Deck 11: Human Development Across the Life Span

Question 1

Avery is excited by the fact that she has begun to feel her baby kicking and moving in her uterus.If Avery can feel her baby moving,her pregnancy must be in the

A) embryonic stage.
B) germinal stage.
C) fetal stage.
D) neonatal stage.

Answer 1

fetal stage.

Question 2

The stage of prenatal development during which most miscarriages are likely to occur is the

A) zygotic stage.
B) germinal stage.
C) fetal stage.
D) embryonic stage.

Answer 2

embryonic stage.

Question 3

The age of viability,referring to the age at which the fetus ____,is reached ____.

A) can first respond to stimulation; at about 9 weeks
B) can survive if born prematurely; between 23 and 26 weeks
C) first has a heartbeat; at about 16 weeks
D) experiences no further cell division in the brain; between 36 and 38 weeks

Answer 3

can survive if born prematurely; between 23 and 26 weeks

Question 4

At the end of the ____ stage of prenatal development,the developing organism is about one inch long and has already developed most of the vital organs and bodily structures.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) zygote
D) fetal

Question 5

The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death is known as

A) maturation.
B) the perinatal period.
C) development.
D) childhood.

Question 6

During which stage of development do the heart,spine,and brain emerge?

A) post-natal
B) placental
C) fetal
D) embryonic

Question 7

Both Amy and Barb are pregnant.Currently Amy's pregnancy is in the shortest stage of prenatal development and Barb's is in the longest stage.Amy's pregnancy is in the ____ stage and Barb's is in the ____ stage.

A) germinal; fetal
B) embryonic; fetal
C) germinal; embryonic
D) fetal; germinal

Question 8

Premature babies who survive are typically born during the

A) germinal stage.
B) embryonic stage.
C) fetal stage.
D) postnatal stage.

Question 9

Which of the following does NOT occur during the final three months of prenatal development?

A) respiratory and digestive systems mature
B) sex organs start to develop
C) brain cells multiply at a rapid rate
D) a layer of fat is deposited under the skin

Question 10

Omar's wife conceived a baby seven days ago,and does not yet know she is pregnant.His wife's pregnancy is currently in the

A) germinal stage
B) embryonic stage
C) fetal stage
D) placental stage

Question 11

Felicia is pregnant and her blood pressure has become dangerously high.Her doctor wants to deliver her baby by Cesarean section,even though Felicia is only 26 weeks pregnant.If Felicia's baby is delivered at this point in her pregnancy,the baby will have

A) less than a 10% chance of survival.
B) approximately a 25% chance of survival.
C) almost an 75% chance of survival.
D) virtually a 100% chance of survival.

Question 12

Developing structures generally are most vulnerable to damage from environmental factors during the ____ of prenatal development.

A) germinal stage
B) embryonic stage
C) fetal stage
D) last two months

Question 13

The third stage of prenatal development,which lasts from two months through birth,is referred to as the

A) postgerminal stage.
B) embryonic stage.
C) fetal stage.
D) postnatal stage.

Question 14

A one celled organism formed by the union of the sperm and egg is known as

A) zygote.
B) germinal.
C) embryo.
D) fetus.

Question 15

The cell mass that develops from the fertilized egg implants itself in the uterine wall during the ____ stage of prenatal development.

A) fertilization
B) fetal
C) embryonic
D) germinal

Question 16

The embryonic stage of prenatal development refers to

A) the formation of a zygote.
B) the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall.
C) the second through eighth weeks of prenatal development.
D) the last seven months of the pregnancy.

Question 17

Chelsey is pregnant and she is concerned about taking an over-the-counter medication for her allergies.She should be MOST concerned if her pregnancy is currently at the

A) placental stage.
B) germinal stage.
C) fetal stage.
D) embryonic stage.

Question 18

The correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development are

A) germinal, fetal, embryonic.
B) embryonic, fetal, germinal.
C) germinal, embryonic, fetal.
D) fetal, germinal, embryonic.

Question 19

The structure that allows both oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother's bloodstream is the

A) uterine wall.
B) zygote.
C) placenta.
D) proximodistal organ.

Question 20

The prenatal period refers to

A) the period from conception to implantation.
B) the nine months before birth.
C) the period of time immediately after birth.
D) the time period before conception takes place.

