Deck 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Patrick ate a large breakfast.When he arrived for his 8:00 a.m. class the student next to him offered Patrick a large raisin muffin. Even though Patrick was still quite full from breakfast, he ate the muffin that he was offered. In this instance, Patrick's behavior can best be explained using

A) drive theories of motivation.
B) instinctive theories of motivation.
C) incentive theories of motivation.
D) the self-awareness theory of motivation.

Answer 1

incentive theories of motivation.

Question 2

A bonus of $100.00 for completing a work assignment before a deadline is an example of

A) an incentive.
B) a reward.
C) drive reduction.
D) a motive.

Answer 2

an incentive.

Question 3

Homeostasis is a state of

A) physiological stability.
B) physiological instability.
C) psychological stability.
D) psychological instability.

Answer 3

physiological stability.

Question 4

Evolutionary theories of motivation suggest that motives result in behaviors that

A) restore homeostasis
B) maximize reproductive success
C) reduce biological needs
D) reduce incentives

Question 5

According to drive theorists,the foremost motivation for all organisms is to

A) achieve self-actualization.
B) maintain homeostasis.
C) ensure their own survival and the survival of their species.
D) experience as much pleasant stimulation as possible.

Question 6

According to K.B.Madsen,most motivation theories identify ____ biological needs.

A) less than 5
B) 10-15
C) 25-30
D) more than 40

Question 7

An internal state of tension that precedes behavior designed to reduce that tension is referred to as a

A) fugue.
B) drive.
C) need.
D) biostate.

Question 8

Which of the following behaviors is consistent with a drive theory of motivation?

A) eating an apple when hungry
B) eating dessert after a large meal
C) looking up information in the encyclopedia
D) studying hard to earn an "A" on the test

Question 9

Food-deprived rats will learn a new response if given nonnutritive,saccharine-sweetened water as a reward.Thus,the sweet-tasting water is motivating even though no actual hunger reduction takes place.This fact raises questions about

A) instinct theories of motivation.
B) sociobiological theories of motivation.
C) incentive theories of motivation.
D) drive theories of motivation.

Question 10

Motives are BEST described as ____ that propel people in certain directions.

A) biological factors
B) social factors
C) drives and incentives
D) needs, wants, interests, and desires

Question 11

While ____ theories of motivation emphasize internal factors,____ theories emphasize external factors.

A) drive; incentive
B) incentive; drive
C) biological; drive
D) incentive; environmental

Question 12

Tension reduction is the goal according to which motivational theory?

A) drive theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) instinct theory
D) incentive theory

Question 13

According to motivation theorists,we would expect people generally to be

A) more similar in biological than in social needs.
B) more similar in social than in biological needs.
C) highly varied in both social and biological needs.
D) quite similar in both biological and social needs.

Question 14

According to drive theory of motivation,if you drink water when you are thirsty,drinking results in

A) drive production and serves as an incentive.
B) drive reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.
C) need production and serves as an incentive.
D) need reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.

Question 15

When you are engaging in goal-directed behavior,you may be BEST described as experiencing

A) drive reduction.
B) an incentive.
C) emotion.
D) motivation.

Question 16

Most motivational theorists divide motives into two categories consisting of

A) want and desire motives.
B) biological and social motives.
C) necessary and unnecessary motives.
D) survival and reproductive motives.

Question 17

An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior is

A) a motive.
B) a drive.
C) an incentive.
D) a need.

Question 18

Rita has just finished a large meal at her favorite restaurant.Although she is quite full,when the waiter brings the dessert tray,she orders a piece of chocolate cheesecake.In this instance,Rita's behavior is LEAST consistent with

A) incentive theories of motivation.
B) the expectancy-value theory of motivation.
C) the self-awareness theory of motivation.
D) drive theories of motivation.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT considered a social need in humans?

A) affiliation
B) aggression
C) nurturance
D) achievement

Question 20

Needs,wants,interests and desires that propel people in certain directions are known as

A) drives.
B) motives.
C) incentives.
D) habits.

Question 21

Janis knows that you have been studying eating behavior in your psychology class and asks you to explain why,in spite of her best interests she always overeats on Thanksgiving day when she is at her parents house.Which of the following would be the LEAST likely claim you would tell her?

A) She consumes more food because of the quantity of food that is presented; the more food served, the more she is likely to eat.
B) She is likely to consume more food because of the variety of food that is presented; the more variety of foods served, the more she is likely to eat.
C) She consumes more food because she is in the presence of other people and tends to linger at the table longer.
D) She consumes more food because in the cooler months insulin levels tend to increase and when insulin levels increase people tend to eat.

