Deck 13: Motivation

Question 1

In the context of motivation,persistence of effort is concerned with the choices that people make in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs.

Answer 1

  False

Question 2

In industrial psychology,which of the following equations best represents job performance? 

A) ​Job Performance = Instrumentality/(Expectancy × Valence) 
B) ​Job Performance = Motivation/(Ability × Effort) 
C) ​Job Performance = Instrumentality × Expectancy × Valence 
D) ​Job Performance = Motivation × Ability × Situational Constraints

Answer 2

  D

Question 3

Alderfer suggests that people are just as likely to move down the Maslow's needs hierarchy as up.

Answer 3

  True

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward? 

A) ​A sense of accomplishment 
B) ​A feeling of responsibility 
C) ​A chance to learn something new 
D) ​A promotion to a higher position

Question 5

McClelland's Learned Needs Theory suggests that people are motivated by physiological,safety,belongingness,esteem,and self-actualization needs.

Question 6

Extrinsic rewards are given to motivate people to look for better jobs outside a company.

Question 7

Victor,a software engineer,accepted a project for developing an easy-buy application for cell phones.The project had a stringent deadline that other engineers deemed impossible to complete.With proper planning and motivation,Victor was able to develop the application on time.Victor's accomplishment was rewarded with a pay increment.In this case,Victor was motivated with a(n)_____. 

A) ​intrinsic reward 
B) ​extrinsic reward 
C) ​intangible reward 
D) ​natural reward

Question 8

In the context of motivation,_____ is concerned with the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts.

A) ​initiation of effort 
B) ​persistence of effort 
C) ​direction of effort 
D) ​termination of effort

Question 9

According to Maslow,which of the following is on the top of the hierarchy of needs? 

A) ​Self-actualization needs 
B) ​Physiological needs 
C) ​Self-esteem needs 
D) ​Safety needs

Question 10

With fixed interval reinforcement schedules,consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed.

Question 11

Kiara,a waitress,receives a salary increment.Even though Kiara's coworkers received five percent more increment than her,Kiara perceives the hike to be in line with her performance and experience.This scenario illustrates: 

A) ​expectation theory 
B) ​goal-setting theory 
C) ​reinforcement theory 
D) ​equity theory

Question 12

Reinforcement contingencies directly affect valences,instrumentality,and effort.

Question 13

According to goal-setting theory,managers should assign challenging goals to motivate employees.

Question 14

Which of the following exemplifies an intrinsic reward? 

A) ​Richard thoroughly enjoys his jo B. 
B) ​Samantha receives a cash reward for good job performance. 
C) ​Dorothy is promoted as a senior executive. 
D) ​Rani receives an annual bonus.

Question 15

According to McClelland,_____.

A) ​people are motivated by their highest unsatisfied need 
B) ​people can be motivated only by one need at a time 
C) ​needs are learned, not innate 
D) ​rewards are tangible, not intangible

Question 16

Pay,benefits,and job security/organizational financial stability are considered very important intrinsic factors that motivate employees.

Question 17

Which of the following defines motivation? 

A) ​It is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior. 
B) ​It is the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome. 
C) ​It is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal. 
D) ​It is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.

Question 18

Procedural justice matters because even when employees are unhappy with their outcomes,they are much less likely to be unhappy with company management if they believe that the procedures used to allocate outcomes were fair.

Question 19

Managers should reduce employees' outcomes to restore equity.

Question 20

Siddiqi has been a team leader for five years.He has now been promoted to the managerial role considering his leadership qualities and his ability to inspire people.According to McClelland's Learned Needs Theory,Siddiqi has been motivated by _____.

A) ​the need for affiliation 
B) ​the need for power 
C) ​physiological need 
D) ​safety need

Question 21

The employees of a company feel that rewards are fairly allocated.This illustrates _____.

A) ​distributive justice 
B) ​procedural justice 
C) ​restorative justice 
D) ​retributive justice

Question 22

In the context of equity theory,_____ occurs when a referent's outcome/input (O/I)ratio is better than one's own O/I ratio.

A) ​distributive justice 
B) ​overreward 
C) ​underreward 
D) ​procedural justice

Question 23

When people perceive that they have been treated unfairly,they may try to restore equity by: 

A) ​keeping inputs and outcomes constant. 
B) ​fixing a referent as constant. 
C) ​increasing inputs. 
D) ​increasing outcomes.

Question 24

Sam is a customer service executive at an apparel store.He went beyond his primary job of assisting customers to suggesting outfits that would suit the customers.This gesture was well appreciated by the customers.The company's manager immediately rewarded Sam with a bonus to motivate Sam to repeat the behavior.Which of the following theories of motivation did the manager adopt in this case? 

A) ​Contingency theory 
B) ​Systems theory 
C) ​Equity theory 
D) ​Reinforcement theory

Question 25

Alex works as an accountant in a pharmaceutical company.His job frequently demands that he work overtime.Lately,his health has been affected because of his workload.Alex is eligible for a promotion.But,the new position would demand longer working hours with double the current salary.Alex values his health over his pay check at the end of the month.In the context of expectancy theory,the promotion has a _____ for Alex.

A) ​negative valence 
B) ​positive valence 
C) ​negative reinforcement 
D) ​positive reinforcement

Question 26

Which of the following steps can managers take to use equity theory to motivate employees?  