Question 21

Low birth weight has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of

A) heart disease and diabetes
B) increased vulnerability to schizophrenia
C) mental retardation
D) delayed motor and mental development

Question 22

New research into the process of motor development suggests that

A) development gradually unfolds in a sequence of pre-programmed physical changes.
B) progress is attributed to infants' experimentation and learning the consequences of their activities.
C) motor development progresses as children gain control over their hips and legs and then their shoulders and arms.
D) genetically programmed physical changes determine when a child crawls and walks.

Question 23

In learning to crawl,children initially depend on their arms to propel them and later shift to using their legs.This motor development sequence is an example of

A) the cephalocaudal trend.
B) the proximodistal trend.
C) the cephalopedal trend.
D) encephalitis.

Question 24

Joyce was severely malnourished during her pregnancy.As a result,her baby is MOST likely to have

A) malformations of the arms and legs.
B) a small head, heart defects, and irritability.
C) attention deficit disorder and die from sudden infant death syndrome.
D) complications at birth and neurological deficits.

Question 25

If a baby is born with a small head,heart defects,and retarded mental and motor development,the mother is MOST likely to have

A) had smallpox early in her pregnancy.
B) been an alcoholic.
C) continued to work during pregnancy.
D) smoked during pregnancy.

Question 26

The full-blown fetal alcohol syndrome is produced by

A) heavy drinking during the first three months of pregnancy.
B) heavy drinking during the final three months of pregnancy.
C) one drunken binge at any time during pregnancy.
D) heavy drinking throughout pregnancy.

Question 27

Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm the developing fetus are known as

A) opiates
B) teratogens
C) pathogens
D) prenatals

Question 28

A diet rich in __________ can reduce the risk of many birth defects.

A) vitamin A
B) folic acid
C) omega 3 fatty acids
D) teratogens

Question 29

The proximodistal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their

A) shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers.
B) shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs.
C) hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms.
D) hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms.

Question 30

When Fred's mother was pregnant with him,she lived in an area with very high levels of air pollution.Based on research,Fred will be at increased risk for which of the following at age 5?

A) lung cancer
B) heart disease
C) impaired cognitive development
D) asthma

Question 31

Sandy suffered from depression while she was pregnant.It is most likely that her child will later demonstrate

A) mental retardation
B) behavioral problems
C) antisocial personality traits
D) schizophrenia

Question 32

Severe maternal malnutrition increases the risk of

A) heart defects and irritability.
B) birth complications and neurological defects.
C) mental retardation.
D) delayed motor and mental development.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?

A) increased risk of miscarriage or stillbirth
B) heart defects
C) slower than average cognitive development
D) increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome

Question 34

As children grow older and acquire specialized motor skills,which of the following becomes increasingly critical?

A) maturation
B) experience
C) genetic predispositions
D) nutrition

Question 35

According to the basic progression of motor maturation,which of the following body structures should take the longest to come under effective control?

A) torso
B) shoulders
C) arms
D) fingers

Question 36

Which of the following is associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?

A) increased risk of microcephaly
B) heart defects
C) conduct problems
D) decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome

Question 37

Developmental norms indicate

A) the mean age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.
B) the median age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.
C) the modal age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.
D) the exact age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities.

Question 38

The fact that children in different cultures ____ in the age at which basic motor skills appear demonstrates that ____.

A) vary somewhat; genetic factors can slow or accelerate early motor development
B) vary somewhat; environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development
C) do not vary; genetic factors alone determine early motor development
D) do not vary; environmental factors alone determine early motor development

Question 39

The cephalocaudal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their

A) hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms.
B) shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers.
C) hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms.
D) shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs.

Question 40

The potential damage due to prenatal exposure to maternal illness is primarily a function of

A) when the mother contracts the disease.
B) the severity of the mother's symptoms.
C) the condition of the mother's overall health.
D) whether the unborn child is male or female.

Question 41

When subjects of differing ages are compared at a single point in time,the study is called a

A) cross-sectional study.
B) longitudinal study.
C) cross-cultural study.
D) sequential study.

Question 42

According to the ____ trend,you would expect your newborn niece to be able to raise her head before she can sit.

A) maturational
B) developmental
C) cephalocaudal
D) proximodistal

Question 43

When the same subjects are repeatedly compared at different points in time,the study is called a

A) cross-sectional study.
B) longitudinal study.
C) cross-cultural study.
D) sequential study.

Question 44

Ross is a shy,timid child who is uncomfortable around unfamiliar people.Using the temperament categories outlined by Kagan,Ross would MOST likely be considered to have

A) an easy temperament.
B) an inhibited temperament.
C) a slow-to-warm-up temperament.
D) an uninhibited temperament.

