C) an early-selection model of attention.
D) an acoustic-blocking model of attention.

Question 18

The memory process of storage involves

A) recovering information from memory stores.
B) forming a memory code.
C) linking new information to other information.
D) maintaining information in memory over time.

Question 19

When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other tasks,their performance on the encoding task generally shows

A) a marked improvement.
B) a small decline.
C) a large decline.
D) no significant change.

Question 20

Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings,based on the results of studies on divided attention,should Kwan answer the phone?

A) No, he would experience a negative impact on his driving behavior since he would focus more on the phone call than on traffic signals.
B) He should only answer the phone if he is an experienced driver who is driving in a familiar location.
C) Yes, his attention system will allow him to process both traffic information and his phone conversation equally.
D) He should only answer the phone if he has a hands-free device, so that he is not distracted by having to hold the phone.

Question 21

Several students are arguing over the actual year that the Berlin wall came down.Some of the students think it was in 1990,several think it was in 1991,and one student thinks it may have been 1988.Seth confidently tells them it was in November 1989,because it came down the same week he won a statewide spelling bee.The fact that Seth is able to accurately recall the date illustrates the impact of

A) prospective memory processes.
B) self-referent encoding.
C) semantic encoding.
D) spreading activation in a semantic network.

Question 22

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory,the memory system that allows for the sensation of a visual pattern,sound,or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over is called?

A) semantic memory
B) sensory memory
C) long term memory
D) short-term memory

Question 23

When their mom took them to the store yesterday she asked David and Andrew to help her remember to buy apples.While David focused his attention on how apples were his favorite fruit,Andrew thought of seeing a bag of big red apples in the shopping cart.David was using ____ and Andrew ____.

A) elaboration; structural encoding
B) elaboration; visual imagery
C) phonemic encoding; structural encoding
D) phonemic encoding; visual imagery

Question 24

When studying for her psychology exam,Amy would read each word from the list of key terms at the end of the chapter,read the definition of the term and then think of an example that illustrated each term.Amy was using the process of ____ to hopefully enhance her memory of the terms.

A) elaboration
B) expanded attention
C) retrieval
D) imagery

Question 25

Whitney's neighbors are surprised that she never forgets their anniversary,but their wedding anniversary falls on the same day as Whitney's birthday,so she finds it an easy date to remember.Whitney's easy recall of the anniversary date illustrates the influence of

A) semantic encoding.
B) spreading activation in a semantic network.
C) prospective memory processes.
D) self-referent encoding.

Question 26

Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?

A) structural encoding
B) mnemonic encoding
C) semantic encoding
D) phonemic encoding

Question 27

Norm is studying for his law exam.While he is studying,he is trying to think of as many examples as he can to illustrate key ideas.In this case,Norm is using

A) elaboration.
B) visual imagery.
C) self-referent encoding.
D) phonemic encoding.

Question 28

The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

A) enhanced by forming either semantic or visual codes.
B) composed of declarative and procedural elements.
C) composed of episodic and semantic codes.
D) composed of schematic and nonschematic elements.

Question 29

Naomi is studying for her law exam.While she is studying,she is trying to think of as many examples as she can to illustrate key ideas.In this case,Naomi is using

A) an efficient study strategy, because examples should help her to recall key ideas.
B) an ineffective study strategy that will probably cause her to confuse many of the key ideas.
C) shallow processing that does not focus on the underlying meaning of the material she is reading.
D) the linking method, to create a more complete semantic network.

Question 30

Erin is studying for her anatomy exam.While she is studying,she tries to create as many pictures as she can to illustrate key ideas.In this case,Erin is using

A) elaboration.
B) visual imagery.
C) self-referent encoding.
D) phonemic encoding.

Question 31

Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes?

A) encoding-storage theory
B) information-processing theory
C) enhanced imagery theory
D) dual-coding theory

Question 32

The deepest level of processing of information in memory,emphasizing the meaning of the information being processed,is

A) the triarchic level of encoding.
B) the semantic level of encoding.
C) attentional encoding.
D) dyadic encoding.

Question 33

Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief duration of information in sensory memory?

A) Richard Atkinson
B) Hermann Ebbinghaus
C) George Miller
D) George Sperling

Question 34

The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.

A) structural
B) semantic
C) verbal
D) phonemic

Question 35

Karina is given a list of words to memorize,and she forms a mental image of each word on the list.Calvin is given the same list of words,and he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list.Based on the research that has focused on the process of encoding,you should expect that on a memory test

A) both Karina and Calvin will recall the same number of words.
B) Karina will recall more words than Calvin.
C) Calvin will recall more words than Karina.
D) Karina is more likely to make "look-alike" errors in recall.