Question 22

Of the brain structures listed below,which one do scientists currently believe plays a larger role than the other structures in the modulation of hunger?

A) ventromedial hypothalamus
B) lateral hypothalamus
C) dorsal hypothalamus
D) paraventricular hypothalamus

Question 23

Which area of the hypothalamus,containing one group of neurons that are sensitive to incoming hunger signals and another area that responds to satiety signals,has been singled out as especially important in the regulation of hunger?

A) ventromedial area
B) lateral area
C) arcuate nucleus
D) paraventricular nucleus

Question 24

When women are in the presence of other women rather than alone,they tend to eat ______ ; when women are in the presence of men rather than alone,they tend to eat ______.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) less; about the same quantity
D) less; less

Question 25

Sensory-specific satiety refers to

A) the phenomenon that when there are few foods available the appeal of them can decline quickly.
B) the phenomenon that when there are many foods available the appeal of them can decline quickly.
C) the phenomenon that when there are few foods available the appeal of them can quickly increase.
D) the phenomenon that when there are many foods available people will quickly tire of them and stop eating.

Question 26

Which category of motives is often acquired through learning and varies depending on an individuals' experience?

A) reproductive
B) survival
C) biological
D) social

Question 27

In general,contemporary theories regarding brain regulation of hunger tend to focus on which of the following?

A) neural circuits
B) anatomical centers
C) overall size of brain
D) amount of electrical activity in the hindbrain

Question 28

Cannon and Washburn (1912)proposed that hunger is caused by

A) lack of food.
B) stomach contractions.
C) low blood sugar.
D) changes in leptin levels.

Question 29

When Giselle was in the hospital recently,she received glucose continuously through an intravenous line.As Giselle's blood glucose levels started to rise,she would have begun to

A) experience decreased autonomic arousal.
B) lose interest in food.
C) feel hungry.
D) become agitated.

Question 30

What do the following have in common: achievement,autonomy,play,and dominance?

A) They are all drives.
B) They are all biological motives.
C) They are all social motives.
D) They are all social-based biological motives.

Question 31

Imogene grew up in a small town in northern England,Dexter grew up in a large city in West Germany.You should expect that Imogene and Dexter have

A) the same social needs, but different biological needs.
B) the same biological needs, but different social needs.
C) different biological and social needs.
D) the same biological and social needs.

Question 32

If,after brain damage suffered in a car accident,a person gained 50 pounds in two months you would MOST likely suspect damage to the

A) ventromedial hypothalamus.
B) dorsal hypothalamus.
C) lateral hypothalamus.
D) glucostats.

Question 33

When Harvey was a child the only time he ate turnips was when he was at his grandmother's house for Christmas dinner.Now,as an adult,Harvey loves the taste of turnips because he associates them with Christmas at his grandmother's house.In this example,Harvey's preference for the taste of turnips could best be explained using principles of

A) observational learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) homeostatic conditioning.
D) genetic predispositions.

Question 34

Which of the following is a measure of weight that controls for variations in height and is increasingly used in research on obesity?

A) set point
B) reaction range
C) body mass index
D) obesity quotient

Question 35

Mr.Knez is trying to get his 7-year-old daughter to eat some vegetable-fried rice for the first time.Mr.Knez should be most successful in getting his daughter to sample the new dish if he

A) tells his daughter she won't get any desert until she tries some of the fried rice.
B) eats some of the fried rice first, and shows a favorable reaction while he eats it.
C) carefully describes all the ingredients that are in the fried rice.
D) mixes it in with some other food that she enjoys eating.

Question 36

Manipulations that decrease blood glucose level cause ____; manipulations that increase blood glucose level cause ____.

A) an increase in general arousal; a decrease in general arousal
B) a decrease in general arousal; an increase in general arousal
C) a decrease in hunger; an increase in hunger
D) an increase in hunger; a decrease in hunger

Question 37

Based on the interaction between glucose levels and insulin levels in the body,you should expect that laboratory rats with artificially reduced levels of insulin will

A) tend to overeat and gain weight.
B) stop eating, but still gain weight.
C) stop eating and lose weight.
D) show an increase in activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus.

Question 38

Which of the following statements best reflects the current view regarding the role of ghrelin in hunger regulation?

A) it is associated with increased hunger
B) ghrelin levels regulate feelings of satiety in the stomach
C) decreased ghrelin levels are involved in a lower propensity to feel hungry
D) high amounts in the brain have been shown to cause refusal to eat in laboratory rats

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT associated with a decrease in hunger or eating behavior?

A) damage to the lateral hypothalamus
B) a decrease in blood glucose level
C) nervous system information indicating stretching of the stomach walls
D) high levels of leptin in the blood

Question 40

The hormone produced by fat cells that tends to diminish feelings of hunger when at high levels is

A) insulin.
B) leptin.
C) adrenalin.
D) glucose.