Question 45

Children gain control of their movements in a head-to-foot direction according to the ____ trend and they gain control in a center-outward direction according to the ____ trend.

A) cephalodistal; proximocaudal
B) cephalocaudal; proximodistal
C) proximocaudal; cephalodistal
D) proximodistal; cephalocaudal

Question 46

Young Benny can reach for his Cheerios with his arm,but cannot yet pick them up with his fingers and hands.Benny's behavior best illustrates the ____ trend of motor development.

A) proximodistal
B) proximocaudal
C) cephalocaudal
D) cephalodistal

Question 47

Maturation is

A) the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth.
B) the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death.
C) development that reflects experience and learning.
D) development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint.

Question 48

Jade is a graduate student who is studying the way in which selective attention develops during the preadolescent years.She selects a group of 10-year-olds,and she assesses their selective attention every six months over a two-year period.In this example,Jade is using

A) a longitudinal research design.
B) a cross-sectional research design.
C) a multi-factorial research design.
D) a nested condition research design.

Question 49

According to Kagan and colleagues,infants who approach unfamiliar people,objects and events with little hesitation are said to exhibit

A) an uninhibited temperament.
B) a slow-to-warm-up temperament.
C) mixed temperaments.
D) inhibited temperament.

Question 50

Sarah is four month old,she actively resists change,has failed to develop a regular sleeping and eating schedule,and is generally irritable and unhappy,Sarah is BEST described as temperamentally

A) easy.
B) difficult.
C) slow to warm up.
D) mixed.

Question 51

Ruby is an active infant who appears to be somewhat high-strung,and who protests loudly every time her parents try to change her routine in any way.Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess,Ruby would MOST likely be considered to have

A) an easy temperament.
B) a slow-to-warm-up temperament.
C) a difficult temperament.
D) an uninhibited temperament.

Question 52

Gary is an active infant who always seems to be happy.He has a regular schedule,and his parents know that he will sleep through the night without waking,even when he stays overnight with his grandparents.Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess,Gary would most likely be considered to have

A) a difficult temperament.
B) a slow-to-warm-up temperament.
C) an uninhibited temperament.
D) an easy temperament.

Question 53

Mikaela is a quiet infant who doesn't seem to smile a lot,but who also seldom cries.She seems cautious and wary of changes in her surroundings,but eventually she adapts to the change.Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess,Mikaela would MOST likely be considered to have

A) a difficult temperament.
B) a slow-to-warm-up temperament.
C) an easy temperament.
D) an uninhibited temperament.

Question 54

Cultural variations in the emergence of basic skills such as sitting and walking demonstrate that environmental factors

A) do not affect early motor development.
B) can accelerate or slow early motor development.
C) can accelerate early motor development.
D) can slow early motor development.

Question 55

Tucker is a graduate student who is studying identity formation.He selects a group of 5-year-olds,a group of 10-year-olds,and a group of 15-year-olds,and interviews each group,asking them what they plan to be when they finish school.In this example,Tucker is using

A) a longitudinal research design.
B) a cross-sectional research design.
C) a multi-factorial research design.
D) a nested condition research design.

Question 56

When differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods,this is a

A) cross-sectional effect.
B) longitudinal effect.
C) cohort effect.
D) time of testing effect.

Question 57

Research suggests that a child's temperament is well established by

A) three months of age.
B) seven months of age.
C) one year of age.
D) two years of age.

Question 58

If an infant is temperamentally easy,what would be the best prediction to make about the child's temperament at age 10?

A) The child is fairly likely to retain the easy temperament.
B) The child is likely to overcompensate by becoming "difficult" later on.
C) No reasonable prediction can be made.
D) By the age of 10, the child is likely to develop whatever temperament the primary caregiver has.

Question 59

A researcher tests the memories of groups who are 40,60,and 80 years old,and finds the youngest group better able to memorize information.The researcher concludes memory ability declines with age.You should assume the researcher's conclusion is

A) valid, due to sequential effects.
B) invalid, due to sequential effects.
C) valid, due to cohort effect.
D) invalid, due to cohort effect.

Question 60

Cohort effects are MOST closely associated with which research design?

A) longitudinal
B) sequential
C) cross-sectional
D) time of testing

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic styles of temperament described by Thomas and Chess?