Question 36

Recent research suggests that strong motivation to remember something may actually enhance memory,but only if the motivation is present at the time of

A) retrieval
B) encoding
C) storage
D) interference

Question 37

The approach to encoding that involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant is

A) deep processing encoding.
B) semantic encoding.
C) self-referent encoding.
D) dual-code encoding.

Question 38

If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of the words,as you read through the list you should

A) count how many letters are in each word.
B) concentrate on the first letter of each word.
C) think of a word that rhymes with each word.
D) use each word in a sentence.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as a method to enrich encoding of to-be-stored information?

A) self-referent encoding
B) visual imagery
C) rote memorization
D) elaboration

Question 40

Two students took a memory test.Twenty nouns were shown sequentially on a TV monitor.Mallory tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor.Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be used in a sentence.Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory,you should predict that

A) Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
B) both students should have equivalent recall of the words.
C) Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
D) Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding.

Question 41

Jade rearranges the letters HI TRE DBA T into "hit red bat." This is an example of

A) chunking.
B) elaboration.
C) rehearsal.
D) clustering.

Question 42

Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven plus or minus two" items?

A) Richard Atkinson
B) Hermann Ebbinghaus
C) George Miller
D) George Sperling

Question 43

When you listen to a lecture,the information is held in ____ memory until you write it in your notes.

A) trace
B) sensory
C) short-term
D) long-term

Question 44

With rehearsal,information in short-term memory can be maintained for some time.Without rehearsal,the duration of short-term memory is

A) no longer than 1 second.
B) about 5 seconds.
C) about 20 seconds.
D) 1-2 minutes.

Question 45

The function of sensory memory is to

A) put information into long-term memory.
B) hold the immediate perception of what was perceived.
C) hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer.
D) hold information for a lifetime.

Question 46

Sensory memory

A) is the same as the working memory.
B) is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.
C) preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.
D) is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.

Question 47

Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is false?

A) short-term memory is also referred to as working memory
B) the storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately seven items
C) unrehearsed information is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately five minutes
D) information in short-term memory is usually stored according to sounds

Question 48

Sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory comprise the three components of

A) memory.
B) encoding.
C) retrieval.
D) storage.

Question 49

You look up the phone number of the new Pizza Hut and repeat the number silently in your head until you find a pad of paper to write it down.The process of actively repeating the number is called

A) chunking.
B) rehearsal.
C) encoding.
D) retrieval.

Question 50

You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings.After talking on the phone,you can't remember the last thing you read.This information was lost from ____ memory,because the phone conversation distracted you from ____ the information.

A) sensory; perceiving
B) short-term; rehearsing
C) long-term; rehearsing
D) long-term; retrieving

Question 51

Chunking involves

A) the internal repetition of material a person is trying to remember.
B) forming connections between new information and information already in memory.
C) creating visual images of information to be stored in memory.
D) rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.

Question 52

Which stage,according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory,is the first stage of memory processing?

A) short-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) semantic memory

Question 53

Cindy is watching her little sister as she skips rope.As long as the rope is turning,all Cindy can see is a blur of color.She can only make out the shape of the skipping rope when her sister stops skipping.The "blurred" image that Cindy sees while the rope is moving results from the way in which

A) flashbulb memories are formed.
B) episodic memory is encoded.
C) sensory memory works.
D) rehearsal works in short-term memory.

Question 54

Research by George Miller suggested that the capacity of short-term memory is about ____ chunks of unrelated acoustically coded information.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 12

Question 55

Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in ____ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) intermediate-term
D) long-term

Question 56

According to Cowan,the capacity of short-term memory has been ____ because researchers have not controlled for ____ by participants.

A) overestimated; covert chunking
B) underestimated; covert chunking
C) overestimated; serial positioning
D) underestimated; serial positioning

Question 57

While driving with her two young children Kathy's car broke down.She called her husband on her cell phone and he told her the phone number of a towing company to call.If the children's behavior prevents her from repeating the phone number to herself,most likely Kathy will need to dial the phone number within the next ____ or she will forget the number.

A) minute
B) 45 seconds
C) 20 seconds
D) 2 seconds

Question 58

As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a scholarship,she silently repeated all the names to herself,in order.Kayla was using

A) chunking to increase the capacity of her short-term memory.
B) rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory.
C) filtering to temporarily bloc other information out of short-term memory.
D) acoustic encoding to process the names semantically.

Question 59

If your psychology professor brags that she has a good memory because she can remember everything she saw one-fourth of a second ago,your professor is referring to her

A) instantaneous memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) working memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 60

Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week.Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory,if Mark doesn't write the items down as he hears them,he is most likely to remember

A) less than 5 of the items from the list.
B) approximately 10 to 12 items from the list.
C) the entire list.
D) between 5 and 9 items from the list.

Question 61

The ____ component of working memory serves as the interface between working and long-term memory.