Question 41

Settling-point theory proposes that weight tends to drift around

A) a low set point.
B) the level at which the factors of food consumption and energy expenditure are at equilibrium.
C) a high set point.
D) the level at which the factors of food storage and energy expenditure are at equilibrium.

Question 42

Recent research suggests that obese people are particularly sensitive to which type of food-related cue?

A) sensory
B) hormonal
C) normative
D) peripheral

Question 43

Stanley Schachter proposed that obese people are insensitive to _____________ regarding how much food to consume.

A) external social cues
B) internal physiological cues
C) internal psychological cues
D) external psychological cues

Question 44

Set-point theorists propose that people's set point depends on

A) their bone structure.
B) their activity level.
C) the number of fat cells they possess.
D) their current body weight.

Question 45

Dr.Green suggests that when food is plentiful,people have a tendency to overeat,with many people in modern industrialized societies eating excessive amounts of food.Dr.Green's view is most consistent with the

A) biological approach.
B) drive-reduction approach.
C) evolutionary approach.
D) environmental cues approach.

Question 46

The fact that the correlation in weight between identical twins reared apart is higher than that between fraternal twins reared together suggests that weight is

A) influenced more by genetics than by environmental factors.
B) influenced more by environmental factors than by genetics.
C) affected equally by genetics and environmental factors.
D) not affected by either genetics or environmental factor.

Question 47

Marvin is obese.Stanley Schachter would likely suspect that Marvin is particularly sensitive to ___________ about eating.

A) neurological cues
B) hormonal cues
C) psychological cues
D) environmental cues

Question 48

Obesity is a significant health problem that places individuals at risk for all of the following EXCEPT

A) cardiovascular diseases.
B) hypertension.
C) stroke.
D) fibromylagia.

Question 49

Mortality rates among people who are moderately overweight (BMI 25-29.9)are:

A) not elevated in today's population
B) lower than those of slightly overweight people
C) higher than those of obese individuals
D) increasing rapidly

Question 50

The basic idea behind the set-point theory of body weight is that

A) the body monitors fat stores and tries to keep them stable.
B) the body monitors carbohydrate stores and tries to keep them stable.
C) the body monitors protein levels and tries to keep them stable.
D) glucostats are critical in weight control.

Question 51

Research suggests that approximately ________ of children and adolescents in the United States are obese.

A) 20 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 80 percent

Question 52

Kathy has lost 25 pounds recently through dieting.According to ____ she will have difficulty keeping the weight off because her metabolism will have decreased in order to maintain the fat stores in her body.

A) set-point theory
B) settling-point theory
C) evolutionary theory
D) dietary restraint theory

Question 53

What BMI level is typically regarded as an indication of obesity?

A) 25
B) 29
C) 30
D) 35

Question 54

Which pair of individuals would be expected to be MOST similar in body mass index?

A) a husband and wife
B) an adopted child and the adoptive parent
C) two fraternal twins reared together
D) two identical twins reared apart

Question 55

According to set-point theory,the body monitors the

A) level of fat stores in the body to keep it fairly constant.
B) level of glucose in the bloodstream.
C) basal metabolic rate to keep it constant.
D) activity of the hypothalamus.

Question 56

In recent decades,the size of all of the following have steadily increased EXCEPT

A) grocery store packages
B) dinnerware
C) school lunch trays
D) restaurant portions

Question 57

Set point theory implies that people who have

A) a low set point will have the hardest time losing weight.
B) a high set point will often regain any weight they lose.
C) a low set point will often regain any weight they lose.
D) a high set point will often lose any weight they gain.

Question 58

What theoretical perspective argues that the increase in obesity in humans is a result of the fact that early humans lived in environments in which there was fierce competition for limited,unreliable food resources and that developed a tendency to consume food when it was present?

A) cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) body-set point
D) settling-point

Question 59

Masters and Johnson conducted groundbreaking research concerning

A) sexual orientation.
B) sexual preferences.
C) the psychology of the human sexual response.
D) the physiology of the human sexual response.

Question 60

Which weight control theory proposes a more optimistic view for those hoping to lose weight?

A) set point theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) settling point theory
D) neither theory is more optimistic then any other others.

Question 61

Annette was experiencing a high level of sexual excitement as her boyfriend kissed and caressed her.However,the phone rang and interrupted them.Her heart rate and respiration rate are slowly returning to normal,but she feels a sense of frustration.Based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson,Annette is in the

A) resolution phase.
B) plateau phase.
C) post-orgasmic phase.
D) refractory period.