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) anxious
C) difficult
D) easy

Question 62

Kara takes her 1-year-old son,Delaney,to visit a day-care center where she plans to enroll him.Delaney appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore the playroom,even though Kara is close by.When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms,Delaney becomes extremely upset.When Kara returns he clings to her leg,but does not calm down and continues to sob.This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who

A) share a secure attachment relationship.
B) share an avoidant attachment relationship.
C) have not yet developed an attachment relationship.
D) share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.

Question 63

You are in a discussion on attachment behavior and your friend says that she believes that infants are biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers a protective response from adult females.Which theorist is MOST likely to agree with Shari's views?

A) Harry Harlow
B) Mary Ainsworth
C) John Bowlby
D) Jay Belsky

Question 64

How do children develop special attachments to their mothers,according to John Bowlby?

A) The mother provides innate contact comfort to the infant.
B) The infant is biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers a protective response from adult females.
C) The mother becomes a conditioned reinforcer because she is associated with the reinforcing act of being fed.
D) Maternal attachment behavior is the result of reproductive fitness.

Question 65

An inhibited temperament is seen more often in _________ children than in American children.

A) French
B) Chinese
C) German
D) Australian

Question 66

The close,emotional bond of affection between an infant and its caregiver is called

A) attachment.
B) dependency.
C) imprinting.
D) identification.

Question 67

The characteristic mood,activity level,and emotional reactivity of an infant refers to the infant's

A) attachment.
B) behavioral qualities.
C) personality.
D) temperament.

Question 68

Jasmin takes her 1-year-old son,Randy,to visit a day-care center where she plans to enroll him.Randy eagerly explores the playroom,and when his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms he shows no signs of concern.When Jasmin returns,he shows little interest and continues to play with the toys he has collected.This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who

A) share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.
B) share a secure attachment relationship.
C) have not yet developed an attachment relationship.
D) share an avoidant attachment relationship.

Question 69

Which of the following statements concerning temperament is false?

A) approximately one-third of the children studied by Thomas and Chess could not be easily classified as having one of the three basic styles of temperament
B) temperament is not influenced by heredity
C) temperament is generally stable over time
D) a child's temperament may be influenced by social experiences

Question 70

Separation anxiety typically develops when infants are about ____ months old and peaks at around ____ months.

A) 2-4; 10-12
B) 6-8; 14-18
C) 9-11; 13-15
D) 12; 24

Question 71

At what age does an infant typically first exhibit separation anxiety?

A) one to two weeks
B) one to two months
C) six to eight months
D) around one year

Question 72

According to behavioral theory,how do children develop special attachments to their mothers?

A) The mother provides innate contact comfort to the infant.
B) The infant is biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers a protective response from adult females.
C) The mother becomes a conditioned reinforcer because she is associated with the reinforcing act of being fed.
D) Maternal attachment behavior is the result of reproductive fitness.

Question 73

Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment to caregivers is known as the __________ procedure.

A) secure-avoidant
B) shared inhibition
C) attachment probing
D) strange situation

Question 74

Mercedes takes her 1-year-old son,Justice,to visit a day-care center where she plans to enroll him.Justice eagerly explores the playroom as long as Mercedes is present.When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms,Justice becomes somewhat upset,but when Mercedes returns,he quickly calms down.This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who

A) share an avoidant attachment relationship.
B) share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.
C) share a secure attachment relationship.
D) have not yet developed an attachment relationship.

Question 75

If the only information you have concerning one-year-old Jessica is that she is wary or hesitant when having a new experience,MOST likely you should predict that Jessica has

A) an anxious temperament.
B) a difficult temperament.
C) an easy temperament.
D) a slow-to-warm-up temperament.

Question 76

Preschool children who had secure attachments during infancy tend to display all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) greater curiosity.
B) better peer relationships.
C) higher levels of moral reasoning.
D) more self-reliance.

Question 77

Harlow's finding that "contact comfort" is an important factor in forming attachment is LEAST consistent with the views expressed by

A) Ainsworth.
B) Bowlby.
C) Skinner.
D) evolutionary psychologists.

Question 78

In the middle childhood years,the children who have healthier strategies for coping with stress and fewer problems with hostility to be children who

A) had several siblings close to their own age.
B) had secure attachments during infancy.
C) started full-time day care before the age of two.
D) have no same-sexed siblings.

Question 79

Thomas and Chess refer to a child who tends to be glum,erratic in sleep and eating,and resistant to change as

A) an easy child.
B) a slow-to-warm-up child.
C) a mixed temperament child.
D) a difficult child.

Question 80

Scientific studies that observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time use the

A) experimental design.
B) cross-sectional design.
C) longitudinal design.
D) naturalistic observation design.