A) episodic buffer
B) semantic buffer
C) executive control system
D) visuospatial sketchpad

Question 62

Which memory system is referred to in your text as "working memory"?

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) all of these collectively

Question 63

Maria is trying to recall the names of all 48 of the contiguous United States.She begins by naming the New England states,followed by the mid-Atlantic states,the states in the Southeast,the Midwest,the Southwest,and finally the states in the Pacific Northwest.Maria's pattern of recall illustrates the concept of

A) the primacy effect.
B) levels-of-processing.
C) the serial-position effect.
D) clustering.

Question 64

Graham has selected four different universities that he might like to attend,and now he is trying to decide which of the four he should apply to.He has all the material spread out in front of him,and he is carefully considering all the advantages and disadvantages associated with each campus.Based on Baddeley's model of working memory,Graham is utilizing

A) the rehearsal loop to repeat only the most important aspects of each campus.
B) the central executive system to juggle all the information he needs to consider.
C) the visuospatial sketchpad to mentally manipulate the pros and cons for each campus.
D) his prospective memory to keep in mind his overall goals in attending university.

Question 65

A personal trait that is influenced by heredity and appears to play a role in intelligence,creativity,and musical ability is

A) neuroticism
B) sensory memory
C) working memory capacity
D) destination memory

Question 66

A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items is called

A) a script.
B) a schema.
C) a conceptual hierarchy.
D) a mnemonic device.

Question 67

A student's organized set of expectations about how a college professor is supposed to act is an example of a

A) schema.
B) chunk.
C) semantic network.
D) script.

Question 68

The stable ability to hold information in conscious attention is referred to as

A) working memory capacity
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) destination memory

Question 69

Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago.When he closes his eyes and thinks about the accident,he feels as if he can recall every detail of it,right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the cars.This type of memory is called

A) sensory memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) a flashbulb memory.
D) an implicit memory.

Question 70

Penfield's studies suggest that long-lost memories can be elicited through electrical stimulation of the brain.This suggests the possibility that forgetting may be a matter of

A) retrieval failure.
B) displacement.
C) gradual decay.
D) unconscious wishes to forget.

Question 71

Mia was trying to figure out how to fit the box that contained her new computer into the trunk of her car.She mentally manipulated the position of the box,trying to figure out a way to make it fit.Based on Baddeley's model of working memory,Mia was utilizing

A) the visuospatial sketchpad to mentally manipulate the box's position.
B) the phonological loop while she worked repeatedly on the problem.
C) the central executive system to juggle all the information she needed to consider.
D) her prospective memory to remember the actions she would need to perform.

Question 72

The ability of people to "juggle" information in working memory in order to reason and make decisions is handled by the ____ component of working memory.

A) central executive
B) rehearsal loop
C) visual imagery
D) schematic

Question 73

Baddeley's concept of working memory

A) integrates sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory into a single, complex system.
B) expands the functions and processes of short-term memory.
C) takes the place of the old concept of sensory memory.
D) expands the functions and processes of long-term memory.

Question 74

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called

A) episodic memories.
B) flashbulb memories.
C) sensory memories.
D) nondeclarative memories.

Question 75

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experiences with the object or event is known as

A) a schema.
B) a cluster.
C) a stereotype.
D) category.

Question 76

When you mentally picture the road between your house and school,you are relying on which component of working memory?

A) the visuospatial sketchpad
B) the conceptual hierarchy
C) the rehearsal loop
D) the executive control system

Question 77

When information in long-term memory (LTM)is organized according to a clustering principle,it means that

A) items that occurred close together in time are grouped together in LTM.
B) related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories.
C) words that look alike are grouped together in LTM.
D) people create a network of nodes in LTM, with links to related concepts.

Question 78

As Art was walking out the door of his apartment,he was quickly running through a mental list of all the things he was supposed to take with him.He went through the complete list of items four or five times,just to make sure he hadn't forgotten anything.Based on Baddeley's model of working memory,Art was utilizing

A) the visuospatial sketchpad to arrange all the information he needed.
B) the phonological loop to temporarily hold his list of essential items.
C) the central executive system to juggle all the information he needed to consider.
D) his prospective memory to remember the actions he still needed to perform.

Question 79

The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is

A) time-based memory.
B) long-term memory.
C) working memory.
D) auditory sensory memory.

Question 80

Meredith is trying to memorize the various eras and periods in the geologic table.She begins by memorizing the Cenozoic,Mesozoic and Paleozoic as three eras.She then memorizes the three periods from the Cenozoic,the three periods from the Mesozoic and the six periods from the Paleozoic.Meredith's method of organizing the material she is trying to remember illustrates the concept of

A) conceptual hierarchies.
B) levels-of-processing.
C) the serial-position effect.
D) source monitoring.