Question 62

Assume a woman is deeply in love with her male partner.Based on research,you would predict this will

A) enhance her chances of achieving orgasm.
B) decrease her chances of achieving orgasm.
C) enhance her male partner's chances of achieving orgasm.
D) decrease her male partner's chances of achieving orgasm.

Question 63

During which phase of the human sexual response are male-female gender differences MOST pronounced?

A) excitement phase
B) plateau phase
C) orgasm phase
D) resolution phase

Question 64

The reduction in sexual tension during the resolution phase of the human sexual response is generally relatively slow or more gradual

A) for males.
B) for females.
C) for relatively inexperienced individuals.
D) if the individual did not experience an orgasm.

Question 65

Scott just experienced an orgasm.For about an hour he cannot achieve another orgasm.Scott is in the ____ phase of the sexual response cycle.

A) excitement
B) plateau
C) orgasmic
D) resolution

Question 66

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the phases of the human sexual response?

A) plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution
B) excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
C) plateau, excitement, resolution, orgasm
D) excitement, plateau, resolution, orgasm

Question 67

Pat's sexual arousal just reached its peak intensity and was discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsated through the pelvic area.Pat just experienced the ____ phase of the human sexual response.

A) peak
B) orgasm
C) plateau
D) resolution

Question 68

Which of the following researchers proposed parental investment theory?

A) David Buss
B) Walter Cannon
C) Robert Trivers
D) Stanley Schachter

Question 69

Peter and his wife are having sex when Peter's blood pressure increases sharply,and he experiences a series of muscular contractions throughout his pelvis.Based on research conducted by Masters and Johnson,

A) Peter is likely to experience several more orgasms before he enters a refractory period.
B) Peter's muscular contractions are likely to produce an orgasm in his wife.
C) Peter will be relatively unresponsive to sexual stimulation for a period of time following his orgasm.
D) Peter will now pass into the plateau stage of the sexual response cycle.

Question 70

Parental investment theory predicts that,in comparison to women,men show ____ interest in sexual activity and ____ willingness to engage in uncommitted sex.

A) less; more
B) more; less
C) less; less
D) more; more

Question 71

Which of the following BEST describes the refractory period?

A) the time between orgasms in multiorgasmic women
B) a time following female orgasm during which females are largely unresponsive to further stimulation
C) a time following male orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation
D) the time between initiation of intercourse and orgasm

Question 72

Orgasm consistency seems to be influenced by relationship quality

A) more in women than men.
B) more in men than women.
C) in neither sex.
D) in both sexes.

Question 73

____ theory asserts that a species' mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest in the way of time,energy,and survival risk to maximize the transmission of its genes to the next generation.

A) Drive
B) Inclusive fitness
C) Parental investment
D) Physiological equilibrium

Question 74

Which of the following statements about the sexual cycle studied by Masters and Johnson is most accurate?

A) Orgasm is quite different in males and females.
B) During the refractory period, men cannot experience another orgasm.
C) The excitement phase occurs much more rapidly in women than in men.
D) The plateau phase involves a decrease in bodily functions.

Question 75

Talia and her husband are having sex when Talia suddenly experiences a series of muscular contractions throughout her pelvis.Based on research conducted by Masters and Johnson,

A) Talia's muscular contractions are likely to produce an orgasm in her husband.
B) it will be at least 20 minutes before Talia can become sexually aroused again.
C) Talia may experience another orgasm without going through a refractory period.
D) Talia will now pass into the plateau stage of the sexual response cycle.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT one of the four phases of the human sexual response?

A) excitement
B) refractory
C) orgasm
D) plateau

Question 77

Sean and his wife have been kissing and caressing for about 15 minutes.His level of arousal is still increasing,and he has begun to secrete some seminal fluid from the tip of his penis.Based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson,Sean is in the

A) plateau phase.
B) excitement phase.
C) orgasmic phase.
D) resolution phase.

Question 78

Parental investment theory suggests that males and females

A) make significant personal investments to produce and nurture offspring.
B) do not make significant personal investments to produce and nurture offspring.
C) may develop different mating strategies.
D) develop similar mating strategies.

Question 79

Irene is listening to a romance novel while she is on her daily walk.Although she is not walking especially fast,she finds that as she listens to one of the love scenes in the novel her respiration rate and heart rate increase.She is also experiencing vaginal moistness.Based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson,Irene is in the

A) plateau phase.
B) orgasmic phase.
C) resolution phase.
D) excitement phase.

Question 80

Heart rate,respiration rate,and blood pressure increase sharply during which two phases of the human sexual response?

A) excitement and orgasm
B) orgasm and resolution
C) plateau and orgasm
D) excitement and plateau