A) Keeping inputs and outcomes constant ​ 
B) ​Reducing outcomes 
C) ​Reducing inputs 
D) ​Fixing a referent as constant

Question 27

Which of the following steps can managers take to use expectancy theory to motivate employees?​ 

A) ​Micromanage employees and make decisions for them 
B) ​Overreward employees 
C) ​Avoid publicizing the way in which pay decisions are made 
D) ​Empower employees to make decisions

Question 28

In the context of equity theory,pay,fringe benefits,status symbols,and job titles and assignments are examples of _____.

A) ​outcomes 
B) ​referents 
C) ​inputs 
D) ​valences

Question 29

With continuous reinforcement schedules,a consequence:  

A) ​is delivered following a specific number of behaviors.  
B) ​is delivered following a different number of behaviors. 
C) ​follows a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed. 
D) ​follows every instance of a behavior.

Question 30

According to goal-setting theory,_____ is the extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish.

A) ​goal valence 
B) ​goal difficulty 
C) ​goal instrumentality 
D) ​goal ambiguity

Question 31

In the context of goal-setting theory,which of the following measures should managers take to motivate employees? 

A) ​Managers should make sure workers truly accept organizational goals. 
B) ​Managers should refrain from giving performance feedback. 
C) ​Managers should set broad and easy goals. 
D) ​Managers should not involve employees in goal setting.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of employees' reaction to underreward? 

A) ​They are frustrated or angered. 
B) ​They have a feeling of guilt. 
C) ​They exhibit high tolerance. 
D) ​They are satisfied with outcomes.

Question 33

Citrus Inc.,a leading Internet service provider,announced an incentive for sales persons who exceeded their sales targets.The company hoped that this reward would increase its customer base.Unfortunately,the company did not witness any substantial increase in the number of its customers as very few sales persons exceeded the target marginally.Which of the following reinforcement contingencies must be applied in this scenario? 

A) ​Extinction 
B) ​Punishment 
C) ​Negative reinforcement 
D) ​Positive reinforcement

Question 34

Which of the following is true of goals? 

A) ​They distract employees. 
B) ​They are monetary motivation to employees. 
C) ​They motivate employees through extrinsic factors. 
D) ​They influence persistence.

Question 35

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies fixed ratio reinforcement schedules? 

A) ​A construction worker making two domes a day gets an incentive of $100 for approximately 20 days. 
B) ​A software engineer gets an incentive after completing a test case in 10 hours. 
C) ​A lab technician gets an incentive of $5 every time he analyzes 50 blood samples. 
D) ​A lab technician gets an incentive of $5 every time he analyzes 50 blood samples.

Question 36

Pyramid Inc.conducted employee performance appraisals.One of the clerks,Fiona,is highly unsatisfied with her appraisal as she feels that she has been underrewarded in comparison to one of her coworkers,despite her hard work.She is frustrated and tries to restore equity by reporting about the inequity to her boss.She does so hoping that the issue will be solved.In this case,Fiona has tried to restore equity by: 

A) ​increasing inputs. 
B) ​increasing outcomes. 
C) ​retaining the same referent. 
D) ​staying with the company.

Question 37

Richa,an instrumentation engineer,has been assigned a challenging task of designing a specialized device to sterilize medical equipment.Richa believes that hard work and perseverance will help her perform well and complete the design on time.Her belief turns out to be a factor of motivation for her.As a result,she completes the project by meeting all the requirements on time.According to the expectancy theory,Richa is motivated by _____.

A) ​instrumentality 
B) ​valence 
C) ​expectancy 
D) ​reinforcement

Question 38

Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory? 

A) ​Valences 
B) ​Referents 
C) ​Instrumentalities 
D) ​Expectancies

Question 39

Patrick,a marketing manager at Uranus Inc.,sets performance goals for his subordinates.He discusses the goals with one of his subordinates,Jim.Jim agrees to the specific goals and works toward achieving them.Which of the following components of goal-setting theory is illustrated in this scenario? 

A) ​Goal divergence 
B) ​Goal difficulty 
C) ​Goal acceptance 
D) ​Goal ambiguity

Question 40

Which of the following describes positive reinforcement? 

A) ​It strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence of a specific behavior. 
B) ​It weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences. 
C) ​It strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences. 
D) ​It weakens a behavior by making it less likely to occur. 

Question 41

According to equity theory,employees compare the rewards they receive from an organization with their contributions to the organization.This comparison is called _________.

Question 42

_________ says that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance,that good performance will be rewarded,and that they will be offered attractive rewards.
A.Expectancy theory
B.Equity theory
C.Alderfer's ERG Theory
D.Reinforcement theory​

Question 43

With _________,consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors,sometimes more and sometimes less,that vary around a specified average number of behaviors.
a. fixed ratio reinforcement schedules
B. variable ratio reinforcement schedules
c. variable interval reinforcement schedules
d. fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Question 44

In the context of reinforcement theory,consequences of _________ follow a behavior after different times,some shorter and some longer,that vary around a specified average time.

Question 45

In the context of equity theory,_________ are the contributions employees make to an organization.

Question 46

In the context of expectancy theory,_________ is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

Question 47

_________ says that people will be motivated at work when they perceive that they are being treated fairly.
A.Contingency theory
B.Goal-setting theory
C.Equity theory
D.Reinforcement theory

Question 48

In the context of goal-setting theory,_________ is information about the quality or quantity of past performance and indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal.

Question 49

In the context of theories of motivation,_________ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.
A.goal setting
B.expectancy
C.reinforcement
D.equity

Question 50

In the context of expectancy theory,one of the factors that affects the conscious choices people make about their motivation is _________.
A.equity
B.valence
C.reinforcement
D.contingency